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Economy of Guinea-Bissau vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Guinea-Bissau has a GDP of $2.22B compared to $1.21T for the Netherlands, ranking 176/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea-Bissau has $1.82B in government debt (82.2% of GDP), compared to $532B (43.8% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Guinea-Bissau vs Netherlands GDP by year

Guinea-Bissau
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
2024 $2,218,393,805 $1,214,927,698,573
2023 $2,127,688,181 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $1,859,601,384 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $1,908,094,558 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $1,705,057,581 $932,560,861,701
2019 $1,596,227,316 $928,903,005,576
2018 $1,554,133,594 $929,733,599,797
2017 $1,469,978,606 $848,233,537,846
2016 $1,245,074,264 $797,163,949,290
2015 $1,152,384,167 $775,743,675,303
2014 $1,135,250,721 $901,556,501,756
2013 $1,109,682,824 $883,951,539,007
2012 $1,049,412,177 $845,689,017,066
2011 $1,157,074,319 $913,140,741,333
2010 $940,112,539 $852,464,982,433
2009 $890,167,833 $878,954,223,140
2008 $952,667,544 $957,901,566,041
2007 $753,162,998 $853,499,460,873
2006 $634,781,901 $737,593,995,289
2005 $639,776,041 $688,133,699,636
2004 $582,169,841 $661,224,886,143
2003 $553,614,800 $582,435,617,082
2002 $466,773,711 $475,529,972,123
2001 $412,610,872 $432,536,219,669
2000 $391,345,597 $417,649,282,154
1999 $579,365,780 $447,778,514,140
1998 $591,034,143 $438,612,530,549
1997 $698,107,222 $417,506,211,882
1996 $702,965,148 $451,372,549,020
1995 $660,195,402 $452,967,334,614
1994 $612,502,085 $379,688,232,232
1993 $615,779,519 $354,070,495,966
1992 $588,309,271 $363,497,050,125
1991 $668,470,891 $327,982,316,124
1990 $634,187,269 $318,799,003,994
1989 $554,072,303 $258,716,904,292
1988 $427,514,322 $262,295,966,105
1987 $451,893,375 $245,406,949,521
1986 $338,524,233 $201,157,708,221
1985 $373,959,151 $144,057,523,222
1984 $359,980,491 $144,124,462,912
1983 $425,225,177 $153,671,294,109
1982 $430,284,022 $158,712,765,536
1981 $402,230,865 $164,375,775,854
1980 $287,648,258 $195,439,301,707
1979 $308,143,183 $179,933,827,310
1978 $318,876,550 $156,089,077,205
1977 $298,871,675 $127,203,923,857
1976 $292,152,321 $109,329,386,564
1975 $283,311,997 $100,397,061,694
1974 $256,769,730 $87,371,810,804
1973 $232,331,281 $71,946,639,603
1972 $227,986,203 $54,787,070,173
1971 $204,167,297 $44,644,730,576
1970 $204,670,551 $38,220,884,519
1969 - $34,086,038,090
1968 - $30,097,635,751
1967 - $27,143,828,099
1966 - $24,741,480,717
1965 - $22,721,869,808
1964 - $20,232,048,553
1963 - $17,193,744,109
1962 - $15,847,582,341
1961 - $14,599,836,396
1960 - $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guinea-Bissau vs Netherlands by year

Guinea-Bissau
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,008 $3,119 $67,520 $86,174
2023 $988 $2,990 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $883 $2,789 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $927 $2,523 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $847 $2,340 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $811 $2,247 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $809 $2,058 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $783 $2,082 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $680 $1,824 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $645 $1,730 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $652 $1,456 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $654 $1,416 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $635 $1,402 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $720 $1,472 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $600 $1,370 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $583 $1,315 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $640 $1,309 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $519 $1,260 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $449 $1,226 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $463 $1,187 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $431 $1,105 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $420 $1,089 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $362 $1,095 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $327 $1,064 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $317 $1,014 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $479 $1,001 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $498 $861 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $599 $1,118 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $615 $1,052 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $589 $945 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $561 $909 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $582 $890 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $574 $880 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $672 $877 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $651 $824 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $578 - $17,423 -
1988 $454 - $17,771 -
1987 $488 - $16,734 -
1986 $371 - $13,804 -
1985 $417 - $9,941 -
1984 $407 - $9,992 -
1983 $489 - $10,696 -
1982 $503 - $11,089 -
1981 $477 - $11,537 -
1980 $347 - $13,812 -
1979 $376 - $12,817 -
1978 $403 - $11,196 -
1977 $403 - $9,180 -
1976 $421 - $7,937 -
1975 $435 - $7,346 -
1974 $419 - $6,450 -
1973 $392 - $5,353 -
1972 $389 - $4,110 -
1971 $348 - $3,384 -
1970 $350 - $2,931 -
1969 - - $2,647 -
1968 - - $2,364 -
1967 - - $2,155 -
1966 - - $1,986 -
1965 - - $1,848 -
1964 - - $1,668 -
1963 - - $1,437 -
1962 - - $1,342 -
1961 - - $1,254 -
1960 - - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is $1,008, ranking 177/197, compared to $67,520 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea-Bissau ranks 179th at $3,119, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$2.22B
2024
$1.21T
2024
GDP rank
176/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
4.15%
2023-2024
1.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,008
2024
$67,520
2024
GDP per capita rank
177/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,119
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
179/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$1.82B
2024
$532B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.2%
2024
43.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$828
2024
$29,571
2024
Government debt per person rank
146/185
2024
24/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,711
2026
$47,815
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,267,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.1%
2021
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2021
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
44.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.7%
2023-2024
3.35%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
2.67%
2022
3.64%
2024
Population
2311915
18252623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guinea-Bissau
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.4% 82.2% 44.4% 43.8%
2023 21.9% 79.4% 44% 45.9%
2022 21.3% 80.7% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 25% 78.8% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 25% 77.6% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 18.8% 65.1% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 19.5% 59.1% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 18.1% 51.8% 42.8% 56%
2016 20.5% 59.1% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 21.5% 56.3% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 23% 60.1% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 12.4% 49.6% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 13% 47.4% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 17.3% 45.6% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 18.5% 61.7% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 20.6% 148.3% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 21.8% 148.8% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 23.7% 164% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 19.8% 190.4% 44% 45%
2005 20.2% 203.7% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 23% 202% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 17% 183.4% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 14.1% 197.5% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 19.1% 204.4% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 23.5% 217.1% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 12.1% 109.9% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 8.72% 109.1% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 12.7% 94.3% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 8.93% 117.3% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 8.14% 103.3% 53.9% 73%
1994 18.4% 105.5% 49.4% 73.5%
1993 13.1% 112.4% 50.9% 76.7%
1992 10.1% 85.3% 50.2% 75.6%
1991 9.19% 88.9% 49.6% 74.8%
1990 - - 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea-Bissau's government spending was $452M, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $540B, or 44.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.2% in Guinea-Bissau and 43.8% in the Netherlands, ranking 41/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guinea-Bissau

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
2024 -7.26% -0.94%
2023 -8.15% -0.37%
2022 -6.06% 0.002%
2021 -5.88% -2.26%
2020 -9.64% -3.72%
2019 -3.86% 1.91%
2018 -4.76% 1.49%
2017 -1.32% 1.35%
2016 -5.34% 0.23%
2015 -3.16% -1.84%
2014 -2.44% -2.17%
2013 -1.67% -2.87%
2012 -2.12% -3.83%
2011 -1.35% -4.42%
2010 -0.23% -5.3%
2009 2.68% -5.06%
2008 -0.73% -0.06%
2007 -8.77% -0.16%
2006 -4.57% 0.04%
2005 -4.96% -0.51%
2004 -5.92% -1.82%
2003 -5.63% -3.19%
2002 -3.7% -2.23%
2001 -1.83% -0.47%
2000 -2.8% 1.14%
1999 -4.06% 0.28%
1998 -5.95% -1.34%
1997 -2.56% -1.6%
1996 3.48% -1.91%
1995 2.45% -8.72%
1994 -5.54% -3.53%
1993 -0.34% -3.13%
1992 -0.25% -3.12%
1991 1.61% -2.05%
1990 - -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea-Bissau's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $161M, equivalent to 7.26% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Guinea-Bissau recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Guinea-Bissau posted an annual deficit equal to 3.25% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.77% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guinea-Bissau

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
2024 3.7% 3.35%
2023 7.2% 3.84%
2022 7.9% 10%
2021 3.3% 2.68%
2020 1.5% 1.27%
2019 0.3% 2.63%
2018 0.4% 1.7%
2017 -0.2% 1.38%
2016 2.7% 0.32%
2015 1.5% 0.6%
2014 -1% 0.98%
2013 0.8% 2.51%
2012 2.1% 2.46%
2011 5.1% 2.34%
2010 1.1% 1.28%
2009 -1.6% 1.19%
2008 10.4% 2.49%
2007 4.6% 1.61%
2006 2% 1.1%
2005 3.4% 1.69%
2004 0.8% 1.26%
2003 -3.5% 2.09%
2002 3.3% 3.29%
2001 3.3% 4.16%
2000 8.6% 2.36%
1999 -2.1% 2.16%
1998 8.1% 1.96%
1997 49.1% 2.11%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Guinea-Bissau has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.39%, compared with 2.31% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 3.7% in Guinea-Bissau and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Guinea-Bissau
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $1.5M
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $11.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.05M
Chemicals & pharma $2.17M
Animal & marine products $801K
Machinery & equipment $312K
Textiles & consumer goods $101K
Raw materials & minerals $56K
Miscellaneous $33K
Metals $19K
Wood & paper products $4K

Balance of trade

Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
Current account balance
-$160M
2023
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
95/190
2023
5/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.53%
2023
+9.13%
2024
Goods imports
$403M
2023
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$240M
2023
$693B
2024
Service imports
$189M
2023
$262B
2024
Service exports
$44.8M
2023
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27%
2024
71.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.8%
2024
82.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
Economic freedom 43.2 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 181/197 11/197
Property rights 28.4 96
Government integrity 21 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 13.2 96.1
Tax burden 89 54
Government spending 86.5 42.2
Fiscal health 6.5 95.9
Business freedom 34.6 85
Labor freedom 55.9 59.3
Monetary freedom 75.9 77
Trade freedom 47 79.4
Investment freedom 30 90
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guinea-Bissau
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
2026 43.2 78.5
2025 43.6 78.2
2024 42.7 77.3
2023 44.6 78
2022 46 79.5
2021 54.9 76.8
2020 53.3 77
2019 54 76.8
2018 56.9 76.2
2017 56.1 75.8
2016 51.8 74.6
2015 52 73.7
2014 51.3 74.2
2013 51.1 73.5
2012 50.1 73.3
2011 46.5 74.7
2010 43.6 75
2009 45.4 77
2008 44.4 77.4
2007 46.1 75.5
2006 46.5 75.4
2005 46 72.9
2004 42.6 74.5
2003 43.1 74.6
2002 42.3 75.1
2001 42.5 73
2000 34.7 70.4
1999 33.5 70.2
1998 - 69.2
1997 - 70.4
1996 - 69.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea-Bissau is 43.2, ranking 181/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guinea-Bissau Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
70.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
15.6%
2024
17.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
42.2%
2024
1.73%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.18B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,140
2024
$84,970
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$24.8M
2023
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.7M
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$389K
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.75%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.5%
2021
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.9%
2024
19.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea-bissau/netherlands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.