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Economy of Greece vs Oman compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $110B for Oman, ranking 52/197 and 70/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $39.2B (35.8% of GDP) in Oman.

Greece vs Oman GDP by year

Greece
Oman
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Oman
2025 $280,635,521,324 $109,604,780,696
2024 $256,238,371,778 $107,137,198,700
2023 $242,946,187,738 $106,174,707,932
2022 $217,990,189,601 $109,852,795,839
2021 $218,303,801,895 $87,323,797,139
2020 $191,362,985,555 $75,909,492,848
2019 $207,305,649,887 $88,060,858,257
2018 $213,298,873,494 $91,505,851,756
2017 $200,381,103,984 $80,856,697,009
2016 $193,097,239,006 $75,128,738,622
2015 $194,567,373,678 $78,710,793,238
2014 $233,911,581,521 $92,699,089,727
2013 $236,556,279,641 $89,936,020,806
2012 $238,841,140,018 $87,408,842,653
2011 $283,228,079,776 $77,497,529,259
2010 $296,417,644,404 $64,993,498,049
2009 $326,829,054,686 $55,454,096,229
2008 $351,121,399,546 $69,804,681,404
2007 $314,226,996,944 $48,300,390,117
2006 $269,073,415,334 $42,577,633,290
2005 $242,315,668,619 $35,506,892,068
2004 $234,979,615,898 $28,378,933,680
2003 $196,930,509,813 $24,733,680,104
2002 $150,253,800,086 $23,065,539,662
2001 $132,050,474,720 $22,205,721,717
2000 $125,760,166,225 $22,259,557,867
1999 $137,131,371,955 $17,832,769,831
1998 $139,612,812,176 $16,044,213,264
1997 $138,766,067,640 $18,039,791,938
1996 $142,502,984,145 $17,402,080,624
1995 $134,974,613,914 $15,722,236,671
1994 $114,980,063,202 $14,715,214,564
1993 $107,295,704,518 $14,230,429,129
1992 $114,608,178,405 $14,183,615,085
1991 $103,680,863,713 $12,918,335,501
1990 $96,529,587,274 $13,310,273,082
1989 $78,067,933,277 $9,372,171,651
1988 $75,200,610,137 $8,386,215,865
1987 $64,739,630,096 $7,811,183,095
1986 $55,595,445,472 $7,324,167,369
1985 $47,155,741,426 $10,005,645,420
1984 $47,352,146,312 $8,821,443,151
1983 $48,741,397,059 $7,932,541,691
1982 $53,858,346,939 $7,554,719,456
1981 $51,618,456,335 $7,259,120,151
1980 $56,039,256,595 $5,981,760,278
1979 $53,724,121,435 $3,733,352,635
1978 $43,654,480,519 $2,740,301,390
1977 $35,673,080,481 $2,741,169,948
1976 $30,719,552,239 $2,560,220,035
1975 $28,129,128,587 $2,096,699,189
1974 $24,998,715,909 $1,645,917,776
1973 $22,037,019,563 $483,066,991
1972 $16,650,659,091 $366,883,548
1971 $14,388,806,818 $301,010,587
1970 $12,957,113,636 $256,319,795
1969 $11,454,106,327 $239,999,808
1968 $9,950,331,206 $188,879,849
1967 $9,146,592,856 $107,151,832
1966 $8,472,021,467 $67,759,973
1965 $7,582,209,670 $63,279,975
1964 $6,576,906,345 $61,872,526
1963 $5,813,285,627 $59,912,763
1962 $5,140,542,929 $56,273,202
1961 $4,892,397,431 $45,634,487
1960 $4,274,890,307 $44,234,656

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Oman by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Oman
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Oman
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $19,947 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $20,285 $41,740
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $21,028 $41,945
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $23,224 $42,616
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $19,403 $38,719
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $16,785 $35,163
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $19,180 $37,251
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $19,902 $37,780
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $17,820 $33,619
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $17,110 $33,334
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $18,808 $36,058
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $23,161 $44,236
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $23,458 $47,013
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $24,642 $49,989
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $25,188 $52,393
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $23,570 $55,667
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $20,656 $55,127
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $26,577 $52,841
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $18,793 $48,627
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $16,931 $46,091
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $14,435 $43,673
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $11,801 $42,142
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $10,464 $40,935
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $9,869 $41,511
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $9,612 $41,679
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $9,754 $39,443
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $7,915 $36,792
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $7,219 $36,666
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $8,235 $36,809
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $8,068 $34,661
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $7,414 $33,598
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $7,068 $31,925
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $7,039 $30,987
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $7,318 $29,773
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $6,977 $28,109
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $7,546 $26,904
1989 $7,738 - $5,591 -
1988 $7,492 - $5,279 -
1987 $6,474 - $5,204 -
1986 $5,578 - $5,182 -
1985 $4,747 - $7,549 -
1984 $4,785 - $7,070 -
1983 $4,950 - $6,714 -
1982 $5,502 - $6,759 -
1981 $5,305 - $6,866 -
1980 $5,812 - $5,974 -
1979 $5,627 - $3,934 -
1978 $4,629 - $3,044 -
1977 $3,832 - $3,205 -
1976 $3,343 - $3,143 -
1975 $3,109 - $2,692 -
1974 $2,789 - $2,203 -
1973 $2,468 - $670 -
1972 $1,873 - $524 -
1971 $1,629 - $442 -
1970 $1,474 - $387 -
1969 $1,306 - $372 -
1968 $1,138 - $300 -
1967 $1,053 - $174.7 -
1966 $984 - $113.2 -
1965 $887 - $108.1 -
1964 $773 - $108.1 -
1963 $686 - $106.8 -
1962 $608 - $102.3 -
1961 $583 - $84.5 -
1960 $513 - $83.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $19,947 in Oman, ranking 60/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Oman ranks 55th at $41,740.

Economic indicators

Greece Oman
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$110B
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
70/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$19,947
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
60/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$41,740
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
55/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$39.2B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
35.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$7,132
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
70/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$19,851
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
$41.3B
2025
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
16
2026
2
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
28.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
1%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
3.3%
2024
Population
10371575
5775345

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Oman
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Oman
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 28.9% 35.8%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 28.7% 35.5%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 27.5% 37.4%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 31.1% 41.7%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 36.5% 61.9%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 44.5% 67.9%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 38.8% 52.5%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 38.3% 44.7%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 39.4% 40.1%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 44.6% 29.3%
2015 51.9% 180% 44.5% 13.9%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 41.4% 4.04%
2013 53% 180.5% 39.3% 4.66%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 38.6% 4.59%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 34.5% 4.44%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 30.6% 5.46%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 33.4% 5.8%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 25.6% 3.2%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 30.7% 4.44%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 30.1% 7.56%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 30.6% 8.39%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 34.1% 14.5%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 34% 13%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 34.1% 15.9%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 33.3% 22.5%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 31.2% 21.7%
1999 48% 102.8% 34.2% 28.9%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 36.1% 30.9%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 32.1% 20.8%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 33.5% 21.2%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 38.2% 21.9%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 39.7% 23.6%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 40.1% 22.2%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 40.1% 23.1%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 37.4% 22.6%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 36.5% 17.8%
1989 34.8% 60.7% - -
1988 33.8% 57.9% - -
1987 34% 53.2% - -
1986 33.8% 47.8% - -
1985 34.2% 47.3% - -
1984 32% 40.6% - -
1983 30.2% 34.1% - -
1982 28.7% 29.7% - -
1981 28.1% 27.1% - -
1980 24.5% 22.8% - -
1979 24.1% 22.7% - -
1978 30.1% 32.3% - -
1977 30.1% 24.5% - -
1976 29.1% 23.7% - -
1975 28.7% 24.1% - -
1974 25.3% 22.5% - -
1973 24.3% 22% - -
1972 26.8% 26.5% - -
1971 25.8% 25% - -
1970 25.2% 24.7% - -
1969 29.7% 25.8% - -
1968 26.3% 23% - -
1967 24.6% 21.1% - -
1966 22.8% 19% - -
1965 21.7% 16.5% - -
1964 20.4% 21.3% - -
1963 19.5% 22.6% - -
1962 19.7% 16.6% - -
1961 19.3% 14.4% - -
1960 20% 13.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while Oman spent $31.7B, or 28.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 35.8% in Oman, ranking 7/185 and 142/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Oman
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Oman
2025 1.26% 1.04%
2024 1.23% 3.22%
2023 -1.44% 6.72%
2022 -2.57% 10.3%
2021 -7.76% -3.17%
2020 -10.4% -15.7%
2019 -0.09% -4.83%
2018 0.78% -6.72%
2017 1.05% -10.5%
2016 0.28% -19.6%
2015 -3.03% -13.5%
2014 -4.29% -1.58%
2013 -4.06% 2.78%
2012 -6.94% 4.07%
2011 -10.5% 8.24%
2010 -11.4% 4.95%
2009 -15.4% -0.27%
2008 -10.3% 14.7%
2007 -6.81% 10.5%
2006 -6.04% 12.2%
2005 -6.33% 11.2%
2004 -9.05% 5.43%
2003 -8.05% 5.92%
2002 -6.2% 5.31%
2001 -5.64% 7.55%
2000 -4.21% 12.2%
1999 -6.02% 0.3%
1998 -6.48% -4.37%
1997 -6.25% 4.77%
1996 -8.35% 2.22%
1995 -9.87% -3.9%
1994 -8.48% -7.47%
1993 -11.5% -6.84%
1992 -10.6% -4.85%
1991 -9.63% 0.12%
1990 -13.3% 4.78%
1989 -11.9% -
1988 -9.63% -
1987 -8.09% -
1986 -8.62% -
1985 -9.56% -
1984 -7.19% -
1983 -6.17% -
1982 -5.49% -
1981 -7.08% -
1980 -2.5% -
1979 -2.34% -
1978 -5.39% -
1977 -5.21% -
1976 -5.05% -
1975 -5.3% -
1974 -4.39% -
1973 -3.71% -
1972 -4.16% -
1971 -3.32% -
1970 -3.24% -
1969 -6.65% -
1968 -3.39% -
1967 -2.59% -
1966 -2.17% -
1965 -2.55% -
1964 -2.89% -
1963 -2.25% -
1962 -2.4% -
1961 -2.69% -
1960 -3.3% -
1959 -2.77% -
1958 -2.27% -
1957 -2.45% -
1956 -0.39% -
1955 -3.57% -
1954 -2.87% -
1953 -3.01% -
1952 -7.21% -
1951 -11.5% -
1950 -12.7% -
1949 -10.4% -
1948 -7.65% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to Oman's surplus of $1.14B, or 1.04% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Oman ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 6.29% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.98% of GDP for Oman.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Oman
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Oman
2025 2.48% 1%
2024 2.74% 0.6%
2023 3.46% 1%
2022 9.65% 2.5%
2021 1.22% 1.7%
2020 -1.25% -0.4%
2019 0.25% 0.5%
2018 0.63% 0.7%
2017 1.12% 1.5%
2016 -0.83% 0.9%
2015 -1.74% 0.1%
2014 -1.31% 1.2%
2013 -0.92% 1.3%
2012 1.5% 2.9%
2011 3.33% 4.1%
2010 4.71% 3.3%
2009 1.21% 3.5%
2008 4.15% 12.6%
2007 2.9% 5.9%
2006 3.2% 3.2%
2005 3.55% 1.9%
2004 2.9% 0.8%
2003 3.53% 0.2%
2002 3.63% -0.3%
2001 3.37% -0.8%
2000 3.15% -1.2%
1999 2.64% 0.5%
1998 4.77% 0.4%
1997 5.54% -0.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 1.7% in Oman. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 1% in Oman.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $32.8M
Machinery & equipment $6.68M
Precious metals & jewellery $4.36M
Chemicals & pharma $2.48M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.14M
Raw agricultural goods $1.56M
Wood & paper products $1.38M
Textiles & consumer goods $958K
Metals $506K
Animal & marine products $94K
Oman
Export category Export value
Metals $65.3M
Chemicals & pharma $32.7M
Raw materials & minerals $5.96M
Animal & marine products $1.34M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $911K
Textiles & consumer goods $201K
Machinery & equipment $82K
Raw agricultural goods $23K
Miscellaneous $3K
Wood & paper products $1K

Balance of trade

Greece Oman
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
$3.07B
2024
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
37/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
+2.86%
2024
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$39.5B
2024
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$65.2B
2024
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$12.8B
2024
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$5.64B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
48.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
66.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Oman
Economic freedom 63.2 68.5
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 45/197
Property rights 78 71.8
Government integrity 54.8 49.4
Judicial effectiveness 68 28
Tax burden 59.9 97.6
Government spending 24.7 74.7
Fiscal health 78.9 97.5
Business freedom 77.8 67.8
Labor freedom 59.7 47.7
Monetary freedom 72.6 79.2
Trade freedom 79.4 78.4
Investment freedom 55 70
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Oman
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Oman
2026 63.2 68.5
2025 60.6 65.4
2024 55.1 62.9
2023 56.9 58.5
2022 61.5 56.6
2021 60.9 64.6
2020 59.9 63.6
2019 57.7 61
2018 57.3 61
2017 55 62.1
2016 53.2 67.1
2015 54 66.7
2014 55.7 67.4
2013 55.4 68.1
2012 55.4 67.9
2011 60.3 69.8
2010 62.7 67.7
2009 60.8 67
2008 60.6 67.3
2007 58.7 65.8
2006 60.1 63.7
2005 59 66.5
2004 59.1 66.9
2003 58.8 64.6
2002 59.1 64
2001 63.4 67.7
2000 61 64.1
1999 61 64.9
1998 60.6 64.9
1997 59.6 64.5
1996 60.5 65.4
1995 61.2 70.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 68.5 for Oman, ranking 45/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Oman
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
47.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
52.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
2.81%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$103B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$39,390
2024
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$18.3B
2024
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
68/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$12.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$12.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
-$143M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
24.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/oman | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.