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Economy of Colombia vs Greece compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Colombia has a GDP of $419B compared to $256B for Greece, ranking 39/197 and 53/197 by economy size, respectively.

Colombia has $256B in government debt (61.2% of GDP), compared to $397B (154.8% of GDP) in Greece.

Colombia vs Greece GDP by year

Colombia
Greece
1x
Year GDP, current $
Colombia Greece
2024 $418,818,154,879 $256,238,371,778
2023 $366,291,836,138 $242,946,187,738
2022 $345,632,492,851 $217,990,189,601
2021 $318,524,633,225 $218,303,801,895
2020 $270,348,342,541 $191,362,985,555
2019 $323,031,701,193 $207,305,649,887
2018 $334,198,218,098 $213,298,873,494
2017 $311,866,875,157 $200,381,103,984
2016 $282,720,100,286 $193,097,239,006
2015 $293,492,370,193 $194,567,373,678
2014 $381,240,864,422 $233,911,581,521
2013 $382,093,697,078 $236,556,279,641
2012 $370,691,143,018 $238,841,140,018
2011 $334,966,134,805 $283,228,079,776
2010 $286,498,534,095 $296,417,644,404
2009 $232,468,663,110 $326,829,054,686
2008 $242,504,150,473 $351,121,399,546
2007 $206,229,540,926 $314,226,996,944
2006 $161,792,958,905 $269,073,415,334
2005 $145,600,529,606 $242,315,668,619
2004 $117,092,416,666 $234,979,615,898
2003 $94,644,969,157 $196,930,509,813
2002 $97,945,812,803 $150,253,800,086
2001 $98,200,641,203 $132,050,474,720
2000 $99,875,074,951 $125,760,166,225
1999 $86,186,158,685 $137,131,371,955
1998 $98,443,739,941 $139,612,812,176
1997 $106,659,508,271 $138,766,067,640
1996 $97,160,109,278 $142,502,984,145
1995 $92,507,279,383 $134,974,613,914
1994 $81,703,500,846 $114,980,063,202
1993 $66,446,804,803 $107,295,704,518
1992 $58,418,985,443 $114,608,178,405
1991 $49,175,565,911 $103,680,863,713
1990 $47,844,090,710 $96,529,587,274
1989 $39,540,080,200 $78,067,933,277
1988 $39,212,550,050 $75,200,610,137
1987 $36,373,307,085 $64,739,630,096
1986 $34,942,489,684 $55,595,445,472
1985 $34,894,411,352 $47,155,741,426
1984 $38,253,120,738 $47,352,146,312
1983 $38,729,822,782 $48,741,397,059
1982 $38,968,039,722 $53,858,346,939
1981 $36,388,366,869 $51,618,456,335
1980 $33,400,735,644 $56,039,256,595
1979 $27,940,411,250 $53,724,121,435
1978 $23,263,511,958 $43,654,480,519
1977 $19,470,960,619 $35,673,080,481
1976 $15,341,403,660 $30,719,552,239
1975 $13,098,633,902 $28,129,128,587
1974 $12,370,029,584 $24,998,715,909
1973 $10,315,760,000 $22,037,019,563
1972 $8,671,358,733 $16,650,659,091
1971 $7,820,380,971 $14,388,806,818
1970 $7,198,360,460 $12,957,113,636
1969 $6,450,175,214 $11,454,106,327
1968 $5,960,212,869 $9,950,331,206
1967 $5,825,170,438 $9,146,592,856
1966 $5,428,518,519 $8,472,021,467
1965 $5,760,761,905 $7,582,209,670
1964 $5,973,366,667 $6,576,906,345
1963 $4,836,166,667 $5,813,285,627
1962 $4,955,543,963 $5,140,542,929
1961 $4,540,447,761 $4,892,397,431
1960 $4,031,152,977 $4,274,890,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

GDP per capita in Colombia vs Greece by year

Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Colombia Greece
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $7,919 $22,349 $24,626 $44,327
2023 $7,001 $21,246 $23,344 $42,711
2022 $6,680 $20,854 $20,887 $39,612
2021 $6,223 $17,383 $20,655 $33,531
2020 $5,340 $15,519 $17,887 $29,533
2019 $6,473 $16,182 $19,335 $31,927
2018 $6,817 $15,239 $19,873 $29,792
2017 $6,480 $14,401 $18,632 $28,682
2016 $5,960 $14,027 $17,919 $27,505
2015 $6,249 $13,332 $17,981 $26,608
2014 $8,187 $13,355 $21,475 $26,450
2013 $8,279 $12,780 $21,573 $25,731
2012 $8,109 $12,093 $21,624 $24,583
2011 $7,401 $11,707 $25,505 $25,693
2010 $6,398 $10,841 $26,653 $27,839
2009 $5,251 $10,367 $29,425 $29,963
2008 $5,542 $10,307 $31,696 $30,441
2007 $4,770 $9,909 $28,441 $28,896
2006 $3,790 $9,154 $24,416 $28,076
2005 $3,456 $8,432 $22,054 $25,004
2004 $2,819 $7,909 $21,449 $24,826
2003 $2,312 $7,420 $18,021 $23,253
2002 $2,429 $7,109 $13,782 $21,985
2001 $2,473 $6,935 $12,157 $20,304
2000 $2,555 $6,776 $11,638 $18,820
1999 $2,241 $6,544 $12,743 $17,758
1998 $2,605 $6,854 $13,023 $17,434
1997 $2,873 $6,861 $13,016 $16,630
1996 $2,665 $6,639 $13,433 $15,778
1995 $2,584 $6,506 $12,779 $15,218
1994 $2,326 $6,174 $10,937 $14,667
1993 $1,929 $5,826 $10,257 $14,150
1992 $1,730 $5,509 $11,021 $14,130
1991 $1,486 $5,281 $10,047 $13,824
1990 $1,475 $5,109 $9,467 $13,126
1989 $1,244 - $7,738 -
1988 $1,260 - $7,492 -
1987 $1,193 - $6,474 -
1986 $1,169 - $5,578 -
1985 $1,192 - $4,747 -
1984 $1,336 - $4,785 -
1983 $1,384 - $4,950 -
1982 $1,425 - $5,502 -
1981 $1,362 - $5,305 -
1980 $1,280 - $5,812 -
1979 $1,095 - $5,627 -
1978 $932 - $4,629 -
1977 $798 - $3,832 -
1976 $643 - $3,343 -
1975 $561 - $3,109 -
1974 $542 - $2,789 -
1973 $462 - $2,468 -
1972 $397 - $1,873 -
1971 $367 - $1,629 -
1970 $346 - $1,474 -
1969 $318 - $1,306 -
1968 $302 - $1,138 -
1967 $303 - $1,053 -
1966 $290.3 - $984 -
1965 $317 - $887 -
1964 $339 - $773 -
1963 $282.6 - $686 -
1962 $298.5 - $608 -
1961 $282.1 - $583 -
1960 $258.3 - $513 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

Colombia's GDP per capita is $7,919, ranking 94/197, compared to $24,626 in Greece, ranking 49/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Colombia ranks 87th at $22,349, while Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327.

Economic indicators

Colombia Greece
Gross domestic product
$419B
2024
$256B
2024
GDP rank
39/197
2024
53/197
2024
GDP growth
1.6%
2023-2024
2.09%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,919
2024
$24,626
2024
GDP per capita rank
94/197
2024
49/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,349
2024
$44,327
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
87/197
2024
52/197
2024
Government debt
$256B
2024
$397B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
61.2%
2024
154.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,849
2024
$38,119
2024
Government debt per person rank
82/185
2024
16/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,722
2026
$14,396
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$72.6B
2024
$83.2B
2024
Number of billionaires
4
2025
16
2025
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2023
26%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.1%
2023
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
34.6%
2024
48%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
6.61%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
9.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
9.62%
2024
10%
2024
Population
54105437
10181414

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Colombia
Spending

Debt
Greece
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Colombia Greece
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 34.6% 61.2% 48% 154.8%
2023 35.1% 55.5% 49.5% 165.2%
2022 34.1% 61.3% 52.8% 178.4%
2021 34.5% 64.4% 56.7% 197.8%
2020 33.7% 65.3% 59.3% 209.9%
2019 32.9% 51% 47.6% 183.7%
2018 34.7% 51.8% 48.6% 189.6%
2017 29.3% 49.4% 48.5% 182.6%
2016 30% 49.9% 50.3% 183.7%
2015 31.3% 50.4% 51.9% 180%
2014 31.3% 43.3% 51.5% 182.8%
2013 30% 37.6% 53% 180.5%
2012 29.1% 34% 54.9% 164.3%
2011 30.2% 35.8% 55.1% 175.1%
2010 30.4% 36.5% 53.1% 147.8%
2009 30.9% 35.4% 54.8% 128.5%
2008 28.4% 32.4% 51.5% 110.9%
2007 28.2% 32.7% 47.8% 104.6%
2006 28.4% 36% 45.9% 105.3%
2005 25.9% 38.5% 46.6% 109.9%
2004 26.6% 41.5% 48.8% 105.5%
2003 28% 45% 47.9% 104.3%
2002 28.1% 47.5% 47.1% 107.9%
2001 27.5% 41.1% 47.5% 110.5%
2000 26.6% 38% 48.2% 108.9%
1999 28.2% 34% 48% 102.8%
1998 26.3% 27.4% 46.7% 100.8%
1997 26.2% 25.3% 45.1% 102.6%
1996 25.1% 23.3% 46.1% 103.7%
1995 22.2% 13.8% 46.6% 100.4%
1994 20.6% 12.5% 36.9% 99.7%
1993 20% 14.2% 38.6% 101.7%
1992 18.4% 16.1% 36.9% 81.1%
1991 17.7% 14.5% 35.2% 75.7%
1990 17.4% 16.7% 38.5% 74.2%
1989 10.3% 17.3% 34.8% 60.7%
1988 10.3% 17.9% 33.8% 57.9%
1987 9.7% 18.9% 34% 53.2%
1986 9.8% 20.2% 33.8% 47.8%
1985 10.5% 19.3% 34.2% 47.3%
1984 10.3% 15.5% 32% 40.6%
1983 10.2% 10.8% 30.2% 34.1%
1982 10.6% 8.8% 28.7% 29.7%
1981 9.9% 8.5% 28.1% 27.1%
1980 9.6% 8% 24.5% 22.8%
1979 8.6% 7.7% 24.1% 22.7%
1978 8.1% 7.6% 30.1% 32.3%
1977 7.7% 9.2% 30.1% 24.5%
1976 8% 12.2% 29.1% 23.7%
1975 9.4% 14.6% 28.7% 24.1%
1974 8.8% 15.9% 25.3% 22.5%
1973 9.4% 16.3% 24.3% 22%
1972 10.3% 16.9% 26.8% 26.5%
1971 10.3% 16.2% 25.8% 25%
1970 10% 16.7% 25.2% 24.7%
1969 9.2% 17% 29.7% 25.8%
1968 8.9% 16.2% 26.3% 23%
1967 8.2% 15.8% 24.6% 21.1%
1966 8% 15.3% 22.8% 19%
1965 7% 15.2% 21.7% 16.5%
1964 8.1% 13.1% 20.4% 21.3%
1963 8.6% 13.9% 19.5% 22.6%
1962 7.8% 14.8% 19.7% 16.6%
1961 8.6% 8.7% 19.3% 14.4%
1960 6.7% 7.2% 20% 13.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

In 2024, Colombia's government spending was $145B, accounting for 34.6% of its GDP, while Greece spent $123B, or 48% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 61.2% in Colombia and 154.8% in Greece, ranking 75/185 and 7/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Colombia

Greece
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Colombia Greece
2024 -6.25% 1.34%
2023 -2.92% -1.35%
2022 -6.34% -2.46%
2021 -7.26% -7.58%
2020 -7.12% -10.3%
2019 -3.48% -0.09%
2018 -4.67% 0.78%
2017 -2.5% 1.05%
2016 -2.27% 0.28%
2015 -3.52% -3.03%
2014 -1.74% -4.29%
2013 -1.02% -4.06%
2012 0.15% -6.94%
2011 -1.99% -10.5%
2010 -3.3% -11.4%
2009 -2.67% -15.4%
2008 0.04% -10.3%
2007 -0.82% -6.81%
2006 -0.99% -6.04%
2005 -0.02% -6.33%
2004 -1.31% -9.05%
2003 -2.7% -8.05%
2002 -3.45% -6.2%
2001 -2.71% -5.64%
2000 -2.94% -4.21%
1999 -5.37% -6.02%
1998 -3.86% -6.48%
1997 -3.23% -6.25%
1996 -2.49% -8.35%
1995 -1% -9.87%
1994 -0.14% -8.48%
1993 -0.24% -11.5%
1992 -0.07% -10.6%
1991 0.35% -9.63%
1990 -0.41% -13.3%
1989 -1.4% -11.9%
1988 -1.3% -9.63%
1987 -0.4% -8.09%
1986 -1.4% -8.62%
1985 -2.4% -9.56%
1984 -3.3% -7.19%
1983 -3.1% -6.17%
1982 -3.6% -5.49%
1981 -2.8% -7.08%
1980 -2.2% -2.5%
1979 -0.7% -2.34%
1978 0.3% -5.39%
1977 0.5% -5.21%
1976 0.6% -5.05%
1975 -0.5% -5.3%
1974 -1.2% -4.39%
1973 -1.1% -3.71%
1972 -1.7% -4.16%
1971 -1% -3.32%
1970 -0.7% -3.24%
1969 -0.5% -6.65%
1968 0% -3.39%
1967 -0.2% -2.59%
1966 0.1% -2.17%
1965 -0.6% -2.55%
1964 -1.1% -2.89%
1963 -1.7% -2.25%
1962 -1.6% -2.4%
1961 -1.5% -2.69%
1960 1.2% -3.3%
1959 2% -2.77%
1958 1.7% -2.27%
1957 1.4% -2.45%
1956 -0.2% -0.39%
1955 0.7% -3.57%
1954 1.3% -2.87%
1953 1.3% -3.01%
1952 1.6% -7.21%
1951 2.1% -11.5%
1950 0.9% -12.7%
1949 0.5% -10.4%
1948 -0.1% -7.65%
1947 0.2% -
1946 -0.5% -
1945 0.1% -
1944 -0.2% -
1943 -0.7% -
1942 -1.5% -
1941 0% -
1940 -1.5% -
1939 0.8% 0.48%
1938 0.5% 1.78%
1937 1.4% 1.06%
1936 1.1% 0.95%
1935 1.3% 0.72%
1934 0.2% 0.88%
1933 -0.4% -2.79%
1932 -0.8% -1.78%
1931 -0.2% -4%
1930 0.3% -2.23%
1929 0.4% -18.7%
1928 -0.4% -0.27%
1927 -0.6% 2.65%
1926 0% -
1925 1% -
1924 0.5% -
1923 0.3% -
1922 -0.7% -
1921 -1.6% -
1920 0.4% -
1919 -0.8% -
1918 -2.1% -
1917 -0.5% -
1916 0.2% -
1915 -0.2% -
1914 -0.5% -
1913 0.5% -8.96%
1912 -0.3% -7.43%
1911 -0.1% -4.61%
1910 -0.3% -1.53%
1909 -3.3% -2.64%
1908 -2.7% -1.54%
1907 -2.7% -1.23%
1906 0.2% 0.66%
1905 -0.9% 0.91%
1904 - -0.04%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.67%
1901 - 0.1%
1900 - 0.41%
1899 - 0.86%
1898 - -34.5%
1897 - -8.46%
1896 - 0.82%
1895 - 0.37%
1894 - 2.91%
1893 - 0.14%
1892 - -2.28%
1891 - -6.48%
1890 - -11.2%
1889 - -15.7%
1888 - -3.59%
1887 - -4.88%
1886 - -11.5%
1885 - -12.1%
1884 - -7.16%
1883 - -2.42%
1882 - -1.69%
1881 - -14.5%
1880 - -13.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

In 2024, Colombia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 6.25% of GDP. This compares to Greece's surplus of $3.43B, or 1.34% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Colombia recorded a fiscal deficit in 56 of those years, while Greece ran a deficit in 61 years. On average, Colombia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.87% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.79% of GDP for Greece.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Colombia

Greece
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Colombia Greece
2024 6.61% 2.74%
2023 11.7% 3.46%
2022 10.2% 9.65%
2021 3.5% 1.22%
2020 2.53% -1.25%
2019 3.52% 0.25%
2018 3.24% 0.63%
2017 4.31% 1.12%
2016 7.51% -0.83%
2015 4.99% -1.74%
2014 2.9% -1.31%
2013 2.02% -0.92%
2012 3.17% 1.5%
2011 3.42% 3.33%
2010 2.27% 4.71%
2009 4.2% 1.21%
2008 7% 4.15%
2007 5.54% 2.9%
2006 4.29% 3.2%
2005 5.05% 3.55%
2004 5.9% 2.9%
2003 7.13% 3.53%
2002 6.35% 3.63%
2001 7.97% 3.37%
2000 9.23% 3.15%
1999 10.9% 2.64%
1998 18.7% 4.77%
1997 18.5% 5.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Colombia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.52%, compared with 2.4% in Greece. In 2024, inflation was 6.61% in Colombia and 2.74% in Greece.

Top exports between countries

Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $18.6M
Metals $2.67M
Chemicals & pharma $720K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $584K
Textiles & consumer goods $445K
Animal & marine products $87K
Raw materials & minerals $65K
Wood & paper products $26K
Machinery & equipment $9K
Miscellaneous $7K
Greece
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.9M
Chemicals & pharma $6.54M
Machinery & equipment $3.94M
Raw materials & minerals $974K
Metals $712K
Textiles & consumer goods $350K
Wood & paper products $284K
Miscellaneous $194K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K

Balance of trade

Colombia Greece
Current account balance
-$6.88B
2024
-$18.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
172/190
2024
182/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.64%
2024
-7.11%
2024
Goods imports
$60.2B
2024
$91.2B
2024
Goods exports
$51.1B
2024
$52.6B
2024
Service imports
$18.5B
2024
$31.1B
2024
Service exports
$18.1B
2024
$55.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
47.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.1%
2024
42.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Colombia Greece
Economic freedom 59.8 63.2
Economic freedom ranking 101/197 82/197
Property rights 43.1 78
Government integrity 41.6 54.8
Judicial effectiveness 57.4 68
Tax burden 68.6 59.9
Government spending 64 24.7
Fiscal health 49.8 78.9
Business freedom 71.2 77.8
Labor freedom 59.1 59.7
Monetary freedom 71.9 72.6
Trade freedom 71.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 55
Financial freedom 60 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Colombia
Greece
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Colombia Greece
2026 59.8 63.2
2025 59.8 60.6
2024 59.2 55.1
2023 63.1 56.9
2022 65.1 61.5
2021 68.1 60.9
2020 69.2 59.9
2019 67.3 57.7
2018 68.9 57.3
2017 69.7 55
2016 70.8 53.2
2015 71.7 54
2014 70.7 55.7
2013 69.6 55.4
2012 68 55.4
2011 68 60.3
2010 65.5 62.7
2009 62.3 60.8
2008 62.2 60.6
2007 59.9 58.7
2006 60.4 60.1
2005 59.6 59
2004 61.2 59.1
2003 64.2 58.8
2002 64.2 59.1
2001 65.6 63.4
2000 63.3 61
1999 65.3 61
1998 65.5 60.6
1997 66.4 59.6
1996 64.3 60.5
1995 64.5 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/greece | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Colombia is 59.8, ranking 101/197, compared to 63.2 for Greece, ranking 82/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Colombia Greece
Services, % of GDP
58.1%
2024
68%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2024
15%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.28%
2024
3.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$372B
2024
$236B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,890
2024
$43,340
2024
Total reserves including gold
$61.9B
2024
$15.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
38/177
2024
67/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.17B
2024
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$6.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.51B
2024
$2.22B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
8.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31.8%
2024
18.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
18.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.