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Economy of Greece vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $604B for Singapore, ranking 52/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $1.03T (171.3% of GDP) in Singapore.

Greece vs Singapore GDP by year

Greece
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Singapore
2025 $280,635,521,324 $603,869,516,999
2024 $256,238,371,778 $572,877,260,178
2023 $242,946,187,738 $511,181,761,244
2022 $217,990,189,601 $514,252,535,239
2021 $218,303,801,895 $441,110,903,525
2020 $191,362,985,555 $351,226,533,656
2019 $207,305,649,887 $376,827,390,962
2018 $213,298,873,494 $377,976,367,877
2017 $200,381,103,984 $344,795,119,214
2016 $193,097,239,006 $320,759,207,439
2015 $194,567,373,678 $307,998,545,269
2014 $233,911,581,521 $314,863,580,758
2013 $236,556,279,641 $307,576,360,585
2012 $238,841,140,018 $295,092,888,077
2011 $283,228,079,776 $279,356,499,090
2010 $296,417,644,404 $239,807,980,591
2009 $326,829,054,686 $194,150,283,772
2008 $351,121,399,546 $193,617,323,539
2007 $314,226,996,944 $180,941,701,358
2006 $269,073,415,334 $148,627,286,361
2005 $242,315,668,619 $127,807,848,728
2004 $234,979,615,898 $115,033,593,101
2003 $196,930,509,813 $97,646,401,096
2002 $150,253,800,086 $92,538,372,870
2001 $132,050,474,720 $89,793,790,670
2000 $125,760,166,225 $96,076,539,926
1999 $137,131,371,955 $86,286,849,755
1998 $139,612,812,176 $85,728,207,782
1997 $138,766,067,640 $100,123,787,215
1996 $142,502,984,145 $96,293,086,513
1995 $134,974,613,914 $87,812,540,788
1994 $114,980,063,202 $73,688,724,431
1993 $107,295,704,518 $60,603,815,716
1992 $114,608,178,405 $52,131,320,033
1991 $103,680,863,713 $45,466,164,978
1990 $96,529,587,274 $36,144,336,769
1989 $78,067,933,277 $30,465,364,739
1988 $75,200,610,137 $25,371,462,488
1987 $64,739,630,096 $20,919,215,578
1986 $55,595,445,472 $18,586,746,057
1985 $47,155,741,426 $19,156,532,746
1984 $47,352,146,312 $19,749,361,098
1983 $48,741,397,059 $17,784,112,150
1982 $53,858,346,939 $16,084,252,378
1981 $51,618,456,335 $14,175,228,844
1980 $56,039,256,595 $11,896,256,783
1979 $53,724,121,435 $9,296,921,724
1978 $43,654,480,519 $7,517,176,355
1977 $35,673,080,481 $6,618,585,074
1976 $30,719,552,239 $6,327,077,974
1975 $28,129,128,587 $5,633,673,930
1974 $24,998,715,909 $5,221,534,956
1973 $22,037,019,563 $3,696,213,333
1972 $16,650,659,091 $2,721,440,981
1971 $14,388,806,818 $2,263,785,444
1970 $12,957,113,636 $1,920,574,150
1969 $11,454,106,327 $1,659,893,768
1968 $9,950,331,206 $1,425,706,091
1967 $9,146,592,856 $1,238,035,816
1966 $8,472,021,467 $1,096,425,608
1965 $7,582,209,670 $974,644,096
1964 $6,576,906,345 $894,153,311
1963 $5,813,285,627 $917,608,012
1962 $5,140,542,929 $826,239,212
1961 $4,892,397,431 $764,629,788
1960 $4,274,890,307 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Singapore by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $98,814 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $94,897 $150,689
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $86,383 $143,786
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $91,228 $143,095
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $80,885 $132,617
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $61,773 $101,518
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $66,069 $105,335
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $67,033 $103,963
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $61,436 $95,744
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $57,204 $89,902
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $7,738 - $10,395 -
1988 $7,492 - $8,914 -
1987 $6,474 - $7,539 -
1986 $5,578 - $6,800 -
1985 $4,747 - $7,002 -
1984 $4,785 - $7,228 -
1983 $4,950 - $6,633 -
1982 $5,502 - $6,078 -
1981 $5,305 - $5,597 -
1980 $5,812 - $4,928 -
1979 $5,627 - $3,901 -
1978 $4,629 - $3,194 -
1977 $3,832 - $2,846 -
1976 $3,343 - $2,759 -
1975 $3,109 - $2,490 -
1974 $2,789 - $2,342 -
1973 $2,468 - $1,685 -
1972 $1,873 - $1,264 -
1971 $1,629 - $1,071 -
1970 $1,474 - $926 -
1969 $1,306 - $813 -
1968 $1,138 - $709 -
1967 $1,053 - $626 -
1966 $984 - $567 -
1965 $887 - $517 -
1964 $773 - $486 -
1963 $686 - $511 -
1962 $608 - $472 -
1961 $583 - $449 -
1960 $513 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $98,814 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Greece Singapore
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$604B
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
28/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
5.03%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$98,814
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$1.03T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
171.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$169,228
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
1/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$51,296
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
$824B
2025
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
244,000
2026
Number of billionaires
16
2026
55
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
15.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
0.9%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
3.26%
2025
Population
10371575
6167445

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 15.5% 171.3%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 14.3% 166%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 14.6% 170.4%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 14.9% 153.3%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 15.4% 139.9%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 24% 147.1%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 14% 127.7%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 13.9% 109.2%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 13.6% 107.3%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 15.2% 105.9%
2015 51.9% 180% 14.4% 102.1%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 53% 180.5% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 14% 97.9%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 48% 102.8% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 14.5% 79%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $93.3B, or 15.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 171.3% in Singapore, ranking 7/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Singapore
2025 1.26% 4.16%
2024 1.23% 3.79%
2023 -1.44% 3.42%
2022 -2.57% 1.2%
2021 -7.76% 1.11%
2020 -10.4% -6.68%
2019 -0.09% 3.76%
2018 0.78% 3.67%
2017 1.05% 5.23%
2016 0.28% 3.24%
2015 -3.03% 2.86%
2014 -4.29% 4.6%
2013 -4.06% 5.96%
2012 -6.94% 7.34%
2011 -10.5% 7.96%
2010 -11.4% 5.68%
2009 -15.4% -0.09%
2008 -10.3% 3.59%
2007 -6.81% 7.12%
2006 -6.04% 2.16%
2005 -6.33% 2.56%
2004 -9.05% 2.06%
2003 -8.05% 0.68%
2002 -6.2% 2.23%
2001 -5.64% 1.2%
2000 -4.21% 4.59%
1999 -6.02% 5.2%
1998 -6.48% 2.41%
1997 -6.25% 5.66%
1996 -8.35% 1.98%
1995 -9.87% 4.8%
1994 -8.48% 7.9%
1993 -11.5% 4.36%
1992 -10.6% 2.7%
1991 -9.63% 0.68%
1990 -13.3% 1.97%
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $25.1B, or 4.16% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 6.29% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Singapore
2025 2.48% 0.9%
2024 2.74% 2.39%
2023 3.46% 4.83%
2022 9.65% 6.13%
2021 1.22% 2.32%
2020 -1.25% -0.17%
2019 0.25% 0.57%
2018 0.63% 0.44%
2017 1.12% 0.58%
2016 -0.83% -0.53%
2015 -1.74% -0.52%
2014 -1.31% 1.03%
2013 -0.92% 2.36%
2012 1.5% 4.58%
2011 3.33% 5.25%
2010 4.71% 2.83%
2009 1.21% 0.59%
2008 4.15% 6.64%
2007 2.9% 2.11%
2006 3.2% 0.97%
2005 3.55% 0.43%
2004 2.9% 1.66%
2003 3.53% 0.51%
2002 3.63% -0.39%
2001 3.37% 1%
2000 3.15% 1.36%
1999 2.64% 0.02%
1998 4.77% -0.27%
1997 5.54% 2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 1.71% in Singapore. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 0.9% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $1.08B
Machinery & equipment $70M
Raw materials & minerals $38.6M
Business & finance services $27.2M
Manufacturing & construction services $15.6M
Chemicals & pharma $12.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.4M
IT & IP services $7.35M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.08M
Metals $3.72M
Singapore
Export category Export value
Miscellaneous $654M
Machinery & equipment $44.7M
Wood & paper products $8.99M
Chemicals & pharma $4.86M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.88M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.48M
Metals $1.21M
Raw materials & minerals $1M
Precious metals & jewellery $654K
Raw agricultural goods $415K

Balance of trade

Greece Singapore
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
$101B
2025
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
8/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
+16.7%
2025
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$475B
2025
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$652B
2025
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$385B
2025
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$422B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
142.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
177.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Singapore
Economic freedom 63.2 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 1/197
Property rights 78 89.2
Government integrity 54.8 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 68 58.3
Tax burden 59.9 89.5
Government spending 24.7 93.4
Fiscal health 78.9 80
Business freedom 77.8 90.6
Labor freedom 59.7 77
Monetary freedom 72.6 83.5
Trade freedom 79.4 95
Investment freedom 55 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Singapore
2026 63.2 84.4
2025 60.6 84.1
2024 55.1 83.5
2023 56.9 83.9
2022 61.5 84.4
2021 60.9 89.7
2020 59.9 89.4
2019 57.7 89.4
2018 57.3 88.8
2017 55 88.6
2016 53.2 87.8
2015 54 89.4
2014 55.7 89.4
2013 55.4 88
2012 55.4 87.5
2011 60.3 87.2
2010 62.7 86.1
2009 60.8 87.1
2008 60.6 87.3
2007 58.7 87.1
2006 60.1 88
2005 59 88.6
2004 59.1 88.9
2003 58.8 88.2
2002 59.1 87.4
2001 63.4 87.8
2000 61 87.7
1999 61 86.9
1998 60.6 87
1997 59.6 87.3
1996 60.5 86.5
1995 61.2 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Singapore
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
71.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
22.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
0.02%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$500B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$135,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$432B
2025
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
11/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$64.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$135B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
22.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/singapore | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.