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Economy of France vs South Korea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

France has a GDP of $3.16T compared to $1.88T for South Korea, ranking 7/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

France has $3.58T in government debt (113.1% of GDP), compared to $934B (49.8% of GDP) in South Korea.

France vs South Korea GDP by year

France
South Korea
1x
Year GDP, current $
France South Korea
2024 $3,160,442,622,465 $1,875,388,209,407
2023 $3,056,250,648,138 $1,844,800,934,392
2022 $2,794,788,137,067 $1,799,363,116,867
2021 $2,966,433,692,008 $1,942,313,560,966
2020 $2,647,926,055,110 $1,744,070,276,373
2019 $2,722,793,515,172 $1,751,045,752,055
2018 $2,781,576,320,884 $1,824,251,454,307
2017 $2,588,868,323,335 $1,710,196,756,713
2016 $2,470,407,619,777 $1,579,150,518,945
2015 $2,442,483,452,643 $1,539,212,301,136
2014 $2,861,236,112,552 $1,556,252,422,020
2013 $2,816,077,607,875 $1,434,669,686,502
2012 $2,683,007,095,787 $1,335,343,586,438
2011 $2,870,408,553,990 $1,307,103,477,219
2010 $2,646,230,027,988 $1,192,830,015,738
2009 $2,700,075,882,519 $983,065,242,417
2008 $2,926,802,941,586 $1,091,580,692,542
2007 $2,655,816,911,867 $1,220,911,904,593
2006 $2,317,861,544,691 $1,095,175,538,508
2005 $2,192,146,403,028 $971,740,329,984
2004 $2,109,792,297,237 $823,251,107,639
2003 $1,835,095,983,049 $728,516,494,684
2002 $1,492,427,756,382 $650,014,391,470
2001 $1,370,376,677,299 $567,564,806,235
2000 $1,360,959,069,477 $597,487,173,479
1999 $1,486,915,879,702 $515,697,079,289
1998 $1,496,906,382,032 $397,297,216,492
1997 $1,449,392,222,971 $589,202,526,424
1996 $1,598,889,216,566 $631,196,863,758
1995 $1,595,219,345,512 $586,286,469,401
1994 $1,385,822,778,828 $479,181,794,217
1993 $1,314,383,368,080 $405,705,302,846
1992 $1,389,663,073,110 $366,921,291,825
1991 $1,258,961,748,634 $340,851,946,804
1990 $1,257,649,439,827 $292,064,221,389
1989 $1,016,742,237,302 $254,236,243,100
1988 $1,010,827,662,152 $205,477,530,605
1987 $926,320,855,615 $152,240,393,646
1986 $764,946,585,851 $119,965,960,795
1985 $547,220,981,165 $103,764,281,281
1984 $525,033,325,828 $99,749,645,089
1983 $553,356,312,936 $89,621,208,322
1982 $578,152,310,610 $79,921,300,447
1981 $609,184,791,792 $74,287,368,087
1980 $694,529,183,483 $66,547,970,351
1979 $608,218,624,730 $68,083,884,298
1978 $501,724,418,605 $52,824,793,388
1977 $406,401,711,688 $39,064,462,810
1976 $368,363,152,144 $30,371,074,380
1975 $357,324,307,786 $22,126,033,058
1974 $282,739,225,314 $19,860,929,977
1973 $261,970,536,240 $14,067,523,813
1972 $201,738,881,664 $10,990,490,570
1971 $164,694,210,962 $10,005,257,131
1970 $147,312,861,698 $9,085,001,794
1969 $140,660,914,841 $7,743,940,189
1968 $128,710,572,572 $6,167,109,472
1967 $118,088,635,381 $4,895,076,718
1966 $109,306,730,313 $3,957,064,541
1965 $100,927,668,584 $3,141,131,708
1964 $93,424,179,943 $3,476,789,682
1963 $84,227,606,650 $4,007,692,308
1962 $75,196,980,365 $2,826,923,077
1961 $67,158,050,215 $2,427,244,761
1960 $61,959,085,885 $3,973,069,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

GDP per capita in France vs South Korea by year

France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Korea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
France South Korea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $46,103 $62,557 $36,239 $61,051
2023 $44,700 $60,839 $35,674 $57,430
2022 $40,989 $57,043 $34,822 $55,509
2021 $43,725 $52,517 $37,518 $51,718
2020 $39,170 $49,482 $33,646 $47,881
2019 $40,408 $51,130 $33,827 $46,511
2018 $41,418 $46,381 $35,364 $45,511
2017 $38,687 $44,469 $33,297 $43,156
2016 $37,024 $42,880 $30,832 $41,673
2015 $36,702 $40,905 $30,172 $39,794
2014 $43,148 $40,218 $30,667 $37,032
2013 $42,669 $39,583 $28,449 $35,844
2012 $40,864 $37,671 $26,601 $35,062
2011 $43,930 $37,510 $26,175 $33,944
2010 $40,695 $35,908 $24,071 $33,120
2009 $41,728 $34,685 $19,937 $30,740
2008 $45,465 $35,053 $22,252 $31,211
2007 $41,486 $34,066 $25,078 $30,255
2006 $36,432 $32,424 $22,610 $27,972
2005 $34,696 $30,431 $20,167 $26,179
2004 $33,645 $28,921 $17,122 $24,658
2003 $29,480 $28,024 $15,212 $22,920
2002 $24,145 $28,350 $13,643 $22,173
2001 $22,332 $27,347 $11,981 $20,442
2000 $22,341 $26,007 $12,710 $19,237
1999 $24,576 $24,204 $11,063 $17,421
1998 $24,869 $23,263 $8,583 $15,500
1997 $24,169 $22,190 $12,822 $16,241
1996 $26,758 $21,268 $13,865 $15,164
1995 $26,792 $20,701 $13,002 $13,921
1994 $23,360 $19,892 $10,734 $12,551
1993 $22,239 $19,094 $9,180 $11,349
1992 $23,615 $18,801 $8,387 $10,468
1991 $21,501 $18,198 $7,873 $9,724
1990 $21,586 $17,475 $6,813 $8,567
1989 $17,547 - $5,989 -
1988 $17,550 - $4,889 -
1987 $16,176 - $3,658 -
1986 $13,430 - $2,911 -
1985 $9,657 - $2,543 -
1984 $9,312 - $2,469 -
1983 $9,862 - $2,246 -
1982 $10,360 - $2,032 -
1981 $10,956 - $1,918 -
1980 $12,565 - $1,746 -
1979 $11,063 - $1,814 -
1978 $9,167 - $1,429 -
1977 $7,459 - $1,073 -
1976 $6,792 - $847 -
1975 $6,617 - $627 -
1974 $5,261 - $572 -
1973 $4,907 - $412 -
1972 $3,809 - $328 -
1971 $3,137 - $304 -
1970 $2,833 - $281.8 -
1969 $2,729 - $245.5 -
1968 $2,518 - $200 -
1967 $2,328 - $162.5 -
1966 $2,173 - $134.4 -
1965 $2,024 - $109.4 -
1964 $1,891 - $124.2 -
1963 $1,723 - $147 -
1962 $1,554 - $106.6 -
1961 $1,402 - $94.2 -
1960 $1,307 - $158.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

France's GDP per capita is $46,103, ranking 27/197, compared to $36,239 in South Korea, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), France ranks 30th at $62,557, while South Korea ranks 33rd at $61,051.

Economic indicators

France South Korea
Gross domestic product
$3.16T
2024
$1.88T
2024
GDP rank
7/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP growth
1.19%
2023-2024
2%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$46,103
2024
$36,239
2024
GDP per capita rank
27/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,557
2024
$61,051
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
30/197
2024
33/197
2024
Government debt
$3.58T
2024
$934B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.1%
2024
49.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$52,165
2024
$18,052
2024
Government debt per person rank
8/185
2024
33/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,669
2026
$27,215
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.37T
2018
$1.56T
2024
Number of millionaires
2,897,000
2025
1,301,000
2025
Number of billionaires
52
2025
30
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2023
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2023
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.2%
2024
22.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2%
2023-2024
2.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
7.44%
2024
2.78%
2024
Population
68788006
51649918

Spending and national debt comparison by year

France
Spending

Debt
South Korea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
France South Korea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.2% 113.1% 22.5% 49.8%
2023 56.8% 109.6% 23.1% 50.5%
2022 58.4% 111.4% 26.7% 49.8%
2021 59.5% 112.8% 24.1% 48%
2020 61.7% 114.9% 23.7% 45.9%
2019 55.3% 98.1% 21.3% 39.7%
2018 56.4% 98.5% 19.3% 37.9%
2017 57.7% 98.7% 18.6% 38%
2016 57.4% 98.1% 18.5% 39.1%
2015 57.6% 96.9% 18.8% 38.8%
2014 58.4% 96.1% 18.8% 37.9%
2013 58.6% 94.5% 19% 36%
2012 57.9% 91.7% 18.8% 33.5%
2011 57% 88.7% 18.3% 31.7%
2010 57.7% 86.3% 17.9% 28.3%
2009 58% 84.1% 19.5% 28.8%
2008 54.3% 69.8% 19.1% 25.9%
2007 53.6% 65.5% 18.8% 26.3%
2006 53.7% 65.4% 18.7% 27%
2005 54.3% 68.2% 18.2% 24.9%
2004 54% 66.9% 18.5% 21.6%
2003 54.4% 65.4% 17.9% 19.1%
2002 53.9% 61.3% 15.9% 16.4%
2001 52.8% 59.3% 16.9% 16.6%
2000 52.6% 59.7% 16% 16.1%
1999 53.7% 61.4% 16.1% 15.8%
1998 54% 62.1% 16% 13.8%
1997 55.6% 62% 13.9% 9.69%
1996 56% 60.6% 14% 7.81%
1995 56% 57.8% 13.5% 8.48%
1994 55.9% 51.6% 15.4% 9.63%
1993 56.5% 48.2% 15.1% 10.9%
1992 54% 41.7% 15.5% 11.6%
1991 52.7% 37.8% 15.4% 11.9%
1990 51.6% 36.8% 15.2% 12.8%
1989 48.9% 34% 15% 12.4%
1988 50.1% 33.3% 13.9% 12.7%
1987 50.7% 33.4% 14.3% 15.3%
1986 51.3% 31.1% 14.9% 14.5%
1985 51.9% 30.6% 15.5% 16.2%
1984 51.2% 29% 15.6% 16.9%
1983 50.2% 26.6% 16% 19.3%
1982 49.9% 25.3% 17.8% 20.5%
1981 48.5% 22% 16.3% 18.8%
1980 46% 20.7% 16.8% 18.6%
1979 44.9% 21.1% 16.3% 15.7%
1978 44.7% 21.2% 15.7% 18.4%
1977 21.4% 15% 17.7% 20.1%
1976 21.7% 15.1% 17% 20.4%
1975 22% 16.1% 18.8% 21.5%
1974 19.9% 15.4% 16.1% 18.6%
1973 19.7% 15.8% 14.2% 17.9%
1972 19.8% 17.7% 18.5% 18.3%
1971 20% 20.1% 18.5% 14.5%
1970 20.5% 21% 17.5% 6.95%
1969 21.5% 14.4% 19.8% 2.63%
1968 22.7% 15.8% 18.5% 2.76%
1967 21.4% 16.1% 16.7% 3.74%
1966 21.4% 15.3% 16% 4.44%
1965 21.1% 17.6% 13.1% 6.14%
1964 21% 19.6% 12.1% 6.57%
1963 22.6% 22.2% 15.4% 9.21%
1962 21.7% 23.6% 22.3% 13%
1961 21.9% 26.3% 21.2% 13.4%
1960 22.2% 28.5% 17.9% 13.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, France's government spending was $1.81T, accounting for 57.2% of its GDP, while South Korea spent $423B, or 22.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.1% in France and 49.8% in South Korea, ranking 14/185 and 110/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
France

South Korea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
France South Korea
2024 -5.77% -0.78%
2023 -5.44% -0.67%
2022 -4.74% -1.49%
2021 -6.58% -0.02%
2020 -8.93% -2.11%
2019 -2.39% 0.35%
2018 -2.32% 2.42%
2017 -3.36% 2.08%
2016 -3.76% 1.56%
2015 -3.89% 0.5%
2014 -4.57% 0.57%
2013 -4.94% 0.79%
2012 -5.17% 1.63%
2011 -5.3% 1.72%
2010 -7.16% 1.61%
2009 -7.38% 0.24%
2008 -3.5% 1.58%
2007 -2.99% 2.49%
2006 -2.66% 1.18%
2005 -3.5% 0.95%
2004 -3.55% 0.09%
2003 -4.09% 1.51%
2002 -3.18% 3.23%
2001 -1.42% 2.42%
2000 -1.32% 3.91%
1999 -1.55% 1.15%
1998 -2.39% 1.09%
1997 -3.71% 2.31%
1996 -3.89% 2.3%
1995 -5.11% 2.16%
1994 -5.46% 2.06%
1993 -6.4% 3.21%
1992 -4.64% 2.42%
1991 -2.89% 1.94%
1990 -2.45% 2.98%
1989 -1.9% 2.27%
1988 -2.7% 2.85%
1987 -2.13% 1.7%
1986 -3.3% 0.8%
1985 -3.08% 0.47%
1984 -2.8% 0.78%
1983 -2.58% 1.05%
1982 -2.91% -0.41%
1981 -2.39% 0.99%
1980 -0.27% 0.46%
1979 -0.36% 0.47%
1978 -1.73% -0.27%
1977 0.9% -1.81%
1976 1.01% -0.87%
1975 -0.28% -3.68%
1974 3.05% -2.78%
1973 1.97% -1.72%
1972 1.94% -4.33%
1971 -0.13% -1.3%
1970 0.02% -0.52%
1969 -0.49% -2.85%
1968 -2.54% -2.36%
1967 -0.8% -2.87%
1966 -0.57% -4.27%
1965 -0.07% -3.43%
1964 -0.25% -4.1%
1963 -2.24% -4.32%
1962 -1.53% -7.82%
1961 -1.36% -9.48%
1960 -1.95% -5.18%
1959 0.56% -6.52%
1958 0.08% -10%
1957 -1.99% -10.1%
1956 -2.62% -10.8%
1955 -1.04% -10.6%
1954 -0.78% -10.3%
1953 -4.79% -4.14%
1952 -6.82% -
1951 -4.42% -
1950 -5.56% -
1949 -7.31% -
1948 -9.11% -
1947 -7.6% -
1946 -8.1% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -6.89% -
1936 -4.76% -
1935 -4.22% -
1934 -4.31% -
1933 -4.96% -
1932 -1.86% -
1931 -2.06% -
1930 -1.65% -
1929 1.48% -
1928 1.13% -
1927 -0.04% -
1926 -0.02% -
1925 -0.87% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.05% -
1912 0.23% -
1911 0.31% -
1910 -0.12% -
1909 -0.11% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.23% -
1906 -0.04% -
1905 0.18% -
1904 0.3% -
1903 0.21% -
1902 -0.37% -
1901 -0.39% -
1900 0.21% -
1899 0.21% -
1898 0.29% -
1897 0.01% -
1896 -0.03% -
1895 -0.07% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 -0.3% -
1892 -0.03% -
1891 0.36% -
1890 0.31% -
1889 0.09% -
1888 0.18% -
1887 -0.07% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 -0.59% -
1884 -0.35% -
1883 -0.23% -
1882 -0.15% -
1881 0.64% -
1880 0.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, France's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $182B, equivalent to 5.77% of GDP. This compares to South Korea's deficit of $14.7B, or 0.78% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, France recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while South Korea ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, France posted an annual deficit equal to 2.71% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.08% of GDP for South Korea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
France

South Korea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
France South Korea
2024 2% 2.32%
2023 4.88% 3.6%
2022 5.22% 5.09%
2021 1.64% 2.5%
2020 0.48% 0.54%
2019 1.11% 0.38%
2018 1.85% 1.48%
2017 1.03% 1.94%
2016 0.18% 0.97%
2015 0.04% 0.71%
2014 0.51% 1.27%
2013 0.86% 1.3%
2012 1.95% 2.19%
2011 2.11% 4.03%
2010 1.53% 2.94%
2009 0.09% 2.76%
2008 2.81% 4.67%
2007 1.49% 2.53%
2006 1.68% 2.24%
2005 1.75% 2.75%
2004 2.14% 3.59%
2003 2.1% 3.51%
2002 1.92% 2.76%
2001 1.63% 4.07%
2000 1.68% 2.26%
1999 0.54% 0.81%
1998 0.65% 7.51%
1997 1.2% 4.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, France has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.61%, compared with 2.68% in South Korea. In 2024, inflation was 2% in France and 2.32% in South Korea.

Top exports between countries

France
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.77B
Chemicals & pharma $1.2B
Textiles & consumer goods $1.15B
Transport & tourism services $1.03B
Raw materials & minerals $836M
Business & finance services $670M
IT & IP services $635M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $402M
Metals $333M
Precious metals & jewellery $287M
South Korea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $4.42B
Chemicals & pharma $511M
Raw materials & minerals $224M
Textiles & consumer goods $173M
Metals $114M
Precious metals & jewellery $63.8M
Animal & marine products $51.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $32.9M
Wood & paper products $20.1M
Miscellaneous $5.6M

Balance of trade

France South Korea
Current account balance
$2.69B
2024
$99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
42/190
2024
7/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2024
+5.28%
2024
Goods imports
$733B
2024
$596B
2024
Goods exports
$668B
2024
$696B
2024
Service imports
$341B
2024
$163B
2024
Service exports
$403B
2024
$139B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.2%
2024
40.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.9%
2024
44.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

France South Korea
Economic freedom 64.6 73.7
Economic freedom ranking 72/197 24/197
Property rights 91.2 89.6
Government integrity 73.4 70.9
Judicial effectiveness 84.7 77.5
Tax burden 54.6 61.5
Government spending 0.9 82.6
Fiscal health 34.8 93.5
Business freedom 78.4 81.5
Labor freedom 59.1 55
Monetary freedom 73.2 79.3
Trade freedom 79.4 73
Investment freedom 75 60
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

France
South Korea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
France South Korea
2026 64.6 73.7
2025 64.4 74
2024 62.5 73.1
2023 63.6 73.7
2022 65.9 74.6
2021 65.7 74
2020 66 74
2019 63.8 72.3
2018 63.9 73.8
2017 63.3 74.3
2016 62.3 71.7
2015 62.5 71.5
2014 63.5 71.2
2013 64.1 70.3
2012 63.2 69.9
2011 64.6 69.8
2010 64.2 69.9
2009 63.3 68.1
2008 64.7 68.6
2007 62.1 67.8
2006 61.1 67.5
2005 60.5 66.4
2004 60.9 67.8
2003 59.2 68.3
2002 58 69.5
2001 58 69.1
2000 57.4 69.7
1999 59.1 69.7
1998 58.9 73.3
1997 59.1 69.8
1996 63.7 73
1995 64.4 72

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for France is 64.6, ranking 72/197, compared to 73.7 for South Korea, ranking 24/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

France South Korea
Services, % of GDP
70.9%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
33.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.3%
2024
1.46%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.1T
2024
$1.9T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,880
2024
$61,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$283B
2024
$418B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2024
8/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$10.3B
2024
$33.4B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$52.1B
2024
$15.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$41.7B
2024
$48.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.6%
2021
14.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
30%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/south-korea | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.