Skip to content

Economy of Germany vs Zimbabwe compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Germany has a GDP of $4.69T compared to $41.5B for Zimbabwe, ranking 3/197 and 102/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $2.97T in government debt (63.5% of GDP), compared to $30.3B (73% of GDP) in Zimbabwe.

Germany vs Zimbabwe GDP by year

Germany
Zimbabwe
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Zimbabwe
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $41,539,411,516
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $35,871,779,681
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $40,757,561,709
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $41,287,673,690
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $31,980,334,561
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $33,357,695,635
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $34,141,666,667
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $51,035,657,371
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $20,559,250,000
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $19,973,250,000
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $19,505,500,000
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $19,100,750,000
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $17,123,500,000
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $14,109,000,000
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $12,047,750,000
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $9,670,750,000
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $4,418,000,000
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $5,294,750,000
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $5,446,750,000
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $5,758,250,000
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $5,808,500,000
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $5,730,500,000
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $6,345,250,000
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $6,780,750,000
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $6,693,250,000
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $6,861,500,000
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $6,405,250,000
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $8,534,000,000
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $8,557,500,000
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $7,115,000,000
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $6,894,250,000
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $6,567,250,000
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $6,755,000,000
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $8,646,000,000
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $8,788,301,546
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $8,290,553,535
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $7,818,774,177
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $6,744,657,033
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $6,220,698,247
1985 $735,218,723,093 $5,640,137,575
1984 $727,767,760,979 $6,355,369,172
1983 $773,507,930,295 $7,768,031,182
1982 $779,421,633,755 $8,544,060,905
1981 $803,404,797,058 $8,015,464,252
1980 $953,772,499,462 $6,682,278,300
1979 $884,574,218,333 $5,180,102,910
1978 $743,182,891,918 $4,353,822,343
1977 $602,698,323,086 $4,366,610,469
1976 $521,658,712,133 $4,320,576,877
1975 $492,434,094,920 $4,373,532,601
1974 $446,934,971,657 $3,984,194,614
1973 $399,833,571,167 $3,311,043,292
1972 $300,899,944,795 $2,679,096,597
1971 $250,900,942,397 $2,179,828,710
1970 $216,629,229,947 $1,885,168,339
1969 $177,733,486,326 $1,748,891,294
1968 $156,527,292,653 $1,480,355,355
1967 $145,100,667,773 $1,397,715,282
1966 $143,304,275,684 $1,282,403,936
1965 $134,774,688,191 $1,312,105,394
1964 $123,330,404,665 $1,217,759,447
1963 $112,232,503,744 $1,160,103,724
1962 $105,895,435,234 $1,118,172,226
1961 $96,558,204,043 $1,097,206,526
1960 $84,619,845,881 $1,053,528,036

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Zimbabwe by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Zimbabwe
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Zimbabwe
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $2,497 $5,928
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $2,195 $5,791
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $2,536 $5,396
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $2,614 $4,827
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $2,060 $4,179
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $2,184 $4,166
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $2,271 $3,993
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $3,445 $10,756
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $1,408 $4,275
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $1,387 $4,046
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $1,373 $3,903
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $1,363 $3,784
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $1,239 $3,472
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $1,038 $3,047
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $902 $2,661
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $736 $2,233
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $341 $1,987
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $414 $2,396
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $431 $2,454
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $461 $2,496
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $470 $2,591
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $468 $2,708
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $525 $3,238
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $566 $3,533
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $563 $3,429
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $582 $3,491
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $552 $3,527
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $751 $3,457
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $767 $3,372
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $648 $3,051
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $634 $3,012
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $605 $2,703
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $631 $2,651
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $831 $2,930
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $867 $2,757
1989 $17,829 - $840 -
1988 $17,997 - $816 -
1987 $16,739 - $726 -
1986 $13,511 - $693 -
1985 $9,464 - $649 -
1984 $9,347 - $757 -
1983 $9,900 - $959 -
1982 $9,950 - $1,096 -
1981 $10,246 - $1,069 -
1980 $12,183 - $949 -
1979 $11,322 - $779 -
1978 $9,517 - $665 -
1977 $7,711 - $677 -
1976 $6,659 - $687 -
1975 $6,259 - $717 -
1974 $5,660 - $674 -
1973 $5,065 - $579 -
1972 $3,824 - $483 -
1971 $3,204 - $406 -
1970 $2,771 - $361 -
1969 $2,281 - $346 -
1968 $2,025 - $302 -
1967 $1,886 - $294.4 -
1966 $1,871 - $278.7 -
1965 $1,774 - $294.3 -
1964 $1,637 - $281.9 -
1963 $1,502 - $277.1 -
1962 $1,431 - $275.7 -
1961 $1,316 - $279.2 -
1960 $1,162 - $276.6 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $56,104, ranking 19/197, compared to $2,497 in Zimbabwe, ranking 148/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Zimbabwe ranks 154th at $5,928.

Economic indicators

Germany Zimbabwe
Gross domestic product
$4.69T
2024
$41.5B
2024
GDP rank
3/197
2024
102/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.5%
2023-2024
1.74%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$56,104
2024
$2,497
2024
GDP per capita rank
19/197
2024
148/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$5,928
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
154/197
2024
Government debt
$2.97T
2024
$30.3B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
63.5%
2024
73%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,606
2024
$1,824
2024
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2024
121/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$41,775
2026
$2,897
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.04T
2024
$2.46B
1999
Number of millionaires
2,675,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
171
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2020
40.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2020
1.9%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.4%
2024
12.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.26%
2023-2024
736%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
35%
2024
Unemployment rate
3.37%
2024
12.1%
2024
Population
82575542
17361868

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Zimbabwe
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Zimbabwe
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.4% 63.5% 12.9% 73%
2023 48.1% 62.4% 15.5% 76.1%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 14.4% 66.8%
2021 50.7% 68% 12.8% 39.9%
2020 51.1% 68% 9.27% 56.8%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 9.36% 53.9%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 13.9% 33%
2017 44.5% 64% 19.8% 49%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 16.6% 35.1%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 14.7% 34.1%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 14.1% 29.2%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 14.7% 26.4%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 14.6% 27.2%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 16.2% 30%
2010 48.1% 81% 12.8% 33.2%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 7.93% 39.7%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 2.54% 41.3%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 3.43% 30.2%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 5.72% 26.7%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 10.5% 22.4%
2004 47% 65% - -
2003 48.5% 63.3% - -
2002 48.2% 59.8% - -
2001 47.7% 58.1% - -
2000 48.1% 59.2% - -
1999 48.5% 60.3% - -
1998 48.3% 59.4% - -
1997 48.8% 58.8% - -
1996 49.6% 57.7% - -
1995 55.2% 54.9% - -
1994 48.3% 47.5% - -
1993 48.3% 45.1% - -
1992 47.4% 41.4% - -
1991 46.5% 39% - -
1990 44.7% 40.7% - -
1989 44.3% 39.2% - -
1988 45.6% 40.5% - -
1987 46% 40.1% - -
1986 45.7% 39.1% - -
1985 46.6% 39.2% - -
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% - -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% - -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government spending was $2.32T, accounting for 49.4% of its GDP, while Zimbabwe spent $5.37B, or 12.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 63.5% in Germany and 73% in Zimbabwe, ranking 72/185 and 50/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Zimbabwe
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Zimbabwe
2024 -2.66% -1.06%
2023 -2.49% -3.9%
2022 -1.91% -3.3%
2021 -3.17% -2.24%
2020 -4.38% -0.34%
2019 1.33% -1.72%
2018 1.88% -3.81%
2017 1.34% -7.37%
2016 1.13% -4.63%
2015 0.91% -1.45%
2014 0.73% -0.71%
2013 0.12% -0.69%
2012 -0.05% -0.13%
2011 -0.84% -1.72%
2010 -4.42% -0.11%
2009 -3.18% -1.39%
2008 -0.26% -1.2%
2007 0.15% -1.67%
2006 -1.76% -1.4%
2005 -3.37% -3.46%
2004 -3.42% -
2003 -3.83% -
2002 -4.09% -
2001 -3.12% -
2000 -1.71% -
1999 -1.87% -
1998 -2.65% -
1997 -3.03% -
1996 -3.64% -
1995 -9.44% -
1994 -2.54% -
1993 -3.11% -
1992 -2.63% -
1991 -3.21% -
1990 -1.94% -
1989 0.08% -
1988 -2.02% -
1987 -1.85% -
1986 -1.18% -
1985 -1.18% -
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% -
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $125B, equivalent to 2.66% of GDP. This compares to Zimbabwe's deficit of $438M, or 1.06% of GDP.

Over the past 20 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 12 of those years, while Zimbabwe ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 1.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.11% of GDP for Zimbabwe.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Zimbabwe
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Zimbabwe
2024 2.26% 736%
2023 5.95% 667%
2022 6.87% 193.4%
2021 3.07% 98.5%
2020 0.14% 557%
2019 1.45% 255.3%
2018 1.73% 10.6%
2017 1.51% 0.9%
2016 0.49% -1.6%
2015 0.51% -2.4%
2014 0.91% -0.2%
2013 1.5% 1.6%
2012 2.01% 3.7%
2011 2.08% 3.5%
2010 1.1% 3%
2009 0.31% 6.2%
2008 2.63% 157%
2007 2.3% -72.7%
2006 1.58% 33%
2005 1.55% -31.5%
2004 1.67% 113.6%
2003 1.03% -8.6%
2002 1.42% -34.4%
2001 1.98% -37.2%
2000 1.44% 4.5%
1999 0.59% -13.4%
1998 0.91% -28%
1997 1.94% -1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.82%, compared with 93.4% in Zimbabwe. In 2024, inflation was 2.26% in Germany and 736% in Zimbabwe.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $39.3M
Wood & paper products $9.53M
Chemicals & pharma $7.3M
Raw agricultural goods $4.5M
Miscellaneous $3.26M
Metals $1.42M
Raw materials & minerals $736K
Textiles & consumer goods $707K
Animal & marine products $642K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $472K
Zimbabwe
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $21.4M
Animal & marine products $1.62M
Textiles & consumer goods $470K
Precious metals & jewellery $234K
Raw materials & minerals $161K
Raw agricultural goods $98K
Chemicals & pharma $56K
Machinery & equipment $22K
Weapons & explosives $5K
Metals $2K

Balance of trade

Germany Zimbabwe
Current account balance
$270B
2024
$501M
2024
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2024
62/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.77%
2024
+1.21%
2024
Goods imports
$1.21T
2024
$9.06B
2024
Goods exports
$1.47T
2024
$7.79B
2024
Service imports
$548B
2024
$1.66B
2024
Service exports
$470B
2024
$457M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.7%
2024
23.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2024
18%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Zimbabwe
Economic freedom 71.7 35.2
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 190/197
Property rights 95.5 19.4
Government integrity 84.5 20.7
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 16.8
Tax burden 60.5 73.6
Government spending 28.8 93.9
Fiscal health 83.1 52.4
Business freedom 79.8 42
Labor freedom 52.2 33.3
Monetary freedom 72.5 0
Trade freedom 79.4 50.4
Investment freedom 60 10
Financial freedom 70 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Zimbabwe
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Zimbabwe
2026 71.7 35.2
2025 71.6 35.1
2024 72.1 38.2
2023 73.7 39
2022 76.1 33.1
2021 72.5 39.5
2020 73.5 43.1
2019 73.5 40.4
2018 74.2 44
2017 73.8 44
2016 74.4 38.2
2015 73.8 37.6
2014 73.4 35.5
2013 72.8 28.6
2012 71 26.3
2011 71.8 22.1
2010 71.1 21.4
2009 70.5 22.7
2008 70.6 29.5
2007 70.8 32
2006 70.8 33.5
2005 68.1 35.2
2004 69.5 34.4
2003 69.7 36.7
2002 70.4 36.7
2001 69.5 38.8
2000 65.7 48.7
1999 65.6 47.2
1998 64.3 44.6
1997 67.5 48
1996 69.1 46.7
1995 69.8 48.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 35.2 for Zimbabwe, ranking 190/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Zimbabwe
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
50.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.6%
2024
35%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.91%
2024
8.69%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.6T
2024
$39.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$76,180
2024
$5,870
2024
Total reserves including gold
$378B
2024
$485M
2024
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2024
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$32.6B
2024
-$465M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$47.6B
2024
$465M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$80.2B
2024
$131M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.44%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
38.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
8.85%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/zimbabwe | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.