Skip to content

Economy of Greece vs Sierra Leone compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Greece has a GDP of $256B compared to $6.97B for Sierra Leone, ranking 53/197 and 160/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $397B in government debt (154.8% of GDP), compared to $2.91B (41.7% of GDP) in Sierra Leone.

Greece vs Sierra Leone GDP by year

Greece
Sierra Leone
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Sierra Leone
2024 $256,238,371,778 $6,971,127,235
2023 $242,946,187,738 $6,415,852,767
2022 $217,990,189,601 $7,121,125,278
2021 $218,303,801,895 $7,166,931,485
2020 $191,362,985,555 $6,688,307,703
2019 $207,305,649,887 $6,523,577,594
2018 $213,298,873,494 $6,390,514,689
2017 $200,381,103,984 $5,749,846,528
2016 $193,097,239,006 $6,084,297,211
2015 $194,567,373,678 $6,788,352,975
2014 $233,911,581,521 $7,686,138,791
2013 $236,556,279,641 $7,502,762,863
2012 $238,841,140,018 $6,141,666,509
2011 $283,228,079,776 $4,861,632,885
2010 $296,417,644,404 $4,262,805,967
2009 $326,829,054,686 $3,953,403,098
2008 $351,121,399,546 $4,157,895,298
2007 $314,226,996,944 $3,632,957,611
2006 $269,073,415,334 $3,263,697,467
2005 $242,315,668,619 $2,545,275,313
2004 $234,979,615,898 $2,237,350,687
2003 $196,930,509,813 $2,142,618,046
2002 $150,253,800,086 $1,933,863,911
2001 $132,050,474,720 $1,681,473,894
2000 $125,760,166,225 $635,866,404
1999 $137,131,371,955 $669,386,624
1998 $139,612,812,176 $672,368,187
1997 $138,766,067,640 $850,232,760
1996 $142,502,984,145 $941,709,423
1995 $134,974,613,914 $870,740,292
1994 $114,980,063,202 $911,853,802
1993 $107,295,704,518 $768,867,883
1992 $114,608,178,405 $679,940,814
1991 $103,680,863,713 $779,981,987
1990 $96,529,587,274 $649,644,098
1989 $78,067,933,277 $932,974,420
1988 $75,200,610,137 $1,055,083,933
1987 $64,739,630,096 $660,106,336
1986 $55,595,445,472 $490,181,457
1985 $47,155,741,426 $856,890,459
1984 $47,352,146,312 $1,087,471,862
1983 $48,741,397,059 $995,104,305
1982 $53,858,346,939 $1,295,361,886
1981 $51,618,456,335 $1,114,830,472
1980 $56,039,256,595 $1,100,685,845
1979 $53,724,121,435 $1,109,374,911
1978 $43,654,480,519 $960,728,339
1977 $35,673,080,481 $691,777,584
1976 $30,719,552,239 $594,895,942
1975 $28,129,128,587 $679,336,344
1974 $24,998,715,909 $648,590,643
1973 $22,037,019,563 $575,230,724
1972 $16,650,659,091 $465,381,340
1971 $14,388,806,818 $419,549,305
1970 $12,957,113,636 $434,410,974
1969 $11,454,106,327 $408,690,163
1968 $9,950,331,206 $329,859,732
1967 $9,146,592,856 $348,795,303
1966 $8,472,021,467 $375,479,850
1965 $7,582,209,670 $359,379,856
1964 $6,576,906,345 $371,847,461
1963 $5,813,285,627 $348,547,279
1962 $5,140,542,929 $342,721,416
1961 $4,892,397,431 $327,834,191
1960 $4,274,890,307 $322,009,962

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Sierra Leone by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sierra Leone
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Sierra Leone
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $807 $3,522
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $758 $3,368
2022 $20,887 $39,612 $860 $3,144
2021 $20,655 $33,531 $885 $2,849
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $845 $2,719
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $844 $2,704
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $846 $2,640
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $779 $2,501
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $844 $2,635
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $965 $2,560
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $1,118 $2,762
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $1,117 $2,701
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $938 $2,317
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $761 $2,043
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $685 $1,900
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $653 $1,814
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $705 $1,824
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $632 $1,770
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $580 $1,698
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $463 $1,615
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $418 $1,541
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $414 $1,458
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $389 $1,360
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $358 $1,121
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $143.7 $1,242
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $155 $1,167
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $156.5 $1,180
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $199.9 $1,157
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $224.3 $1,225
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $208.4 $1,187
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $218.5 $1,266
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $185 $1,269
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $163.2 $1,220
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $183.7 $1,445
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $154.8 $1,382
1989 $7,738 - $231.3 -
1988 $7,492 - $268.2 -
1987 $6,474 - $172.4 -
1986 $5,578 - $131.5 -
1985 $4,747 - $235.5 -
1984 $4,785 - $306 -
1983 $4,950 - $285.8 -
1982 $5,502 - $380 -
1981 $5,305 - $334 -
1980 $5,812 - $336 -
1979 $5,627 - $346 -
1978 $4,629 - $305 -
1977 $3,832 - $224.2 -
1976 $3,343 - $196.4 -
1975 $3,109 - $228.4 -
1974 $2,789 - $222.1 -
1973 $2,468 - $200.6 -
1972 $1,873 - $165.4 -
1971 $1,629 - $151.8 -
1970 $1,474 - $160.2 -
1969 $1,306 - $153.6 -
1968 $1,138 - $126.3 -
1967 $1,053 - $136.1 -
1966 $984 - $149.3 -
1965 $887 - $145.6 -
1964 $773 - $153.4 -
1963 $686 - $146.3 -
1962 $608 - $146.3 -
1961 $583 - $142.3 -
1960 $513 - $142 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $24,626, ranking 49/197, compared to $807 in Sierra Leone, ranking 186/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Sierra Leone ranks 171st at $3,522.

Economic indicators

Greece Sierra Leone
Gross domestic product
$256B
2024
$6.97B
2024
GDP rank
53/197
2024
160/197
2024
GDP growth
2.09%
2023-2024
4.29%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$24,626
2024
$807
2024
GDP per capita rank
49/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$3,522
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
171/197
2024
Government debt
$397B
2024
$2.91B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
154.8%
2024
41.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$38,119
2024
$337
2024
Government debt per person rank
16/185
2024
174/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,396
2026
$2,915
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$83.2B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
16
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
29.4%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
3.4%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48%
2024
15.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
28.4%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
18.8%
2025
Unemployment rate
10%
2024
3.19%
2018
Population
10181414
9049533

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Sierra Leone
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Sierra Leone
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 48% 154.8% 15.6% 41.7%
2023 49.5% 165.2% 15.4% 49.5%
2022 52.8% 178.4% 16.7% 54%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 16.8% 47.1%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 15.6% 46.4%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 13.3% 45.3%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 13.7% 44.2%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 15% 44.2%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 14.9% 38.9%
2015 51.9% 180% 13.1% 28.4%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 13.5% 26.8%
2013 53% 180.5% 11.4% 22.3%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 13.5% 24.1%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 13.2% 25.8%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 12.5% 28.9%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 11.3% 31.1%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 10.3% 46.1%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 8.1% 26.4%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 9.97% 61.9%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 10.9% 78.9%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 11.1% 93.2%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 11.7% 99.8%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 12.6% 99.8%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 12% 113.5%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 10.3% -
1999 48% 102.8% - -
1998 46.7% 100.8% - -
1997 45.1% 102.6% - -
1996 46.1% 103.7% - -
1995 46.6% 100.4% - -
1994 36.9% 99.7% - -
1993 38.6% 101.7% - -
1992 36.9% 81.1% - -
1991 35.2% 75.7% - -
1990 38.5% 74.2% - -
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government spending was $123B, accounting for 48% of its GDP, while Sierra Leone spent $1.09B, or 15.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 154.8% in Greece and 41.7% in Sierra Leone, ranking 7/185 and 128/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Sierra Leone
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Sierra Leone
2024 1.34% -4.53%
2023 -1.35% -4.99%
2022 -2.46% -5.93%
2021 -7.58% -4.35%
2020 -10.3% -3.5%
2019 -0.09% -1.95%
2018 0.78% -3.57%
2017 1.05% -5.61%
2016 0.28% -5.41%
2015 -3.03% -2.86%
2014 -4.29% -2.77%
2013 -4.06% -1.74%
2012 -6.94% -3.41%
2011 -10.5% -2.78%
2010 -11.4% -3.09%
2009 -15.4% -1.51%
2008 -10.3% -2.22%
2007 -6.81% 12.6%
2006 -6.04% -0.93%
2005 -6.33% -1.17%
2004 -9.05% -1.46%
2003 -8.05% -2.78%
2002 -6.2% -3.03%
2001 -5.64% -3.22%
2000 -4.21% -1.94%
1999 -6.02% -
1998 -6.48% -
1997 -6.25% -
1996 -8.35% -
1995 -9.87% -
1994 -8.48% -
1993 -11.5% -
1992 -10.6% -
1991 -9.63% -
1990 -13.3% -
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.43B, equivalent to 1.34% of GDP. This compares to Sierra Leone's deficit of $316M, or 4.53% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Sierra Leone ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.47% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.49% of GDP for Sierra Leone.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Sierra Leone
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Sierra Leone
2024 2.74% 28.4%
2023 3.46% 47.7%
2022 9.65% 27.2%
2021 1.22% 11.9%
2020 -1.25% 13.4%
2019 0.25% 14.8%
2018 0.63% 16%
2017 1.12% 18.2%
2016 -0.83% 10.9%
2015 -1.74% 6.7%
2014 -1.31% 4.6%
2013 -0.92% 5.5%
2012 1.5% 6.6%
2011 3.33% 6.8%
2010 4.71% 7.2%
2009 1.21% 7.5%
2008 4.15% 8.2%
2007 2.9% 17%
2006 3.2% 10.5%
2005 3.55% 13.7%
2004 2.9% 12.9%
2003 3.53% 4%
2002 3.63% 0.1%
2001 3.37% 2.6%
2000 3.15% -0.9%
1999 2.64% 34.1%
1998 4.77% 36%
1997 5.54% 14.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 13.8% in Sierra Leone. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Greece and 28.4% in Sierra Leone.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $2.55M
Chemicals & pharma $404K
Wood & paper products $350K
Metals $140K
Machinery & equipment $121K
Animal & marine products $108K
Textiles & consumer goods $99K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $85K
Raw agricultural goods $26K
Miscellaneous $1K
Sierra Leone
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Greece Sierra Leone
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$606M
2023
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2024
109/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-9.45%
2023
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$1.92B
2023
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$1.34B
2023
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$348M
2023
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$42.5M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.7%
2024
23.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
17.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Sierra Leone
Economic freedom 63.2 49.6
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 165/197
Property rights 78 32.9
Government integrity 54.8 35.8
Judicial effectiveness 68 42
Tax burden 59.9 88.2
Government spending 24.7 92.4
Fiscal health 78.9 54.1
Business freedom 77.8 44.8
Labor freedom 59.7 38.2
Monetary freedom 72.6 53.6
Trade freedom 79.4 63.6
Investment freedom 55 30
Financial freedom 50 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Sierra Leone
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Sierra Leone
2026 63.2 49.6
2025 60.6 48
2024 55.1 44.6
2023 56.9 50.2
2022 61.5 52
2021 60.9 51.7
2020 59.9 48
2019 57.7 47.5
2018 57.3 51.8
2017 55 52.6
2016 53.2 52.3
2015 54 51.7
2014 55.7 50.5
2013 55.4 48.3
2012 55.4 49.1
2011 60.3 49.6
2010 62.7 47.9
2009 60.8 47.8
2008 60.6 48.3
2007 58.7 47
2006 60.1 45.2
2005 59 44.8
2004 59.1 43.6
2003 58.8 42.2
2002 59.1 -
2001 63.4 -
2000 61 44.2
1999 61 47.2
1998 60.6 47.7
1997 59.6 45
1996 60.5 52.3
1995 61.2 49.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 49.6 for Sierra Leone, ranking 165/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Sierra Leone
Services, % of GDP
68%
2024
42.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
15%
2024
25.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.77%
2024
29.2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$236B
2024
$7.08B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$43,340
2024
$3,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$15.2B
2024
$433M
2024
Total reserves ranking
67/177
2024
160/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$241M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$122M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$0
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.22%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
56.8%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.3%
2024
20.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/sierra-leone | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.