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Economy of Greece vs Guatemala compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $123B for Guatemala, ranking 52/197 and 67/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $33.5B (27.2% of GDP) in Guatemala.

Greece vs Guatemala GDP by year

Greece
Guatemala
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Guatemala
2025 $280,635,521,324 $123,306,008,821
2024 $256,238,371,778 $113,215,575,151
2023 $242,946,187,738 $104,298,081,429
2022 $217,990,189,601 $95,609,727,056
2021 $218,303,801,895 $86,455,522,273
2020 $191,362,985,555 $77,719,468,248
2019 $207,305,649,887 $77,172,331,693
2018 $213,298,873,494 $73,328,356,008
2017 $200,381,103,984 $71,653,780,740
2016 $193,097,239,006 $66,053,408,206
2015 $194,567,373,678 $62,186,066,548
2014 $233,911,581,521 $57,852,159,008
2013 $236,556,279,641 $52,996,420,177
2012 $238,841,140,018 $49,593,929,487
2011 $283,228,079,776 $46,876,006,272
2010 $296,417,644,404 $40,676,578,423
2009 $326,829,054,686 $37,126,148,265
2008 $351,121,399,546 $38,503,720,224
2007 $314,226,996,944 $33,567,850,824
2006 $269,073,415,334 $29,744,246,827
2005 $242,315,668,619 $26,783,389,294
2004 $234,979,615,898 $23,577,298,095
2003 $196,930,509,813 $21,576,351,799
2002 $150,253,800,086 $20,444,205,991
2001 $132,050,474,720 $18,405,220,247
2000 $125,760,166,225 $19,288,929,030
1999 $137,131,371,955 $18,318,412,251
1998 $139,612,812,176 $19,395,491,993
1997 $138,766,067,640 $17,790,026,222
1996 $142,502,984,145 $15,674,835,615
1995 $134,974,613,914 $14,655,404,433
1994 $114,980,063,202 $12,983,233,311
1993 $107,295,704,518 $11,400,017,301
1992 $114,608,178,405 $10,440,781,588
1991 $103,680,863,713 $9,406,135,143
1990 $96,529,587,274 $7,650,196,845
1989 $78,067,933,277 $8,410,724,361
1988 $75,200,610,137 $7,841,602,824
1987 $64,739,630,096 $7,084,399,840
1986 $55,595,445,472 $7,231,963,516
1985 $47,155,741,426 $9,721,652,087
1984 $47,352,146,312 $9,470,000,100
1983 $48,741,397,059 $9,050,000,400
1982 $53,858,346,939 $8,716,999,700
1981 $51,618,456,335 $8,607,500,300
1980 $56,039,256,595 $7,878,700,000
1979 $53,724,121,435 $6,902,600,200
1978 $43,654,480,519 $6,070,600,200
1977 $35,673,080,481 $5,480,500,200
1976 $30,719,552,239 $4,365,300,200
1975 $28,129,128,587 $3,645,900,000
1974 $24,998,715,909 $3,161,499,900
1973 $22,037,019,563 $2,569,200,100
1972 $16,650,659,091 $2,101,300,000
1971 $14,388,806,818 $1,984,800,000
1970 $12,957,113,636 $1,904,000,000
1969 $11,454,106,327 $1,715,399,900
1968 $9,950,331,206 $1,610,500,000
1967 $9,146,592,856 $1,453,500,000
1966 $8,472,021,467 $1,390,700,000
1965 $7,582,209,670 $1,331,399,900
1964 $6,576,906,345 $1,299,099,900
1963 $5,813,285,627 $1,262,800,000
1962 $5,140,542,929 $1,143,600,000
1961 $4,892,397,431 $1,076,699,900
1960 $4,274,890,307 $1,043,599,900

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Guatemala by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Guatemala
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Guatemala
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $6,598 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $6,151 $14,369
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $5,754 $13,745
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $5,357 $13,014
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $4,913 $11,825
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $4,478 $10,947
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $4,512 $10,756
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $4,353 $9,947
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $4,325 $9,560
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $4,060 $9,201
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $3,894 $8,934
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $3,689 $8,237
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $3,444 $7,700
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $3,287 $7,258
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $3,169 $6,784
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $2,805 $6,510
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $2,612 $6,377
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $2,763 $6,435
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $2,459 $6,238
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $2,225 $5,833
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $2,046 $5,486
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $1,841 $5,263
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $1,723 $5,081
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $1,669 $4,969
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $1,538 $4,822
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $1,649 $4,715
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $1,604 $4,557
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $1,741 $4,437
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $1,638 $4,287
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $1,481 $4,143
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $1,421 $4,055
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $1,293 $3,886
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $1,166 $3,756
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $1,096 $3,626
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $1,014 $3,473
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $848 $3,330
1989 $7,738 - $958 -
1988 $7,492 - $919 -
1987 $6,474 - $854 -
1986 $5,578 - $896 -
1985 $4,747 - $1,238 -
1984 $4,785 - $1,241 -
1983 $4,950 - $1,220 -
1982 $5,502 - $1,204 -
1981 $5,305 - $1,216 -
1980 $5,812 - $1,142 -
1979 $5,627 - $1,026 -
1978 $4,629 - $925 -
1977 $3,832 - $856 -
1976 $3,343 - $697 -
1975 $3,109 - $595 -
1974 $2,789 - $529 -
1973 $2,468 - $441 -
1972 $1,873 - $370 -
1971 $1,629 - $358 -
1970 $1,474 - $353 -
1969 $1,306 - $326 -
1968 $1,138 - $315 -
1967 $1,053 - $291.9 -
1966 $984 - $287.3 -
1965 $887 - $283 -
1964 $773 - $284.2 -
1963 $686 - $284.4 -
1962 $608 - $265.2 -
1961 $583 - $257.2 -
1960 $513 - $256.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $6,598 in Guatemala, ranking 108/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Guatemala ranks 116th at $14,369.

Economic indicators

Greece Guatemala
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$123B
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
67/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
4.28%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$6,598
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
108/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$14,369
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
116/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$33.5B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
27.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$1,793
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
122/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$4,432
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
16
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
34.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
1.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
14.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
1.49%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
1.9%
2024
Population
10371575
19115361

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Guatemala
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Guatemala
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 14.7% 27.2%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 13.4% 26.3%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 13.7% 27.2%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 14.3% 29%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 13.5% 30.6%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 15.6% 31.5%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 13.4% 26.4%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 13.2% 26.4%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 12.8% 25.1%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 12.6% 24.9%
2015 51.9% 180% 12.6% 24.8%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 13.6% 24.7%
2013 53% 180.5% 14% 25%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 14.2% 24.6%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 14.5% 23.8%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 14.5% 24%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 14.1% 22.8%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 13.3% 19.6%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 13.9% 20.8%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 14.2% 20.9%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 13.2% 20%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 12.9% 20.6%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 14.4% 19.8%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 13.1% 17.4%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 13.8% 19.1%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 13.6% 18%
1999 48% 102.8% 14.6% 22%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 13.2% 19%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 11.2% 18.5%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 9.85% 19.2%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 9.77% 21%
1994 36.9% 99.7% - -
1993 38.6% 101.7% - -
1992 36.9% 81.1% - -
1991 35.2% 75.7% - -
1990 38.5% 74.2% - -
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while Guatemala spent $18.2B, or 14.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 27.2% in Guatemala, ranking 7/185 and 163/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Guatemala
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Guatemala
2025 1.26% -1.91%
2024 1.23% -0.96%
2023 -1.44% -1.25%
2022 -2.57% -1.7%
2021 -7.76% -1.16%
2020 -10.4% -4.91%
2019 -0.09% -2.24%
2018 0.78% -1.88%
2017 1.05% -1.38%
2016 0.28% -1.11%
2015 -3.03% -1.47%
2014 -4.29% -1.92%
2013 -4.06% -2.16%
2012 -6.94% -2.42%
2011 -10.5% -2.8%
2010 -11.4% -3.28%
2009 -15.4% -3.12%
2008 -10.3% -1.57%
2007 -6.81% -1.4%
2006 -6.04% -1.88%
2005 -6.33% -1.67%
2004 -9.05% -1.05%
2003 -8.05% -2.47%
2002 -6.2% -1.03%
2001 -5.64% -2%
2000 -4.21% -1.88%
1999 -6.02% -2.96%
1998 -6.48% -2.29%
1997 -6.25% -0.79%
1996 -8.35% 0.04%
1995 -9.87% -0.53%
1994 -8.48% -
1993 -11.5% -
1992 -10.6% -
1991 -9.63% -
1990 -13.3% -
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to Guatemala's deficit of $2.36B, or 1.91% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Guatemala ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.84% of GDP for Guatemala.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Guatemala
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Guatemala
2025 2.48% 1.49%
2024 2.74% 2.87%
2023 3.46% 6.21%
2022 9.65% 6.89%
2021 1.22% 4.26%
2020 -1.25% 3.21%
2019 0.25% 3.7%
2018 0.63% 3.75%
2017 1.12% 4.42%
2016 -0.83% 4.45%
2015 -1.74% 2.39%
2014 -1.31% 3.42%
2013 -0.92% 4.34%
2012 1.5% 3.78%
2011 3.33% 6.21%
2010 4.71% 3.86%
2009 1.21% 1.86%
2008 4.15% 11.4%
2007 2.9% 6.82%
2006 3.2% 6.56%
2005 3.55% 9.11%
2004 2.9% 7.58%
2003 3.53% 5.6%
2002 3.63% 8.13%
2001 3.37% 7.29%
2000 3.15% 5.98%
1999 2.64% 5.21%
1998 4.77% 6.61%
1997 5.54% 9.23%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 5.4% in Guatemala. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 1.49% in Guatemala.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.9M
Raw agricultural goods $3.89M
Miscellaneous $2.78M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.55M
Chemicals & pharma $1.7M
Machinery & equipment $581K
Wood & paper products $455K
Metals $120K
Raw materials & minerals $107K
Precious metals & jewellery $5K
Guatemala
Export category Export value
Metals $5.95M
Raw agricultural goods $5.44M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.26M
Raw materials & minerals $1.17M
Machinery & equipment $82K
Textiles & consumer goods $11K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Greece Guatemala
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
$3.27B
2024
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
36/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
+2.89%
2024
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$29.1B
2024
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$13.3B
2024
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$6.45B
2024
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$4.65B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
31%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
15.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Guatemala
Economic freedom 63.2 63.5
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 79/197
Property rights 78 39.1
Government integrity 54.8 25.2
Judicial effectiveness 68 26.1
Tax burden 59.9 91.3
Government spending 24.7 94.3
Fiscal health 78.9 95.9
Business freedom 77.8 65.7
Labor freedom 59.7 52.5
Monetary freedom 72.6 77.3
Trade freedom 79.4 74.6
Investment freedom 55 70
Financial freedom 50 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Guatemala
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Guatemala
2026 63.2 63.5
2025 60.6 63.4
2024 55.1 62.4
2023 56.9 62.7
2022 61.5 63.2
2021 60.9 64
2020 59.9 64
2019 57.7 62.6
2018 57.3 63.4
2017 55 63
2016 53.2 61.8
2015 54 60.4
2014 55.7 61.2
2013 55.4 60
2012 55.4 60.9
2011 60.3 61.9
2010 62.7 61
2009 60.8 59.4
2008 60.6 59.8
2007 58.7 60.5
2006 60.1 59.1
2005 59 59.5
2004 59.1 59.6
2003 58.8 62.3
2002 59.1 62.3
2001 63.4 65.1
2000 61 64.3
1999 61 66.2
1998 60.6 65.8
1997 59.6 65.7
1996 60.5 63.7
1995 61.2 62

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 63.5 for Guatemala, ranking 79/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Guatemala
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
62.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
21.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
9.55%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$119B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$15,020
2025
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$32.8B
2025
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
57/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$983M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$1.85B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$865M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.75%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
56%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
16.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/guatemala | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.