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Economy of Colombia vs Greece compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Colombia has a GDP of $457B compared to $281B for Greece, ranking 37/197 and 52/197 by economy size, respectively.

Colombia has $274B in government debt (59.9% of GDP), compared to $409B (145.7% of GDP) in Greece.

Colombia vs Greece GDP by year

Colombia
Greece
1x
Year GDP, current $
Colombia Greece
2025 $457,410,034,203 $280,635,521,324
2024 $420,504,033,143 $256,238,371,778
2023 $366,901,643,683 $242,946,187,738
2022 $345,632,492,851 $217,990,189,601
2021 $318,524,633,225 $218,303,801,895
2020 $270,348,342,541 $191,362,985,555
2019 $323,031,701,193 $207,305,649,887
2018 $334,198,218,098 $213,298,873,494
2017 $311,866,875,157 $200,381,103,984
2016 $282,720,100,286 $193,097,239,006
2015 $293,492,370,193 $194,567,373,678
2014 $381,240,864,422 $233,911,581,521
2013 $382,093,697,078 $236,556,279,641
2012 $370,691,143,018 $238,841,140,018
2011 $334,966,134,805 $283,228,079,776
2010 $286,498,534,095 $296,417,644,404
2009 $232,468,663,110 $326,829,054,686
2008 $242,504,150,473 $351,121,399,546
2007 $206,229,540,926 $314,226,996,944
2006 $161,792,958,905 $269,073,415,334
2005 $145,600,529,606 $242,315,668,619
2004 $117,092,416,666 $234,979,615,898
2003 $94,644,969,157 $196,930,509,813
2002 $97,945,812,803 $150,253,800,086
2001 $98,200,641,203 $132,050,474,720
2000 $99,875,074,951 $125,760,166,225
1999 $86,186,158,685 $137,131,371,955
1998 $98,443,739,941 $139,612,812,176
1997 $106,659,508,271 $138,766,067,640
1996 $97,160,109,278 $142,502,984,145
1995 $92,507,279,383 $134,974,613,914
1994 $81,703,500,846 $114,980,063,202
1993 $66,446,804,803 $107,295,704,518
1992 $58,418,985,443 $114,608,178,405
1991 $49,175,565,911 $103,680,863,713
1990 $47,844,090,710 $96,529,587,274
1989 $39,540,080,200 $78,067,933,277
1988 $39,212,550,050 $75,200,610,137
1987 $36,373,307,085 $64,739,630,096
1986 $34,942,489,684 $55,595,445,472
1985 $34,894,411,352 $47,155,741,426
1984 $38,253,120,738 $47,352,146,312
1983 $38,729,822,782 $48,741,397,059
1982 $38,968,039,722 $53,858,346,939
1981 $36,388,366,869 $51,618,456,335
1980 $33,400,735,644 $56,039,256,595
1979 $27,940,411,250 $53,724,121,435
1978 $23,263,511,958 $43,654,480,519
1977 $19,470,960,619 $35,673,080,481
1976 $15,341,403,660 $30,719,552,239
1975 $13,098,633,902 $28,129,128,587
1974 $12,370,029,584 $24,998,715,909
1973 $10,315,760,000 $22,037,019,563
1972 $8,671,358,733 $16,650,659,091
1971 $7,820,380,971 $14,388,806,818
1970 $7,198,360,460 $12,957,113,636
1969 $6,450,175,214 $11,454,106,327
1968 $5,960,212,869 $9,950,331,206
1967 $5,825,170,438 $9,146,592,856
1966 $5,428,518,519 $8,472,021,467
1965 $5,760,761,905 $7,582,209,670
1964 $5,973,366,667 $6,576,906,345
1963 $4,836,166,667 $5,813,285,627
1962 $4,955,543,963 $5,140,542,929
1961 $4,540,447,761 $4,892,397,431
1960 $4,031,152,977 $4,274,890,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

GDP per capita in Colombia vs Greece by year

Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Colombia Greece
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $8,562 - $26,948 -
2024 $7,951 $22,349 $24,626 $44,327
2023 $7,012 $21,246 $23,344 $42,711
2022 $6,680 $20,854 $20,885 $39,612
2021 $6,223 $17,383 $20,653 $33,531
2020 $5,340 $15,519 $17,887 $29,533
2019 $6,473 $16,182 $19,335 $31,927
2018 $6,817 $15,239 $19,873 $29,792
2017 $6,480 $14,401 $18,632 $28,682
2016 $5,960 $14,027 $17,919 $27,505
2015 $6,249 $13,332 $17,981 $26,608
2014 $8,187 $13,355 $21,475 $26,450
2013 $8,279 $12,780 $21,573 $25,731
2012 $8,109 $12,093 $21,624 $24,583
2011 $7,401 $11,707 $25,505 $25,693
2010 $6,398 $10,841 $26,653 $27,839
2009 $5,251 $10,367 $29,425 $29,963
2008 $5,542 $10,307 $31,696 $30,441
2007 $4,770 $9,909 $28,441 $28,896
2006 $3,790 $9,154 $24,416 $28,076
2005 $3,456 $8,432 $22,054 $25,004
2004 $2,819 $7,909 $21,449 $24,826
2003 $2,312 $7,420 $18,021 $23,253
2002 $2,429 $7,109 $13,782 $21,985
2001 $2,473 $6,935 $12,157 $20,304
2000 $2,555 $6,776 $11,638 $18,820
1999 $2,241 $6,544 $12,743 $17,758
1998 $2,605 $6,854 $13,023 $17,434
1997 $2,873 $6,861 $13,016 $16,630
1996 $2,665 $6,639 $13,433 $15,778
1995 $2,584 $6,506 $12,779 $15,218
1994 $2,326 $6,174 $10,937 $14,667
1993 $1,929 $5,826 $10,257 $14,150
1992 $1,730 $5,509 $11,021 $14,130
1991 $1,486 $5,281 $10,047 $13,824
1990 $1,475 $5,109 $9,467 $13,126
1989 $1,244 - $7,738 -
1988 $1,260 - $7,492 -
1987 $1,193 - $6,474 -
1986 $1,169 - $5,578 -
1985 $1,192 - $4,747 -
1984 $1,336 - $4,785 -
1983 $1,384 - $4,950 -
1982 $1,425 - $5,502 -
1981 $1,362 - $5,305 -
1980 $1,280 - $5,812 -
1979 $1,095 - $5,627 -
1978 $932 - $4,629 -
1977 $798 - $3,832 -
1976 $643 - $3,343 -
1975 $561 - $3,109 -
1974 $542 - $2,789 -
1973 $462 - $2,468 -
1972 $397 - $1,873 -
1971 $367 - $1,629 -
1970 $346 - $1,474 -
1969 $318 - $1,306 -
1968 $302 - $1,138 -
1967 $303 - $1,053 -
1966 $290.3 - $984 -
1965 $317 - $887 -
1964 $339 - $773 -
1963 $282.6 - $686 -
1962 $298.5 - $608 -
1961 $282.1 - $583 -
1960 $258.3 - $513 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

Colombia's GDP per capita is $8,562, ranking 94/197, compared to $26,948 in Greece, ranking 50/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Colombia ranks 87th at $22,349, while Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327.

Economic indicators

Colombia Greece
Gross domestic product
$457B
2025
$281B
2025
GDP rank
37/197
2025
52/197
2025
GDP growth
2.64%
2024-2025
2.07%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$8,562
2025
$26,948
2025
GDP per capita rank
94/197
2025
50/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,349
2024
$44,327
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
87/197
2024
52/197
2024
Government debt
$274B
2025
$409B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.9%
2025
145.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$5,126
2025
$39,257
2025
Government debt per person rank
85/185
2025
19/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,463
2026
$14,117
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$133B
2025
$129B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
82,000
2026
Number of billionaires
4
2026
16
2026
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2024
26%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1%
2024
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.2%
2025
49.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.14%
2024-2025
2.48%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
11.3%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.43%
2025
8.84%
2025
Population
54209462
10371575

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Colombia
Spending

Debt
Greece
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Colombia Greece
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 33.2% 59.9% 49.7% 145.7%
2024 34.4% 61% 48.2% 155.4%
2023 35.1% 55.4% 49.6% 165.5%
2022 34.1% 61.3% 53.1% 179.2%
2021 34.5% 64.4% 56.7% 197.8%
2020 33.7% 65.3% 59.3% 209.9%
2019 32.9% 51% 47.6% 183.7%
2018 34.7% 51.8% 48.6% 189.6%
2017 29.3% 49.4% 48.5% 182.6%
2016 30% 49.9% 50.3% 183.7%
2015 31.3% 50.4% 51.9% 180%
2014 31.3% 43.3% 51.5% 182.8%
2013 30% 37.6% 53% 180.5%
2012 29.1% 34% 54.9% 164.3%
2011 30.2% 35.8% 55.1% 175.1%
2010 30.4% 36.5% 53.1% 147.8%
2009 30.9% 35.4% 54.8% 128.5%
2008 28.4% 32.4% 51.5% 110.9%
2007 28.2% 32.7% 47.8% 104.6%
2006 28.4% 36% 45.9% 105.3%
2005 25.9% 38.5% 46.6% 109.9%
2004 26.6% 41.5% 48.8% 105.5%
2003 28% 45% 47.9% 104.3%
2002 28.1% 47.5% 47.1% 107.9%
2001 27.5% 41.1% 47.5% 110.5%
2000 26.6% 38% 48.2% 108.9%
1999 28.3% 34% 48% 102.8%
1998 26.3% 27.5% 46.7% 100.8%
1997 26.2% 25.3% 45.1% 102.6%
1996 25.1% 23.3% 46.1% 103.7%
1995 22.2% 13.8% 46.6% 100.4%
1994 20.6% 12.5% 36.9% 99.7%
1993 20% 14.2% 38.6% 101.7%
1992 18.4% 16.1% 36.9% 81.1%
1991 17.7% 14.5% 35.2% 75.7%
1990 17.4% 16.7% 38.5% 74.2%
1989 10.3% 17.3% 34.8% 60.7%
1988 10.3% 17.9% 33.8% 57.9%
1987 9.7% 18.9% 34% 53.2%
1986 9.8% 20.2% 33.8% 47.8%
1985 10.5% 19.3% 34.2% 47.3%
1984 10.3% 15.5% 32% 40.6%
1983 10.2% 10.8% 30.2% 34.1%
1982 10.6% 8.8% 28.7% 29.7%
1981 9.9% 8.5% 28.1% 27.1%
1980 9.6% 8% 24.5% 22.8%
1979 8.6% 7.7% 24.1% 22.7%
1978 8.1% 7.6% 30.1% 32.3%
1977 7.7% 9.2% 30.1% 24.5%
1976 8% 12.2% 29.1% 23.7%
1975 9.4% 14.6% 28.7% 24.1%
1974 8.8% 15.9% 25.3% 22.5%
1973 9.4% 16.3% 24.3% 22%
1972 10.3% 16.9% 26.8% 26.5%
1971 10.3% 16.2% 25.8% 25%
1970 10% 16.7% 25.2% 24.7%
1969 9.2% 17% 29.7% 25.8%
1968 8.9% 16.2% 26.3% 23%
1967 8.2% 15.8% 24.6% 21.1%
1966 8% 15.3% 22.8% 19%
1965 7% 15.2% 21.7% 16.5%
1964 8.1% 13.1% 20.4% 21.3%
1963 8.6% 13.9% 19.5% 22.6%
1962 7.8% 14.8% 19.7% 16.6%
1961 8.6% 8.7% 19.3% 14.4%
1960 6.7% 7.2% 20% 13.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

In 2025, Colombia's government spending was $152B, accounting for 33.2% of its GDP, while Greece spent $139B, or 49.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.9% in Colombia and 145.7% in Greece, ranking 78/185 and 7/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Colombia

Greece
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Colombia Greece
2025 -5.75% 1.26%
2024 -6.04% 1.23%
2023 -2.92% -1.44%
2022 -6.36% -2.57%
2021 -7.28% -7.76%
2020 -7.12% -10.4%
2019 -3.48% -0.09%
2018 -4.67% 0.78%
2017 -2.5% 1.05%
2016 -2.27% 0.28%
2015 -3.52% -3.03%
2014 -1.74% -4.29%
2013 -1.02% -4.06%
2012 0.15% -6.94%
2011 -1.99% -10.5%
2010 -3.3% -11.4%
2009 -2.67% -15.4%
2008 0.04% -10.3%
2007 -0.82% -6.81%
2006 -0.99% -6.04%
2005 -0.02% -6.33%
2004 -1.31% -9.05%
2003 -2.7% -8.05%
2002 -3.45% -6.2%
2001 -2.71% -5.64%
2000 -2.94% -4.21%
1999 -5.37% -6.02%
1998 -3.86% -6.48%
1997 -3.23% -6.25%
1996 -2.49% -8.35%
1995 -1% -9.87%
1994 -0.14% -8.48%
1993 -0.24% -11.5%
1992 -0.07% -10.6%
1991 0.35% -9.63%
1990 -0.41% -13.3%
1989 -1.4% -11.9%
1988 -1.3% -9.63%
1987 -0.4% -8.09%
1986 -1.4% -8.62%
1985 -2.4% -9.56%
1984 -3.3% -7.19%
1983 -3.1% -6.17%
1982 -3.6% -5.49%
1981 -2.8% -7.08%
1980 -2.2% -2.5%
1979 -0.7% -2.34%
1978 0.3% -5.39%
1977 0.5% -5.21%
1976 0.6% -5.05%
1975 -0.5% -5.3%
1974 -1.2% -4.39%
1973 -1.1% -3.71%
1972 -1.7% -4.16%
1971 -1% -3.32%
1970 -0.7% -3.24%
1969 -0.5% -6.65%
1968 0% -3.39%
1967 -0.2% -2.59%
1966 0.1% -2.17%
1965 -0.6% -2.55%
1964 -1.1% -2.89%
1963 -1.7% -2.25%
1962 -1.6% -2.4%
1961 -1.5% -2.69%
1960 1.2% -3.3%
1959 2% -2.77%
1958 1.7% -2.27%
1957 1.4% -2.45%
1956 -0.2% -0.39%
1955 0.7% -3.57%
1954 1.3% -2.87%
1953 1.3% -3.01%
1952 1.6% -7.21%
1951 2.1% -11.5%
1950 0.9% -12.7%
1949 0.5% -10.4%
1948 -0.1% -7.65%
1947 0.2% -
1946 -0.5% -
1945 0.1% -
1944 -0.2% -
1943 -0.7% -
1942 -1.5% -
1941 0% -
1940 -1.5% -
1939 0.8% 0.48%
1938 0.5% 1.78%
1937 1.4% 1.06%
1936 1.1% 0.95%
1935 1.3% 0.72%
1934 0.2% 0.88%
1933 -0.4% -2.79%
1932 -0.8% -1.78%
1931 -0.2% -4%
1930 0.3% -2.23%
1929 0.4% -18.7%
1928 -0.4% -0.27%
1927 -0.6% 2.65%
1926 0% -
1925 1% -
1924 0.5% -
1923 0.3% -
1922 -0.7% -
1921 -1.6% -
1920 0.4% -
1919 -0.8% -
1918 -2.1% -
1917 -0.5% -
1916 0.2% -
1915 -0.2% -
1914 -0.5% -
1913 0.5% -8.96%
1912 -0.3% -7.43%
1911 -0.1% -4.61%
1910 -0.3% -1.53%
1909 -3.3% -2.64%
1908 -2.7% -1.54%
1907 -2.7% -1.23%
1906 0.2% 0.66%
1905 -0.9% 0.91%
1904 - -0.04%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.67%
1901 - 0.1%
1900 - 0.41%
1899 - 0.86%
1898 - -34.5%
1897 - -8.46%
1896 - 0.82%
1895 - 0.37%
1894 - 2.91%
1893 - 0.14%
1892 - -2.28%
1891 - -6.48%
1890 - -11.2%
1889 - -15.7%
1888 - -3.59%
1887 - -4.88%
1886 - -11.5%
1885 - -12.1%
1884 - -7.16%
1883 - -2.42%
1882 - -1.69%
1881 - -14.5%
1880 - -13.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

In 2025, Colombia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.3B, equivalent to 5.75% of GDP. This compares to Greece's surplus of $3.53B, or 1.26% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Colombia recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while Greece ran a deficit in 61 years. On average, Colombia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.69% of GDP for Greece.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Colombia

Greece
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Colombia Greece
2025 5.14% 2.48%
2024 6.61% 2.74%
2023 11.7% 3.46%
2022 10.2% 9.65%
2021 3.5% 1.22%
2020 2.53% -1.25%
2019 3.52% 0.25%
2018 3.24% 0.63%
2017 4.31% 1.12%
2016 7.51% -0.83%
2015 4.99% -1.74%
2014 2.9% -1.31%
2013 2.02% -0.92%
2012 3.17% 1.5%
2011 3.42% 3.33%
2010 2.27% 4.71%
2009 4.2% 1.21%
2008 7% 4.15%
2007 5.54% 2.9%
2006 4.29% 3.2%
2005 5.05% 3.55%
2004 5.9% 2.9%
2003 7.13% 3.53%
2002 6.35% 3.63%
2001 7.97% 3.37%
2000 9.23% 3.15%
1999 10.9% 2.64%
1998 18.7% 4.77%
1997 18.5% 5.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Colombia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.47%, compared with 2.4% in Greece. In 2025, inflation was 5.14% in Colombia and 2.48% in Greece.

Top exports between countries

Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $34.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.92M
Raw materials & minerals $1.07M
Metals $1.01M
Textiles & consumer goods $485K
Chemicals & pharma $444K
Machinery & equipment $198K
Animal & marine products $87K
Wood & paper products $24K
Precious metals & jewellery $4K
Greece
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.24M
Chemicals & pharma $5.97M
Machinery & equipment $1.27M
Raw materials & minerals $1.25M
Textiles & consumer goods $882K
Metals $759K
Miscellaneous $696K
Wood & paper products $460K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K

Balance of trade

Colombia Greece
Current account balance
-$10.9B
2025
-$18.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
176/190
2025
183/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.38%
2025
-7.11%
2024
Goods imports
$66.3B
2025
$91.2B
2024
Goods exports
$51.5B
2025
$52.6B
2024
Service imports
$19.6B
2025
$31.1B
2024
Service exports
$19.6B
2025
$55.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.4%
2025
44%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
15%
2025
39.5%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Colombia Greece
Economic freedom 59.8 63.2
Economic freedom ranking 101/197 82/197
Property rights 43.1 78
Government integrity 41.6 54.8
Judicial effectiveness 57.4 68
Tax burden 68.6 59.9
Government spending 64 24.7
Fiscal health 49.8 78.9
Business freedom 71.2 77.8
Labor freedom 59.1 59.7
Monetary freedom 71.9 72.6
Trade freedom 71.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 55
Financial freedom 60 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Colombia
Greece
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Colombia Greece
2026 59.8 63.2
2025 59.8 60.6
2024 59.2 55.1
2023 63.1 56.9
2022 65.1 61.5
2021 68.1 60.9
2020 69.2 59.9
2019 67.3 57.7
2018 68.9 57.3
2017 69.7 55
2016 70.8 53.2
2015 71.7 54
2014 70.7 55.7
2013 69.6 55.4
2012 68 55.4
2011 68 60.3
2010 65.5 62.7
2009 62.3 60.8
2008 62.2 60.6
2007 59.9 58.7
2006 60.4 60.1
2005 59.6 59
2004 61.2 59.1
2003 64.2 58.8
2002 64.2 59.1
2001 65.6 63.4
2000 63.3 61
1999 65.3 61
1998 65.5 60.6
1997 66.4 59.6
1996 64.3 60.5
1995 64.5 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Colombia is 59.8, ranking 101/197, compared to 63.2 for Greece, ranking 82/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Colombia Greece
Services, % of GDP
58.5%
2025
67.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
21.8%
2025
15.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.95%
2025
3.57%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$422B
2025
$264B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,250
2025
$44,310
2025
Total reserves including gold
$65.8B
2025
$24B
2025
Total reserves ranking
41/177
2025
63/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$7.31B
2025
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$6.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.51B
2024
$2.22B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
8.17%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31.8%
2024
18.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.7%
2025
17.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.