Skip to content

Economy of Greece vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Greece has a GDP of $256B compared to $51.3B for Tunisia, ranking 53/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $397B in government debt (154.8% of GDP), compared to $42.8B (83.4% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Greece vs Tunisia GDP by year

Greece
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Tunisia
2024 $256,238,371,778 $51,332,285,657
2023 $242,946,187,738 $48,205,328,303
2022 $217,990,189,601 $44,929,920,093
2021 $218,303,801,895 $47,073,234,359
2020 $191,362,985,555 $42,491,780,918
2019 $207,305,649,887 $41,905,642,419
2018 $213,298,873,494 $42,686,504,460
2017 $200,381,103,984 $42,163,530,591
2016 $193,097,239,006 $44,360,072,680
2015 $194,567,373,678 $45,779,494,042
2014 $233,911,581,521 $50,271,812,921
2013 $236,556,279,641 $48,685,446,414
2012 $238,841,140,018 $47,311,401,813
2011 $283,228,079,776 $48,123,325,825
2010 $296,417,644,404 $46,206,091,938
2009 $326,829,054,686 $43,455,740,497
2008 $351,121,399,546 $44,859,439,902
2007 $314,226,996,944 $38,915,353,867
2006 $269,073,415,334 $34,376,664,601
2005 $242,315,668,619 $32,272,186,695
2004 $234,979,615,898 $31,183,885,241
2003 $196,930,509,813 $27,453,902,261
2002 $150,253,800,086 $23,141,616,605
2001 $132,050,474,720 $22,065,832,449
2000 $125,760,166,225 $21,473,528,161
1999 $137,131,371,955 $22,943,202,175
1998 $139,612,812,176 $21,802,893,587
1997 $138,766,067,640 $20,746,210,354
1996 $142,502,984,145 $19,587,161,807
1995 $134,974,613,914 $18,030,876,599
1994 $114,980,063,202 $15,633,174,304
1993 $107,295,704,518 $14,608,335,608
1992 $114,608,178,405 $15,496,708,060
1991 $103,680,863,713 $13,074,782,609
1990 $96,529,587,274 $12,290,568,182
1989 $78,067,933,277 $10,101,851,745
1988 $75,200,610,137 $10,096,245,762
1987 $64,739,630,096 $9,696,715,911
1986 $55,595,445,472 $9,017,806,654
1985 $47,155,741,426 $8,410,226,053
1984 $47,352,146,312 $8,254,541,195
1983 $48,741,397,059 $8,350,582,748
1982 $53,858,346,939 $8,133,580,052
1981 $51,618,456,335 $8,428,445,294
1980 $56,039,256,595 $8,744,134,354
1979 $53,724,121,435 $7,188,863,904
1978 $43,654,480,519 $5,968,460,080
1977 $35,673,080,481 $5,109,324,009
1976 $30,719,552,239 $4,508,191,942
1975 $28,129,128,587 $4,328,965,588
1974 $24,998,715,909 $3,545,868,575
1973 $22,037,019,563 $2,730,813,385
1972 $16,650,659,091 $2,237,556,149
1971 $14,388,806,818 $1,685,162,272
1970 $12,957,113,636 $1,439,238,095
1969 $11,454,106,327 $1,289,904,762
1968 $9,950,331,206 $1,214,666,667
1967 $9,146,592,856 $1,085,714,286
1966 $8,472,021,467 $1,040,952,381
1965 $7,582,209,670 $991,047,619
1964 $6,576,906,345 $1,025,866,792
1963 $5,813,285,627 $1,026,737,600
1962 $5,140,542,929 $880,027,733
1961 $4,892,397,431 $866,155,429
1960 $4,274,890,307 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Tunisia by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $4,181 $14,521
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $20,887 $39,612 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $20,655 $33,531 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $7,738 - $1,239 -
1988 $7,492 - $1,266 -
1987 $6,474 - $1,245 -
1986 $5,578 - $1,187 -
1985 $4,747 - $1,135 -
1984 $4,785 - $1,143 -
1983 $4,950 - $1,184 -
1982 $5,502 - $1,177 -
1981 $5,305 - $1,247 -
1980 $5,812 - $1,324 -
1979 $5,627 - $1,113 -
1978 $4,629 - $946 -
1977 $3,832 - $830 -
1976 $3,343 - $752 -
1975 $3,109 - $741 -
1974 $2,789 - $624 -
1973 $2,468 - $493 -
1972 $1,873 - $415 -
1971 $1,629 - $320 -
1970 $1,474 - $280.5 -
1969 $1,306 - $257.7 -
1968 $1,138 - $248.9 -
1967 $1,053 - $228 -
1966 $984 - $223.8 -
1965 $887 - $217.3 -
1964 $773 - $228.5 -
1963 $686 - $231.9 -
1962 $608 - $201.4 -
1961 $583 - $200.7 -
1960 $513 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $24,626, ranking 49/197, compared to $4,181 in Tunisia, ranking 129/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Greece Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$256B
2024
$51.3B
2024
GDP rank
53/197
2024
93/197
2024
GDP growth
2.09%
2023-2024
1.61%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$24,626
2024
$4,181
2024
GDP per capita rank
49/197
2024
129/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$397B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
154.8%
2024
83.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$38,119
2024
$3,487
2024
Government debt per person rank
16/185
2024
94/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,396
2026
$3,951
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$83.2B
2024
$8.3B
2024
Number of billionaires
16
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
10%
2024
15.1%
2023
Population
10181414
12437803

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 48% 154.8% 33.8% 83.4%
2023 49.5% 165.2% 35.7% 84%
2022 52.8% 178.4% 36.5% 83%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 33.2% 79.7%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 51.9% 180% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 53% 180.5% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 28.3% 49%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 24% 38.8%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 23% 50%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 23% 51.6%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 24% 52.2%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 24% 62.9%
1999 48% 102.8% 24% 61.9%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 38.5% 74.2% - -
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government spending was $123B, accounting for 48% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $17.4B, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 154.8% in Greece and 83.4% in Tunisia, ranking 7/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Tunisia
2024 1.34% -5.92%
2023 -1.35% -7.03%
2022 -2.46% -6.91%
2021 -7.58% -7.6%
2020 -10.3% -9.06%
2019 -0.09% -3.6%
2018 0.78% -4.27%
2017 1.05% -5.61%
2016 0.28% -5.87%
2015 -3.03% -4.95%
2014 -4.29% -3.11%
2013 -4.06% -7.05%
2012 -6.94% -4.9%
2011 -10.5% -3.19%
2010 -11.4% -0.46%
2009 -15.4% -2.59%
2008 -10.3% -0.62%
2007 -6.81% -2.47%
2006 -6.04% -2.33%
2005 -6.33% -2.59%
2004 -9.05% -2.1%
2003 -8.05% -2.64%
2002 -6.2% -2.55%
2001 -5.64% -2.87%
2000 -4.21% -3.22%
1999 -6.02% -3.05%
1998 -6.48% -2.84%
1997 -6.25% -3.7%
1996 -8.35% -5.18%
1995 -9.87% -4.53%
1994 -8.48% -2.87%
1993 -11.5% -3.22%
1992 -10.6% -3.45%
1991 -9.63% -5.25%
1990 -13.3% -
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.43B, equivalent to 1.34% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.04B, or 5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 6.29% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.05% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Tunisia
2024 2.74% 7%
2023 3.46% 9.3%
2022 9.65% 8.3%
2021 1.22% 5.7%
2020 -1.25% 5.6%
2019 0.25% 6.7%
2018 0.63% 7.3%
2017 1.12% 5.3%
2016 -0.83% 3.6%
2015 -1.74% 4.4%
2014 -1.31% 4.6%
2013 -0.92% 5.3%
2012 1.5% 4.6%
2011 3.33% 3.2%
2010 4.71% 4.4%
2009 1.21% 3.5%
2008 4.15% 4.9%
2007 2.9% 3.4%
2006 3.2% 4.1%
2005 3.55% 2%
2004 2.9% 3.7%
2003 3.53% 2.7%
2002 3.63% 2.7%
2001 3.37% 1.9%
2000 3.15% 2.8%
1999 2.64% 2.8%
1998 4.77% 3.1%
1997 5.54% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 4.52% in Tunisia. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Greece and 7% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $318M
Raw agricultural goods $31.7M
Metals $12.2M
Chemicals & pharma $10.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.84M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.64M
Machinery & equipment $4.18M
Animal & marine products $928K
Wood & paper products $754K
Miscellaneous $29K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $67.7M
Machinery & equipment $12.1M
Metals $2.61M
Animal & marine products $2.39M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.3M
Raw agricultural goods $2.22M
Wood & paper products $2.16M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.84M
Chemicals & pharma $142K
Miscellaneous $3K

Balance of trade

Greece Tunisia
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2024
117/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.7%
2024
56.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
50%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Tunisia
Economic freedom 63.2 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 172/197
Property rights 78 55.7
Government integrity 54.8 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 68 39.7
Tax burden 59.9 68.5
Government spending 24.7 62.5
Fiscal health 78.9 16
Business freedom 77.8 59.4
Labor freedom 59.7 55.8
Monetary freedom 72.6 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 54.6
Investment freedom 55 20
Financial freedom 50 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Tunisia
2026 63.2 48.1
2025 60.6 49.1
2024 55.1 48.8
2023 56.9 52.9
2022 61.5 54.2
2021 60.9 56.6
2020 59.9 55.8
2019 57.7 55.4
2018 57.3 58.9
2017 55 55.7
2016 53.2 57.6
2015 54 57.7
2014 55.7 57.3
2013 55.4 57
2012 55.4 58.6
2011 60.3 58.5
2010 62.7 58.9
2009 60.8 58
2008 60.6 60.1
2007 58.7 60.3
2006 60.1 57.5
2005 59 55.4
2004 59.1 58.4
2003 58.8 58.1
2002 59.1 60.2
2001 63.4 60.8
2000 61 61.3
1999 61 61.1
1998 60.6 63.9
1997 59.6 63.8
1996 60.5 63.9
1995 61.2 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
68%
2024
62.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
15%
2024
22.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.77%
2024
9.74%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$236B
2024
$47.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$43,340
2024
$14,230
2024
Total reserves including gold
$15.2B
2024
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
67/177
2024
80/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.3%
2024
7.86%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/tunisia | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.