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Economy of Bangladesh vs Greece compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bangladesh has a GDP of $456B compared to $281B for Greece, ranking 38/197 and 52/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bangladesh has $192B in government debt (42% of GDP), compared to $409B (145.7% of GDP) in Greece.

Bangladesh vs Greece GDP by year

Bangladesh
Greece
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bangladesh Greece
2025 $456,319,229,256 $280,635,521,324
2024 $450,119,432,069 $256,238,371,778
2023 $437,415,333,018 $242,946,187,738
2022 $460,131,689,083 $217,990,189,601
2021 $416,271,647,911 $218,303,801,895
2020 $373,979,442,362 $191,362,985,555
2019 $351,231,654,604 $207,305,649,887
2018 $321,362,752,442 $213,298,873,494
2017 $293,732,446,625 $200,381,103,984
2016 $265,224,515,675 $193,097,239,006
2015 $195,146,608,978 $194,567,373,678
2014 $172,886,611,654 $233,911,581,521
2013 $149,998,957,434 $236,556,279,641
2012 $133,310,747,603 $238,841,140,018
2011 $128,607,482,310 $283,228,079,776
2010 $115,275,540,051 $296,417,644,404
2009 $102,475,158,191 $326,829,054,686
2008 $91,636,997,371 $351,121,399,546
2007 $79,611,644,975 $314,226,996,944
2006 $71,795,736,172 $269,073,415,334
2005 $69,476,001,239 $242,315,668,619
2004 $65,108,544,250 $234,979,615,898
2003 $60,158,929,188 $196,930,509,813
2002 $54,724,081,491 $150,253,800,086
2001 $53,991,289,844 $132,050,474,720
2000 $53,369,787,319 $125,760,166,225
1999 $51,270,569,884 $137,131,371,955
1998 $49,984,559,471 $139,612,812,176
1997 $48,244,309,133 $138,766,067,640
1996 $46,438,484,108 $142,502,984,145
1995 $37,939,748,769 $134,974,613,914
1994 $33,768,660,883 $114,980,063,202
1993 $33,166,519,418 $107,295,704,518
1992 $31,708,874,594 $114,608,178,405
1991 $30,957,483,950 $103,680,863,713
1990 $31,598,340,778 $96,529,587,274
1989 $28,781,715,189 $78,067,933,277
1988 $26,579,005,558 $75,200,610,137
1987 $24,298,032,258 $64,739,630,096
1986 $21,774,033,333 $55,595,445,472
1985 $22,278,423,077 $47,155,741,426
1984 $18,920,840,000 $47,352,146,312
1983 $17,609,048,822 $48,741,397,059
1982 $18,525,399,202 $53,858,346,939
1981 $20,249,694,002 $51,618,456,335
1980 $18,138,049,096 $56,039,256,595
1979 $15,565,480,322 $53,724,121,435
1978 $13,281,767,143 $43,654,480,519
1977 $9,651,149,302 $35,673,080,481
1976 $10,117,113,333 $30,719,552,239
1975 $19,448,348,073 $28,129,128,587
1974 $12,512,460,520 $24,998,715,909
1973 $8,086,725,729 $22,037,019,563
1972 $6,288,245,867 $16,650,659,091
1971 $8,751,843,188 $14,388,806,818
1970 $8,992,722,167 $12,957,113,636
1969 $8,471,006,438 $11,454,106,327
1968 $7,483,685,771 $9,950,331,206
1967 $7,253,575,688 $9,146,592,856
1966 $6,439,687,854 $8,472,021,467
1965 $5,906,636,792 $7,582,209,670
1964 $5,386,054,833 $6,576,906,345
1963 $5,319,458,563 $5,813,285,627
1962 $5,081,413,542 $5,140,542,929
1961 $4,817,580,375 $4,892,397,431
1960 $4,274,894,083 $4,274,890,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bangladesh vs Greece by year

Bangladesh
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bangladesh Greece
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,597 - $26,948 -
2024 $2,593 $9,647 $24,626 $44,327
2023 $2,551 $9,148 $23,344 $42,711
2022 $2,716 $8,451 $20,885 $39,612
2021 $2,483 $7,441 $20,653 $33,531
2020 $2,249 $6,641 $17,887 $29,533
2019 $2,130 $6,047 $19,335 $31,927
2018 $1,965 $5,490 $19,873 $29,792
2017 $1,811 $4,883 $18,632 $28,682
2016 $1,649 $4,579 $17,919 $27,505
2015 $1,224 $4,212 $17,981 $26,608
2014 $1,094 $3,973 $21,475 $26,450
2013 $958 $3,691 $21,573 $25,731
2012 $860 $3,434 $21,624 $24,583
2011 $837 $3,051 $25,505 $25,693
2010 $757 $2,834 $26,653 $27,839
2009 $679 $2,675 $29,425 $29,963
2008 $613 $2,555 $31,696 $30,441
2007 $538 $2,388 $28,441 $28,896
2006 $490 $2,195 $24,416 $28,076
2005 $480 $2,020 $22,054 $25,004
2004 $456 $1,862 $21,449 $24,826
2003 $427 $1,746 $18,021 $23,253
2002 $394 $1,659 $13,782 $21,985
2001 $395 $1,598 $12,157 $20,304
2000 $397 $1,512 $11,638 $18,820
1999 $388 $1,430 $12,743 $17,758
1998 $386 $1,373 $13,023 $17,434
1997 $379 $1,315 $13,016 $16,630
1996 $372 $1,261 $13,433 $15,778
1995 $309 $1,206 $12,779 $15,218
1994 $280.6 $1,145 $10,937 $14,667
1993 $280.8 $1,099 $10,257 $14,150
1992 $273.5 $1,045 $11,021 $14,130
1991 $272.1 $987 $10,047 $13,824
1990 $283.1 $941 $9,467 $13,126
1989 $263 - $7,738 -
1988 $247.9 - $7,492 -
1987 $231.5 - $6,474 -
1986 $212.1 - $5,578 -
1985 $222.2 - $4,747 -
1984 $193.4 - $4,785 -
1983 $184.7 - $4,950 -
1982 $199.6 - $5,502 -
1981 $224.2 - $5,305 -
1980 $206.1 - $5,812 -
1979 $181.1 - $5,627 -
1978 $158.3 - $4,629 -
1977 $117.9 - $3,832 -
1976 $126.7 - $3,343 -
1975 $249.8 - $3,109 -
1974 $165 - $2,789 -
1973 $109.7 - $2,468 -
1972 $87.8 - $1,873 -
1971 $124.5 - $1,629 -
1970 $130.2 - $1,474 -
1969 $125.9 - $1,306 -
1968 $114.4 - $1,138 -
1967 $114.2 - $1,053 -
1966 $104.4 - $984 -
1965 $98.6 - $887 -
1964 $92.6 - $773 -
1963 $94.1 - $686 -
1962 $92.6 - $608 -
1961 $90.4 - $583 -
1960 $82.5 - $513 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

Bangladesh's GDP per capita is $2,597, ranking 151/197, compared to $26,948 in Greece, ranking 50/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bangladesh ranks 135th at $9,647, while Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327.

Economic indicators

Bangladesh Greece
Gross domestic product
$456B
2025
$281B
2025
GDP rank
38/197
2025
52/197
2025
GDP growth
3.49%
2024-2025
2.07%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,597
2025
$26,948
2025
GDP per capita rank
151/197
2025
50/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$9,647
2024
$44,327
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
135/197
2024
52/197
2024
Government debt
$192B
2025
$409B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
42%
2025
145.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,092
2025
$39,257
2025
Government debt per person rank
143/185
2025
19/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,829
2026
$14,117
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$26.2B
2025
$129B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
82,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
16
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2022
26%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2022
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
10.9%
2025
49.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
10%
2024-2025
2.48%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
10%
2024
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.64%
2024
8.84%
2025
Population
178936470
10371575

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bangladesh
Spending

Debt
Greece
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bangladesh Greece
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 10.9% 42% 49.7% 145.7%
2024 12% 41% 48.2% 155.4%
2023 12.6% 39.7% 49.6% 165.5%
2022 13% 37.9% 53.1% 179.2%
2021 12.9% 35.6% 56.7% 197.8%
2020 13.3% 34.5% 59.3% 209.9%
2019 13.6% 32% 47.6% 183.7%
2018 13% 29.6% 48.6% 189.6%
2017 12.2% 28.3% 48.5% 182.6%
2016 11.6% 27.7% 50.3% 183.7%
2015 11.5% 28.2% 51.9% 180%
2014 11.7% 28.7% 51.5% 182.8%
2013 12.1% 28.3% 53% 180.5%
2012 11.7% 29.1% 54.9% 164.3%
2011 11.5% 29.4% 55.1% 175.1%
2010 10.6% 29.6% 53.1% 147.8%
2009 10.6% 33% 54.8% 128.5%
2008 11.5% 33.9% 51.5% 110.9%
2007 9.63% 35% 47.8% 104.6%
2006 10.1% 35.3% 45.9% 105.3%
2005 10.3% 35.6% 46.6% 109.9%
2004 9.88% 36.6% 48.8% 105.5%
2003 10.2% 37% 47.9% 104.3%
2002 10.4% 38.9% 47.1% 107.9%
2001 10.7% 37.1% 47.5% 110.5%
2000 9.76% 31.2% 48.2% 108.9%
1999 8.66% 32.7% 48% 102.8%
1998 9.82% 31.1% 46.7% 100.8%
1997 9.89% 29.1% 45.1% 102.6%
1996 9.79% 31% 46.1% 103.7%
1995 10.5% 32.9% 46.6% 100.4%
1994 10% 35.5% 36.9% 99.7%
1993 9.74% 34.1% 38.6% 101.7%
1992 8.8% 33.1% 36.9% 81.1%
1991 8.86% 31.8% 35.2% 75.7%
1990 9.14% 31.5% 38.5% 74.2%
1989 - - 34.8% 60.7%
1988 - - 33.8% 57.9%
1987 - - 34% 53.2%
1986 - - 33.8% 47.8%
1985 - - 34.2% 47.3%
1984 - - 32% 40.6%
1983 - - 30.2% 34.1%
1982 - - 28.7% 29.7%
1981 - - 28.1% 27.1%
1980 - - 24.5% 22.8%
1979 - - 24.1% 22.7%
1978 - - 30.1% 32.3%
1977 - - 30.1% 24.5%
1976 - - 29.1% 23.7%
1975 - - 28.7% 24.1%
1974 - - 25.3% 22.5%
1973 - - 24.3% 22%
1972 - - 26.8% 26.5%
1971 - - 25.8% 25%
1970 - - 25.2% 24.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 25.8%
1968 - - 26.3% 23%
1967 - - 24.6% 21.1%
1966 - - 22.8% 19%
1965 - - 21.7% 16.5%
1964 - - 20.4% 21.3%
1963 - - 19.5% 22.6%
1962 - - 19.7% 16.6%
1961 - - 19.3% 14.4%
1960 - - 20% 13.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2002, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

In 2025, Bangladesh's government spending was $49.6B, accounting for 10.9% of its GDP, while Greece spent $139B, or 49.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42% in Bangladesh and 145.7% in Greece, ranking 124/185 and 7/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bangladesh

Greece
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bangladesh Greece
2025 -2.93% 1.26%
2024 -3.7% 1.23%
2023 -4.39% -1.44%
2022 -4.53% -2.57%
2021 -3.56% -7.76%
2020 -4.84% -10.4%
2019 -5.41% -0.09%
2018 -4.07% 0.78%
2017 -4.17% 1.05%
2016 -3.16% 0.28%
2015 -3.29% -3.03%
2014 -2.62% -4.29%
2013 -2.86% -4.06%
2012 -2.56% -6.94%
2011 -2.96% -10.5%
2010 -2.23% -11.4%
2009 -2.68% -15.4%
2008 -3.36% -10.3%
2007 -1.86% -6.81%
2006 -2.15% -6.04%
2005 -2.4% -6.33%
2004 -2.21% -9.05%
2003 -1.96% -8.05%
2002 -2.3% -6.2%
2001 -3.44% -5.64%
2000 -2.5% -4.21%
1999 -1.35% -6.02%
1998 -2.2% -6.48%
1997 -1.94% -6.25%
1996 -2.01% -8.35%
1995 -0.38% -9.87%
1994 0.03% -8.48%
1993 0.43% -11.5%
1992 0.36% -10.6%
1991 0.44% -9.63%
1990 -0.15% -13.3%
1989 - -11.9%
1988 - -9.63%
1987 - -8.09%
1986 - -8.62%
1985 - -9.56%
1984 - -7.19%
1983 - -6.17%
1982 - -5.49%
1981 - -7.08%
1980 - -2.5%
1979 - -2.34%
1978 - -5.39%
1977 - -5.21%
1976 - -5.05%
1975 - -5.3%
1974 - -4.39%
1973 - -3.71%
1972 - -4.16%
1971 - -3.32%
1970 - -3.24%
1969 - -6.65%
1968 - -3.39%
1967 - -2.59%
1966 - -2.17%
1965 - -2.55%
1964 - -2.89%
1963 - -2.25%
1962 - -2.4%
1961 - -2.69%
1960 - -3.3%
1959 - -2.77%
1958 - -2.27%
1957 - -2.45%
1956 - -0.39%
1955 - -3.57%
1954 - -2.87%
1953 - -3.01%
1952 - -7.21%
1951 - -11.5%
1950 - -12.7%
1949 - -10.4%
1948 - -7.65%
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - 0.48%
1938 - 1.78%
1937 - 1.06%
1936 - 0.95%
1935 - 0.72%
1934 - 0.88%
1933 - -2.79%
1932 - -1.78%
1931 - -4%
1930 - -2.23%
1929 - -18.7%
1928 - -0.27%
1927 - 2.65%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -8.96%
1912 - -7.43%
1911 - -4.61%
1910 - -1.53%
1909 - -2.64%
1908 - -1.54%
1907 - -1.23%
1906 - 0.66%
1905 - 0.91%
1904 - -0.04%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.67%
1901 - 0.1%
1900 - 0.41%
1899 - 0.86%
1898 - -34.5%
1897 - -8.46%
1896 - 0.82%
1895 - 0.37%
1894 - 2.91%
1893 - 0.14%
1892 - -2.28%
1891 - -6.48%
1890 - -11.2%
1889 - -15.7%
1888 - -3.59%
1887 - -4.88%
1886 - -11.5%
1885 - -12.1%
1884 - -7.16%
1883 - -2.42%
1882 - -1.69%
1881 - -14.5%
1880 - -13.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

In 2025, Bangladesh's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.4B, equivalent to 2.93% of GDP. This compares to Greece's surplus of $3.53B, or 1.26% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Bangladesh recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Greece ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Bangladesh posted an annual deficit equal to 2.47% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.29% of GDP for Greece.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bangladesh

Greece
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bangladesh Greece
2025 10% 2.48%
2024 9.7% 2.74%
2023 9% 3.46%
2022 6.1% 9.65%
2021 5.6% 1.22%
2020 5.6% -1.25%
2019 5.5% 0.25%
2018 5.8% 0.63%
2017 5.4% 1.12%
2016 5.9% -0.83%
2015 6.4% -1.74%
2014 7.3% -1.31%
2013 6.8% -0.92%
2012 8.9% 1.5%
2011 8.8% 3.33%
2010 7.3% 4.71%
2009 6.7% 1.21%
2008 9.9% 4.15%
2007 7.2% 2.9%
2006 7.2% 3.2%
2005 6.5% 3.55%
2004 8.1% 2.9%
2003 3.9% 3.53%
2002 2.4% 3.63%
2001 1.8% 3.37%
2000 3.6% 3.15%
1999 8.9% 2.64%
1998 6.7% 4.77%
1997 2.7% 5.54%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bangladesh has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.54%, compared with 2.4% in Greece. In 2025, inflation was 10% in Bangladesh and 2.48% in Greece.

Top exports between countries

Bangladesh
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $45.1M
Animal & marine products $2.48M
Machinery & equipment $921K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $553K
Raw agricultural goods $259K
Wood & paper products $194K
Chemicals & pharma $148K
Greece
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $32.9M
Wood & paper products $17.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.2M
Metals $3.43M
Raw materials & minerals $605K
Miscellaneous $220K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $188K
Raw agricultural goods $88K
Chemicals & pharma $73K
Animal & marine products $17K

Balance of trade

Bangladesh Greece
Current account balance
-$239M
2025
-$18.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
93/190
2025
183/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.05%
2025
-7.11%
2024
Goods imports
$66B
2025
$91.2B
2024
Goods exports
$43.8B
2025
$52.6B
2024
Service imports
$14.7B
2025
$31.1B
2024
Service exports
$8.42B
2025
$55.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.8%
2025
44%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.1%
2025
39.5%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bangladesh Greece
Economic freedom 54.8 63.2
Economic freedom ranking 131/197 82/197
Property rights 32.1 78
Government integrity 22.7 54.8
Judicial effectiveness 36.7 68
Tax burden 79.9 59.9
Government spending 95.3 24.7
Fiscal health 68.4 78.9
Business freedom 52.7 77.8
Labor freedom 50.5 59.7
Monetary freedom 65.8 72.6
Trade freedom 63 79.4
Investment freedom 50 55
Financial freedom 40 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bangladesh
Greece
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bangladesh Greece
2026 54.8 63.2
2025 54.7 60.6
2024 54.4 55.1
2023 54.4 56.9
2022 52.7 61.5
2021 56.5 60.9
2020 56.4 59.9
2019 55.6 57.7
2018 55.1 57.3
2017 55 55
2016 53.3 53.2
2015 53.9 54
2014 54.1 55.7
2013 52.6 55.4
2012 53.2 55.4
2011 53 60.3
2010 51.1 62.7
2009 47.5 60.8
2008 44.2 60.6
2007 46.7 58.7
2006 52.9 60.1
2005 47.5 59
2004 50 59.1
2003 49.3 58.8
2002 51.9 59.1
2001 51.2 63.4
2000 48.9 61
1999 50 61
1998 52 60.6
1997 49.9 59.6
1996 51.1 60.5
1995 40.9 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bangladesh is 54.8, ranking 131/197, compared to 63.2 for Greece, ranking 82/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bangladesh Greece
Services, % of GDP
52.1%
2025
67.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34%
2025
15.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
11.4%
2025
3.57%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$499B
2025
$264B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$10,710
2025
$44,310
2025
Total reserves including gold
$28.6B
2025
$24B
2025
Total reserves ranking
58/177
2025
63/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.84B
2025
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.28B
2024
$6.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$34.1M
2024
$2.22B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.83%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.7%
2022
18.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
17.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/greece | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2002, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.