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Economy of Switzerland vs Zimbabwe compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Switzerland has a GDP of $937B compared to $41.5B for Zimbabwe, ranking 20/197 and 102/197 by economy size, respectively.

Switzerland has $352B in government debt (36% of GDP), compared to $39.3B (56.1% of GDP) in Zimbabwe.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Switzerland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Zimbabwe
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Switzerland Zimbabwe
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $10,412,232,621 $212,618,998,245 $1,053,528,036 $4,352,412,133
1961 $11,713,348,834 $229,859,575,871 $1,097,206,526 $4,627,317,329
1962 $12,989,649,694 $240,869,714,665 $1,118,172,226 $4,693,694,849
1963 $14,283,872,299 $252,622,227,587 $1,160,103,724 $4,986,785,325
1964 $15,833,133,858 $265,900,938,033 $1,217,759,447 $4,931,622,909
1965 $16,780,226,225 $271,496,969,295 $1,312,105,394 $5,173,793,733
1966 $18,019,402,374 $278,179,751,690 $1,282,403,936 $5,252,597,339
1967 $19,397,044,714 $286,680,708,388 $1,397,715,282 $5,692,082,627
1968 $20,712,102,794 $296,966,886,752 $1,480,355,355 $5,804,224,338
1969 $22,442,043,274 $313,694,770,516 $1,748,891,294 $6,525,587,027
1970 $24,998,066,773 $333,700,361,262 $1,885,168,339 $7,998,095,583
1971 $30,040,171,751 $347,300,128,063 $2,179,828,710 $8,711,332,686
1972 $36,844,318,854 $358,415,499,097 $2,679,096,597 $9,436,967,074
1973 $49,550,006,320 $369,346,839,843 $3,311,043,292 $9,682,773,143
1974 $57,103,011,446 $374,720,496,122 $3,984,194,614 $10,324,271,738
1975 $65,466,081,819 $347,428,948,950 $4,373,532,601 $10,124,887,003
1976 $68,476,524,644 $342,552,172,035 $4,320,576,877 $10,171,951,417
1977 $73,135,771,167 $350,888,700,310 $4,366,610,469 $9,474,084,021
1978 $102,280,472,036 $352,324,128,999 $4,353,822,343 $9,217,627,910
1979 $114,970,094,425 $361,102,327,237 $5,180,102,910 $9,521,536,366
1980 $122,557,843,886 $377,720,174,386 $6,682,278,300 $10,894,607,028
1981 $112,244,805,519 $383,768,743,424 $8,015,464,252 $12,259,202,844
1982 $115,043,365,512 $378,743,607,969 $8,544,060,905 $12,582,146,675
1983 $114,634,358,535 $381,164,080,265 $7,768,031,182 $12,781,612,134
1984 $109,455,312,168 $392,631,236,095 $6,355,369,172 $12,537,820,762
1985 $110,980,314,192 $407,054,920,692 $5,640,137,575 $13,408,495,654
1986 $159,089,921,063 $414,620,577,536 $6,220,698,247 $13,689,943,883
1987 $199,236,370,038 $421,194,295,501 $6,744,657,033 $13,847,479,160
1988 $215,540,625,299 $434,999,344,090 $7,818,774,177 $14,893,292,646
1989 $208,105,846,934 $453,838,270,541 $8,290,553,535 $15,667,709,080
1990 $265,763,573,999 $470,515,127,362 $8,788,301,546 $16,762,655,222
1991 $268,901,693,863 $466,206,071,643 $8,646,000,000 $17,689,930,170
1992 $279,921,425,828 $466,002,185,701 $6,755,000,000 $16,095,082,949
1993 $272,237,527,071 $465,415,100,022 $6,567,250,000 $16,264,301,855
1994 $301,375,055,202 $471,324,744,553 $6,894,250,000 $17,766,348,463
1995 $352,835,806,342 $473,591,186,765 $7,115,000,000 $17,794,425,481
1996 $340,103,959,547 $475,823,127,431 $8,557,500,000 $19,638,059,366
1997 $294,788,198,856 $486,583,036,191 $8,534,000,000 $20,164,466,644
1998 $303,459,014,347 $501,326,352,837 $6,405,250,000 $20,746,271,025
1999 $297,873,643,323 $509,661,911,367 $6,861,500,000 $20,576,588,256
2000 $279,216,033,870 $529,837,998,914 $6,693,250,000 $19,947,126,181
2001 $286,582,672,434 $538,186,454,855 $6,780,750,000 $20,234,268,509
2002 $309,301,422,430 $537,792,409,496 $6,345,250,000 $18,434,630,066
2003 $362,075,086,508 $537,618,173,222 $5,730,500,000 $15,301,651,167
2004 $403,912,891,033 $552,143,052,490 $5,808,500,000 $14,413,001,709
2005 $418,284,865,885 $567,325,325,069 $5,758,250,000 $13,589,857,106
2006 $441,634,672,197 $590,436,050,733 $5,446,750,000 $13,119,457,398
2007 $490,740,715,595 $613,559,745,175 $5,294,750,000 $12,640,170,700
2008 $567,267,767,519 $630,788,402,146 $4,418,000,000 $10,406,779,091
2009 $554,212,916,092 $616,296,830,084 $9,670,750,000 $11,787,972,496
2010 $598,851,028,907 $636,285,783,947 $12,047,750,000 $14,107,304,145
2011 $715,888,126,682 $647,822,334,336 $14,109,000,000 $16,109,683,000
2012 $686,420,221,558 $655,461,804,172 $17,123,500,000 $18,794,430,789
2013 $706,234,937,371 $667,208,623,614 $19,100,750,000 $19,168,343,272
2014 $726,537,808,338 $682,887,235,060 $19,505,500,000 $19,623,972,034
2015 $694,118,186,380 $694,118,186,380 $19,973,250,000 $19,973,250,000
2016 $687,895,460,903 $708,477,337,740 $20,559,250,000 $20,124,206,637
2017 $695,200,833,086 $718,132,464,454 $51,035,657,371 $21,076,969,325
2018 $725,568,717,468 $738,674,254,332 $34,141,666,667 $22,132,908,952
2019 $721,369,112,727 $747,109,782,756 $33,357,695,635 $20,731,353,612
2020 $741,999,406,006 $731,108,655,211 $31,980,334,561 $19,110,793,941
2021 $815,309,330,987 $771,755,519,734 $41,287,673,690 $20,729,099,177
2022 $828,508,926,958 $795,248,228,755 $40,757,561,709 $22,001,713,150
2023 $894,424,821,645 $800,682,383,958 $35,871,779,681 $23,178,995,952
2024 $936,564,198,049 $811,109,937,475 $41,539,411,516 $23,582,865,676

Economic indicators

Switzerland Zimbabwe
Gross domestic product
$937B
2024
$41.5B
2024
GDP rank
20/197
2024
102/197
2024
GDP growth
4.71%
2023-2024
15.8%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$103,998
2024
$2,497
2024
GDP per capita rank
5/197
2024
148/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$94,116
2024
$5,928
2024
Government debt
$352B
2024
$39.3B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36%
2026
56.1%
2026
Government debt per person
$39,080
2024
$2,362
2024
Government debt per person rank
15/185
2024
115/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$88,321
2026
$2,797
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.97T
2024
$2.46B
1999
Number of millionaires
1,054,293
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2022
40.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
1.9%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2026
18.3%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
1.06%
2023-2024
18.2%
2025-2026
Central bank interest rate
0%
2025
35%
2024
Unemployment rate
4.34%
2024
9.29%
2023
Population
9092598
17277165

GDP per capita in Switzerland vs Zimbabwe

Switzerland's GDP per capita is $103,998, ranking 5/197, compared to $2,497 in Zimbabwe, ranking 148/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Switzerland ranks 8th at $94,116, while Zimbabwe ranks 154th at $5,928.

Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Zimbabwe
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Switzerland Zimbabwe
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,954 - $276.6 -
1961 $2,155 - $279.2 -
1962 $2,330 - $275.7 -
1963 $2,508 - $277.1 -
1964 $2,735 - $281.9 -
1965 $2,865 - $294.3 -
1966 $3,045 - $278.7 -
1967 $3,237 - $294.4 -
1968 $3,413 - $302 -
1969 $3,657 - $346 -
1970 $4,044 - $361 -
1971 $4,835 - $406 -
1972 $5,885 - $483 -
1973 $7,856 - $579 -
1974 $9,005 - $674 -
1975 $10,328 - $717 -
1976 $10,865 - $687 -
1977 $11,644 - $677 -
1978 $16,282 - $665 -
1979 $18,266 - $779 -
1980 $19,394 - $949 -
1981 $17,665 - $1,069 -
1982 $18,000 - $1,096 -
1983 $17,859 - $959 -
1984 $16,991 - $757 -
1985 $17,152 - $649 -
1986 $24,460 - $693 -
1987 $30,441 - $726 -
1988 $32,690 - $816 -
1989 $31,309 - $840 -
1990 $39,575 $28,442 $867 $2,757
1991 $39,544 $28,773 $831 $2,930
1992 $40,714 $29,093 $631 $2,651
1993 $39,237 $29,476 $605 $2,703
1994 $43,092 $30,245 $634 $3,012
1995 $50,114 $30,821 $648 $3,051
1996 $48,093 $31,498 $767 $3,372
1997 $41,584 $32,728 $751 $3,457
1998 $42,681 $33,858 $552 $3,527
1999 $41,696 $34,743 $582 $3,491
2000 $38,865 $36,695 $563 $3,429
2001 $39,639 $37,823 $566 $3,533
2002 $42,459 $38,705 $525 $3,238
2003 $49,336 $38,737 $468 $2,708
2004 $54,659 $40,177 $470 $2,591
2005 $56,243 $41,525 $461 $2,496
2006 $59,011 $46,276 $431 $2,454
2007 $64,989 $50,929 $414 $2,396
2008 $74,175 $53,809 $341 $1,987
2009 $71,568 $52,971 $736 $2,233
2010 $76,531 $54,432 $902 $2,661
2011 $90,477 $57,494 $1,038 $3,047
2012 $85,836 $59,441 $1,239 $3,472
2013 $87,304 $61,656 $1,363 $3,784
2014 $88,725 $63,417 $1,373 $3,903
2015 $83,806 $65,283 $1,387 $4,046
2016 $82,153 $67,351 $1,408 $4,275
2017 $82,254 $68,194 $3,445 $10,756
2018 $85,217 $70,689 $2,271 $3,993
2019 $84,122 $73,732 $2,184 $4,166
2020 $85,898 $72,998 $2,060 $4,179
2021 $93,665 $81,001 $2,614 $4,827
2022 $94,395 $91,326 $2,536 $5,396
2023 $100,624 $90,499 $2,195 $5,791
2024 $103,998 $94,116 $2,497 $5,928

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Switzerland's government spending was $299B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Zimbabwe's spent $7.74B, or 18.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36% in Switzerland and 56.1% in Zimbabwe, ranking 141/185 and 91/185, respectively.

Switzerland
Government spending

Government debt
Zimbabwe
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Switzerland Zimbabwe
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 7.11% 16.2% - -
1961 7.97% 14% - -
1962 8.1% 12% - -
1963 8.2% 10.8% - -
1964 8.85% 9.43% - -
1965 8.33% 8.28% - -
1966 8.95% 7.62% - -
1967 8.68% 7.26% - -
1968 8.87% 6.99% - -
1969 9.45% 7.08% - -
1970 25.8% 38.9% - -
1971 25.4% 38.7% - -
1972 25.7% 38% - -
1973 26.5% 37% - -
1974 27.5% 38.4% - -
1975 29.3% 42.3% - -
1976 31.6% 46.7% - -
1977 31% 46.9% - -
1978 30.4% 46.6% - -
1979 30.5% 44.6% - -
1980 29.9% 43.9% - -
1981 29.4% 40.8% - -
1982 30.5% 40% - -
1983 31.2% 40.2% - -
1984 30.4% 39.8% - -
1985 30.1% 39.1% - -
1986 29.8% 37.6% - -
1987 29.8% 36.5% - -
1988 30.3% 35% - -
1989 30% 32.5% - -
1990 27.6% 33.3% - -
1991 29.5% 35.1% - -
1992 31.3% 39.5% - -
1993 32.5% 44.4% - -
1994 32.5% 47.1% - -
1995 32.4% 50% - -
1996 33% 51.3% - -
1997 32.9% 53.7% - -
1998 32.7% 55.9% - -
1999 33.2% 52.7% - -
2000 32.2% 52.2% - -
2001 31.6% 51.1% - -
2002 34.1% 57.7% - -
2003 33.2% 56.9% - -
2004 33.1% 57.8% - -
2005 32.4% 54.9% 15.5% 33.1%
2006 30.5% 48.5% 8.46% 39.4%
2007 29.4% 44.8% 5.06% 44.7%
2008 30% 44.8% 3.75% 61.1%
2009 31.8% 43.1% 11.7% 58.7%
2010 31.4% 41.5% 18.4% 47.6%
2011 31.4% 41.9% 23.2% 42.9%
2012 31.6% 42.6% 20.6% 38.4%
2013 32.5% 41.9% 20.6% 37%
2014 32.2% 42.1% 20.4% 42.3%
2015 32.5% 42.2% 20.8% 48%
2016 32.4% 40.9% 23.6% 49.9%
2017 32.4% 41.8% 27.9% 68.9%
2018 31.7% 39.8% 20.3% 48.1%
2019 32% 39.6% 14.3% 82.3%
2020 37% 43.2% 13.8% 84.5%
2021 34.4% 41% 18.6% 58.2%
2022 31.6% 37.2% 21.5% 99.5%
2023 32.1% 38.7% 20% 96.6%
2024 32% 37.6% 18.6% 94.6%
2025 32.1% 36.9% 19.1% 58.6%
2026 32.2% 36% 18.3% 56.1%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Switzerland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.41B, equivalent to 0.58% of GDP. This compares to Zimbabwe's deficit of -$856M, or -2.06% of GDP.

Over the past 20 years, Switzerland recorded a fiscal deficit in 5 of those years, while Zimbabwe ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Switzerland posted an annual surplus equal to +0.4% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.07% of GDP for Zimbabwe.

Deficit/surplus
Switzerland

Zimbabwe
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Switzerland Zimbabwe
1899 0.1% -
1900 -0.07% -
1901 -0.14% -
1902 0.02% -
1903 0.09% -
1904 0.002% -
1905 0.41% -
1906 0.15% -
1907 -0.02% -
1908 -0.1% -
1909 -0.78% -
1910 -0.14% -
1911 -0.006% -
1912 0.03% -
1913 -0.12% -
1914 -0.12% -
1915 -0.12% -
1916 -0.12% -
1917 -0.12% -
1918 -0.12% -
1919 -0.12% -
1920 -0.12% -
1921 -0.12% -
1922 -0.12% -
1923 -0.12% -
1924 -0.12% -
1925 -0.12% -
1926 -0.12% -
1927 -0.12% -
1928 -0.12% -
1929 0.22% -
1930 0.07% -
1931 0.03% -
1932 -0.3% -
1933 -0.88% -
1934 -0.33% -
1935 -0.23% -
1936 -0.33% -
1937 -0.17% -
1938 -1.53% -
1939 -5.05% -
1940 -10% -
1941 -8.78% -
1942 -7.28% -
1943 -8.55% -
1944 -9.37% -
1945 -7.57% -
1946 0.52% -
1947 1.27% -
1948 1.37% -
1949 0.04% -
1950 1.49% -
1951 -0.36% -
1952 -1.17% -
1953 0.38% -
1954 1.44% -
1955 1.1% -
1956 2.24% -
1957 0.66% -
1958 0.59% -
1959 0.72% -
1960 1.95% -
1961 0.34% -
1962 0.95% -
1963 0.25% -
1964 0.77% -
1965 0.05% -
1966 -0.87% -
1967 -1.07% -
1968 -0.73% -
1969 -0.98% -
1970 -1.44% -
1971 -1.41% -
1972 -1.39% -
1973 -0.93% -
1974 -1.01% -
1975 -0.93% -
1976 -1.89% -
1977 -1.64% -
1978 -1.12% -
1979 -1.79% -
1980 -1.34% -
1981 -0.54% -
1982 -1.21% -
1983 -1.23% -
1984 -0.52% -
1985 -0.25% -
1986 0.93% -
1987 0.78% -
1988 0.42% -
1989 0.2% -
1990 -0.05% -
1991 -1.85% -
1992 -2.96% -
1993 -3.15% -
1994 -2.59% -
1995 -1.86% -
1996 -2.01% -
1997 -2.33% -
1998 -1.31% -
1999 -1.57% -
2000 0.28% -
2001 0.21% -
2002 -1.75% -
2003 -1.36% -
2004 -1.39% -
2005 -0.65% -5.12%
2006 0.85% -2.07%
2007 1.57% -2.47%
2008 1.93% -1.77%
2009 0.5% -2.06%
2010 0.35% -0.15%
2011 0.68% -2.45%
2012 0.24% -0.18%
2013 -0.43% -0.97%
2014 -0.25% -1.02%
2015 0.55% -2.04%
2016 0.24% -6.59%
2017 1.13% -10.4%
2018 1.29% -5.57%
2019 1.34% -2.64%
2020 -3.01% -0.49%
2021 -0.29% -3.22%
2022 1.19% -4.88%
2023 0.12% -5.32%
2024 0.58% -2.06%
2025 0.26% -0.5%
2026 0.16% 0.44%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Switzerland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.61%, compared with 93.4% in Zimbabwe. In 2024, inflation was 1.06% in Switzerland and 18.2% in Zimbabwe.

Inflation
Switzerland

Zimbabwe
Year Inflation
Switzerland Zimbabwe
1997 0.52% -1%
1998 0.02% -28%
1999 0.81% -13.4%
2000 1.56% 4.5%
2001 0.99% -37.2%
2002 0.64% -34.4%
2003 0.64% -8.6%
2004 0.8% 113.6%
2005 1.17% -31.5%
2006 1.06% 33%
2007 0.73% -72.7%
2008 2.43% 157%
2009 -0.48% 6.2%
2010 0.69% 3%
2011 0.23% 3.5%
2012 -0.69% 3.7%
2013 -0.22% 1.6%
2014 -0.01% -0.2%
2015 -1.14% -2.4%
2016 -0.43% -1.6%
2017 0.53% 0.9%
2018 0.94% 10.6%
2019 0.36% 255.3%
2020 -0.73% 557%
2021 0.58% 98.5%
2022 2.84% 193.4%
2023 2.14% 667%
2024 1.06% 736%
2025 - 89%
2026 - 18.2%

Top exports between countries

Switzerland
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $4.37M
Machinery & equipment $2.27M
Textiles & consumer goods $125K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $97K
Raw agricultural goods $92K
Wood & paper products $76K
Metals $67K
Raw materials & minerals $15K
Weapons & explosives $8K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Zimbabwe
Export category Export value
Metals $3.29M
Raw materials & minerals $1.38M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $998K
Chemicals & pharma $35K
Textiles & consumer goods $14K
Precious metals & jewellery $10K
Miscellaneous $7K
Machinery & equipment $1K

Balance of trade

Switzerland Zimbabwe
Current account balance
$72B
2024
$501M
2024
Current account balance ranking
10/190
2024
62/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+7.69%
2024
+1.21%
2024
Goods imports
$371B
2024
$9.06B
2024
Goods exports
$502B
2024
$7.79B
2024
Service imports
$203B
2024
$1.66B
2024
Service exports
$186B
2024
$457M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
61.9%
2024
23.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.2%
2024
18%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Switzerland Zimbabwe
Economic freedom 83.7 35.1
Economic freedom ranking 2/197 191/197
Property rights 94.5 20.7
Government integrity 92.3 20.7
Judicial effectiveness 99.3 15.8
Tax burden 70.9 73.6
Government spending 68 87.6
Fiscal health 97.6 44.4
Business freedom 88.8 39.3
Labor freedom 60.5 33.2
Monetary freedom 80.7 0
Trade freedom 86.6 50.4
Investment freedom 85 25
Financial freedom 80 10

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Switzerland is 83.7, ranking 2/197, compared to 35.1 for Zimbabwe, ranking 191/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Switzerland
Zimbabwe
Year Economic freedom index
Switzerland Zimbabwe
1995 - 48.5
1996 76.8 46.7
1997 78.6 48
1998 79 44.6
1999 79.1 47.2
2000 76.8 48.7
2001 76 38.8
2002 79.3 36.7
2003 79 36.7
2004 79.5 34.4
2005 79.3 35.2
2006 78.9 33.5
2007 78 32
2008 79.5 29.5
2009 79.4 22.7
2010 81.1 21.4
2011 81.9 22.1
2012 81.1 26.3
2013 81 28.6
2014 81.6 35.5
2015 80.5 37.6
2016 81 38.2
2017 81.5 44
2018 81.7 44
2019 81.9 40.4
2020 82 43.1
2021 81.9 39.5
2022 84.2 33.1
2023 83.8 39
2024 83 38.2
2025 83.7 35.1

More economic indicators

Switzerland Zimbabwe
Services, % of GDP
72%
2024
50.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
35%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.63%
2024
8.69%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$857B
2024
$39.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$91,110
2024
$5,870
2024
Total reserves including gold
$909B
2024
$485M
2024
Total reserves ranking
4/177
2024
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$59.7B
2024
-$465M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$93B
2024
$465M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$33.3B
2024
$131M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.44%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.8%
2021
38.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
8.85%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.