Belarus has a GDP of $76B compared to $44.2B for Zimbabwe, ranking 83/197 and 99/197 by economy size, respectively.
Belarus has $33.7B in government debt (42.9% of GDP), compared to $41.8B (58.6% of GDP) in Zimbabwe.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $1,052,990,485 | $4,350,191,359 |
| 1961 | - | - | $1,096,646,688 | $4,624,956,287 |
| 1962 | - | - | $1,117,601,690 | $4,691,299,938 |
| 1963 | - | - | $1,159,511,793 | $4,984,240,868 |
| 1964 | - | - | $1,217,138,098 | $4,929,106,598 |
| 1965 | - | - | $1,311,435,906 | $5,171,153,857 |
| 1966 | - | - | $1,281,749,603 | $5,249,917,254 |
| 1967 | - | - | $1,397,002,112 | $5,689,178,300 |
| 1968 | - | - | $1,479,600,019 | $5,801,262,791 |
| 1969 | - | - | $1,747,998,941 | $6,522,257,412 |
| 1970 | - | - | $1,884,206,452 | $7,994,014,635 |
| 1971 | - | - | $2,178,716,475 | $8,706,887,816 |
| 1972 | - | - | $2,677,729,616 | $9,432,151,957 |
| 1973 | - | - | $3,309,353,866 | $9,677,832,605 |
| 1974 | - | - | $3,982,161,721 | $10,319,003,882 |
| 1975 | - | - | $4,371,301,052 | $10,119,720,881 |
| 1976 | - | - | $4,318,372,348 | $10,166,761,281 |
| 1977 | - | - | $4,364,382,451 | $9,469,249,965 |
| 1978 | - | - | $4,351,600,850 | $9,212,924,709 |
| 1979 | - | - | $5,177,459,817 | $9,516,678,098 |
| 1980 | - | - | $6,678,868,738 | $10,889,048,165 |
| 1981 | - | - | $8,011,374,445 | $12,252,947,710 |
| 1982 | - | - | $8,539,701,388 | $12,575,726,762 |
| 1983 | - | - | $7,764,067,625 | $12,775,090,445 |
| 1984 | - | - | $6,352,126,411 | $12,531,423,466 |
| 1985 | - | - | $5,637,259,754 | $13,401,654,104 |
| 1986 | - | - | $6,217,524,201 | $13,682,958,727 |
| 1987 | - | - | $6,741,215,643 | $13,840,413,624 |
| 1988 | - | - | $7,814,784,729 | $14,885,693,494 |
| 1989 | - | - | $8,286,323,367 | $15,659,714,790 |
| 1990 | $17,389,558,233 | $29,435,120,618 | $8,783,817,407 | $16,754,102,247 |
| 1991 | $18,404,907,975 | $29,081,900,435 | $8,641,482,396 | $17,680,902,722 |
| 1992 | $16,939,790,094 | $26,290,037,656 | $6,751,472,744 | $16,086,868,547 |
| 1993 | $16,275,073,527 | $24,291,994,261 | $6,563,813,829 | $16,256,015,317 |
| 1994 | $14,931,435,232 | $21,449,829,995 | $6,890,675,555 | $17,757,290,653 |
| 1995 | $13,972,683,274 | $19,219,047,590 | $7,111,271,273 | $17,785,351,734 |
| 1996 | $14,756,846,154 | $19,757,181,802 | $8,553,147,289 | $19,628,038,096 |
| 1997 | $14,130,585,516 | $22,009,501,596 | $8,529,572,287 | $20,154,186,142 |
| 1998 | $15,221,352,699 | $23,858,297,858 | $6,401,968,715 | $20,735,677,098 |
| 1999 | $12,138,243,081 | $24,669,479,794 | $6,858,013,652 | $20,566,096,369 |
| 2000 | $12,736,780,455 | $26,100,310,428 | $6,689,958,139 | $19,936,940,457 |
| 2001 | $12,354,820,144 | $27,333,629,973 | $6,777,385,246 | $20,223,955,722 |
| 2002 | $14,594,900,945 | $28,712,684,737 | $6,342,116,911 | $18,425,232,321 |
| 2003 | $17,825,444,724 | $30,734,974,395 | $5,727,592,261 | $15,293,850,319 |
| 2004 | $23,141,566,293 | $34,254,050,014 | $5,805,598,867 | $14,405,654,147 |
| 2005 | $30,210,091,837 | $37,473,931,238 | $5,755,215,663 | $13,582,935,180 |
| 2006 | $36,961,894,281 | $41,221,322,382 | $5,443,896,938 | $13,112,762,532 |
| 2007 | $45,275,711,996 | $44,766,358,828 | $5,291,950,526 | $12,633,710,460 |
| 2008 | $60,752,106,347 | $49,332,527,214 | $4,415,703,156 | $10,401,466,939 |
| 2009 | $50,873,167,326 | $49,431,189,908 | $9,665,815,601 | $11,781,957,805 |
| 2010 | $57,231,904,543 | $53,262,115,562 | $12,041,602,762 | $14,100,106,033 |
| 2011 | $61,762,382,328 | $56,218,149,512 | $14,101,801,031 | $16,101,463,201 |
| 2012 | $65,685,890,439 | $57,178,272,623 | $17,114,762,914 | $18,784,841,116 |
| 2013 | $75,527,558,966 | $57,749,323,055 | $19,091,004,042 | $19,158,562,814 |
| 2014 | $78,813,069,121 | $58,702,836,384 | $19,495,547,523 | $19,613,959,113 |
| 2015 | $56,454,769,845 | $56,454,769,845 | $19,963,058,858 | $19,963,058,858 |
| 2016 | $47,723,545,321 | $55,028,470,324 | $20,548,759,858 | $20,113,938,470 |
| 2017 | $54,725,405,751 | $56,421,892,170 | $51,074,726,484 | $21,066,215,031 |
| 2018 | $60,031,026,576 | $58,198,729,041 | $34,156,057,417 | $22,121,615,842 |
| 2019 | $64,410,170,653 | $59,040,547,745 | $25,715,657,177 | $20,720,775,635 |
| 2020 | $61,371,673,345 | $58,643,356,622 | $26,868,564,055 | $19,101,046,520 |
| 2021 | $69,673,747,132 | $60,073,587,235 | $27,240,507,842 | $20,718,530,621 |
| 2022 | $73,775,179,925 | $57,275,121,700 | $32,789,657,378 | $21,990,477,716 |
| 2023 | $72,478,760,370 | $59,638,602,548 | $35,231,369,343 | $23,164,059,016 |
| 2024 | $75,961,865,472 | $62,030,020,173 | $44,187,704,410 | $23,634,169,921 |
Economic indicators
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$76B
2024 |
$44.2B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
83/197
2024 |
99/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
4.81%
2023-2024 |
25.4%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$8,317
2024 |
$2,656
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
95/197
2024 |
144/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$33,006
2024 |
$3,922
2024 |
| Government debt |
$33.7B
2024 |
$41.8B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
42.9%
2025 |
58.6%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$3,691
2024 |
$2,513
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
94/185
2024 |
111/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$6,343
2025 |
$2,797
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$6.01B
2024 |
$2.46B
1999 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
1
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
20.7%
2020 |
40.5%
2019 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
4.5%
2020 |
1.9%
2019 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
41.3%
2025 |
19.1%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
7%
2024-2025 |
89%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
9.75%
2025 |
35%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.46%
2023 |
9.29%
2023 |
| Population |
9074112
|
17210092
|
GDP per capita in Belarus vs Zimbabwe
Belarus' GDP per capita is $8,317, ranking 95/197, compared to $2,656 in Zimbabwe, ranking 144/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belarus ranks 68th at $33,006, while Zimbabwe ranks 167th at $3,922.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $276.4 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $279 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $275.5 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $277 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $281.7 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $294.1 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $278.6 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $294.2 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $302 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $346 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $361 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $405 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $483 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $579 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $674 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $717 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $687 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $677 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $665 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $779 | - |
| 1980 | - | - | $949 | - |
| 1981 | - | - | $1,068 | - |
| 1982 | - | - | $1,095 | - |
| 1983 | - | - | $959 | - |
| 1984 | - | - | $757 | - |
| 1985 | - | - | $649 | - |
| 1986 | - | - | $692 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $726 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $815 | - |
| 1989 | - | - | $840 | - |
| 1990 | $1,707 | $5,220 | $866 | $1,803 |
| 1991 | $1,805 | $5,330 | $831 | $1,917 |
| 1992 | $1,658 | $4,917 | $631 | $1,734 |
| 1993 | $1,590 | $4,641 | $604 | $1,768 |
| 1994 | $1,460 | $4,190 | $634 | $1,970 |
| 1995 | $1,371 | $3,846 | $648 | $1,996 |
| 1996 | $1,453 | $4,039 | $767 | $2,206 |
| 1997 | $1,397 | $4,596 | $750 | $2,261 |
| 1998 | $1,511 | $5,061 | $552 | $2,307 |
| 1999 | $1,211 | $5,331 | $582 | $2,284 |
| 2000 | $1,276 | $5,796 | $563 | $2,243 |
| 2001 | $1,244 | $6,238 | $566 | $2,311 |
| 2002 | $1,479 | $6,697 | $525 | $2,118 |
| 2003 | $1,820 | $7,362 | $468 | $1,771 |
| 2004 | $2,378 | $8,483 | $469 | $1,695 |
| 2005 | $3,126 | $9,637 | $461 | $1,633 |
| 2006 | $3,848 | $10,995 | $431 | $1,605 |
| 2007 | $4,735 | $12,320 | $413 | $1,568 |
| 2008 | $6,376 | $13,886 | $341 | $1,300 |
| 2009 | $5,352 | $14,034 | $735 | $1,461 |
| 2010 | $6,035 | $15,339 | $902 | $1,741 |
| 2011 | $6,528 | $16,563 | $1,037 | $1,993 |
| 2012 | $6,953 | $18,115 | $1,239 | $2,272 |
| 2013 | $7,998 | $19,014 | $1,362 | $2,475 |
| 2014 | $8,341 | $19,038 | $1,372 | $2,553 |
| 2015 | $5,967 | $18,134 | $1,386 | $2,647 |
| 2016 | $5,040 | $17,832 | $1,407 | $2,797 |
| 2017 | $5,786 | $18,414 | $3,448 | $7,045 |
| 2018 | $6,360 | $20,026 | $2,272 | $2,614 |
| 2019 | $6,838 | $22,302 | $1,684 | $3,211 |
| 2020 | $6,543 | $24,872 | $1,730 | $3,511 |
| 2021 | $7,490 | $27,611 | $1,724 | $3,185 |
| 2022 | $7,995 | $28,429 | $2,041 | $3,560 |
| 2023 | $7,897 | $30,834 | $2,156 | $3,820 |
| 2024 | $8,317 | $33,006 | $2,656 | $3,922 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Belarus' government spending was $31.1B, accounting for 41.3% of its GDP, while Zimbabwe's spent $8.24B, or 19.1% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.9% in Belarus and 58.6% in Zimbabwe, ranking 127/185 and 86/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2001 | 42.4% | - | - | - |
| 2002 | 43.8% | - | - | - |
| 2003 | 43.5% | - | - | - |
| 2004 | 44% | 9.22% | - | - |
| 2005 | 45% | 8.12% | 15.5% | 33.1% |
| 2006 | 47.2% | 12.3% | 8.46% | 39.4% |
| 2007 | 49.2% | 15.8% | 5.06% | 44.7% |
| 2008 | 60% | 20.3% | 3.75% | 61.1% |
| 2009 | 51.7% | 32.5% | 11.7% | 58.7% |
| 2010 | 44.3% | 36.8% | 18.4% | 47.6% |
| 2011 | 40.3% | 58.2% | 23.2% | 42.9% |
| 2012 | 38.9% | 36.9% | 20.6% | 38.4% |
| 2013 | 40.8% | 36.9% | 20.6% | 37% |
| 2014 | 38.8% | 38.8% | 20.4% | 42.3% |
| 2015 | 41.8% | 53% | 20.8% | 48% |
| 2016 | 40.7% | 53.5% | 23.6% | 49.9% |
| 2017 | 39% | 53.2% | 27.9% | 68.9% |
| 2018 | 37.8% | 47.5% | 20.3% | 48.1% |
| 2019 | 37.4% | 41% | 14.3% | 82.3% |
| 2020 | 38% | 47.5% | 13.8% | 84.5% |
| 2021 | 36.7% | 41.2% | 18.6% | 58.2% |
| 2022 | 38% | 40.8% | 21.5% | 99.5% |
| 2023 | 40.3% | 40.7% | 20% | 96.6% |
| 2024 | 41% | 44.4% | 18.6% | 94.6% |
| 2025 | 41.3% | 42.9% | 19.1% | 58.6% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Belarus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $567M, equivalent to 0.75% of GDP. This compares to Zimbabwe's deficit of -$910M, or -2.06% of GDP.
Over the past 20 years, Belarus recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Zimbabwe ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Belarus posted an annual deficit equal to -2.69% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.07% of GDP for Zimbabwe.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
| 2001 | -4.74% | - |
| 2002 | -7.81% | - |
| 2003 | -6.74% | - |
| 2004 | -7.06% | - |
| 2005 | -6.71% | -5.12% |
| 2006 | -7.71% | -2.07% |
| 2007 | -7.82% | -2.47% |
| 2008 | -10.9% | -1.77% |
| 2009 | -7.23% | -2.06% |
| 2010 | -4.19% | -0.15% |
| 2011 | -2.81% | -2.45% |
| 2012 | 0.36% | -0.18% |
| 2013 | -0.98% | -0.97% |
| 2014 | 0.09% | -1.02% |
| 2015 | -2.96% | -2.04% |
| 2016 | -1.66% | -6.59% |
| 2017 | -0.34% | -10.4% |
| 2018 | 1.8% | -5.57% |
| 2019 | 0.91% | -2.64% |
| 2020 | -2.87% | -0.49% |
| 2021 | -0.22% | -3.22% |
| 2022 | -2.04% | -4.88% |
| 2023 | 0.71% | -5.32% |
| 2024 | 0.75% | -2.06% |
| 2025 | 0.24% | -0.5% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, Belarus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 36.7%, compared with 90.3% in Zimbabwe. In 2025, inflation was 7% in Belarus and 89% in Zimbabwe.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
| 1996 | 52.7% | 6% | |
| 1997 | 63.8% | -1% | |
| 1998 | 73% | -28% | |
| 1999 | 293.7% | -13.4% | |
| 2000 | 168.6% | 4.5% | |
| 2001 | 61.1% | -37.2% | |
| 2002 | 42.6% | -34.4% | |
| 2003 | 28.4% | -8.6% | |
| 2004 | 18.1% | 113.6% | |
| 2005 | 10.3% | -31.5% | |
| 2006 | 7% | 33% | |
| 2007 | 8.4% | -72.7% | |
| 2008 | 14.8% | 157% | |
| 2009 | 13% | 6.2% | |
| 2010 | 7.7% | 3% | |
| 2011 | 53.2% | 3.5% | |
| 2012 | 59.2% | 3.7% | |
| 2013 | 18.3% | 1.6% | |
| 2014 | 18.1% | -0.2% | |
| 2015 | 13.5% | -2.4% | |
| 2016 | 11.8% | -1.6% | |
| 2017 | 6% | 0.9% | |
| 2018 | 4.9% | 10.6% | |
| 2019 | 5.6% | 255.3% | |
| 2020 | 5.5% | 557% | |
| 2021 | 9.5% | 98.5% | |
| 2022 | 15.2% | 193.4% | |
| 2023 | 5% | 667% | |
| 2024 | 5.7% | 736% | |
| 2025 | 7% | 89% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Belarus
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Transport & tourism services | $3.22M |
| Machinery & equipment | $2.89M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $2.21M |
| Wood & paper products | $68K |
| Metals | $47K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $43K |
| Business & finance services | $13K |
| IT & IP services | $8K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $3K |
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $329K |
Balance of trade
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$1.94B
2024 |
$134M
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
141/189
2024 |
64/189
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-2.56%
2024 |
+0.38%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$44.2B
2024 |
$8.66B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$39.5B
2024 |
$7.2B
2023 |
| Service imports |
$6.82B
2024 |
$1.64B
2023 |
| Service exports |
$10.1B
2024 |
$399M
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
66.9%
2024 |
30.6%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
65.1%
2024 |
22.1%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 48.9 | 35.1 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 168/197 | 191/197 |
| Property rights | 20.9 | 20.7 |
| Government integrity | 28.8 | 20.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 10.5 | 15.8 |
| Tax burden | 89.3 | 73.6 |
| Government spending | 55.6 | 87.6 |
| Fiscal health | 96.2 | 44.4 |
| Business freedom | 50.9 | 39.3 |
| Labor freedom | 48 | 33.2 |
| Monetary freedom | 67.2 | 0 |
| Trade freedom | 69.2 | 50.4 |
| Investment freedom | 30 | 25 |
| Financial freedom | 20 | 10 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Belarus is 48.9, ranking 168/197, compared to 35.1 for Zimbabwe, ranking 191/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
| 1995 | 40.4 | 48.5 |
| 1996 | 38.7 | 46.7 |
| 1997 | 39.8 | 48 |
| 1998 | 38 | 44.6 |
| 1999 | 35.4 | 47.2 |
| 2000 | 41.3 | 48.7 |
| 2001 | 38 | 38.8 |
| 2002 | 39 | 36.7 |
| 2003 | 39.7 | 36.7 |
| 2004 | 43.1 | 34.4 |
| 2005 | 46.7 | 35.2 |
| 2006 | 47.5 | 33.5 |
| 2007 | 47 | 32 |
| 2008 | 45.3 | 29.5 |
| 2009 | 45 | 22.7 |
| 2010 | 48.7 | 21.4 |
| 2011 | 47.9 | 22.1 |
| 2012 | 49 | 26.3 |
| 2013 | 48 | 28.6 |
| 2014 | 50.1 | 35.5 |
| 2015 | 49.8 | 37.6 |
| 2016 | 48.8 | 38.2 |
| 2017 | 58.6 | 44 |
| 2018 | 58.1 | 44 |
| 2019 | 57.9 | 40.4 |
| 2020 | 61.7 | 43.1 |
| 2021 | 61 | 39.5 |
| 2022 | 53 | 33.1 |
| 2023 | 51 | 39 |
| 2024 | 48.4 | 38.2 |
| 2025 | 48.9 | 35.1 |
More economic indicators
|
Belarus
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
49.7%
2024 |
55.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
30.7%
2024 |
31.8%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
6.87%
2024 |
5.44%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$75.2B
2024 |
$37.6B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$32,220
2024 |
$3,880
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$8.91B
2024 |
$485M
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
82/177
2024 |
157/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$1.57B
2024 |
-$558M
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.74B
2024 |
$597M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$170M
2024 |
$131M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
11.3%
2023 |
3.34%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
3.9%
2022 |
38.3%
2019 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
25.8%
2024 |
4.47%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.