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Economy of Algeria vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Algeria has a GDP of $269B compared to $1.21T for the Netherlands, ranking 51/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Algeria has $129B in government debt (48.1% of GDP), compared to $532B (43.8% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Algeria vs Netherlands GDP by year

Algeria
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Algeria Netherlands
2024 $269,322,281,665 $1,214,927,698,573
2023 $247,923,887,215 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $225,581,644,703 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $186,231,205,262 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $164,873,415,325 $932,560,861,701
2019 $193,459,662,091 $928,903,005,576
2018 $194,554,483,656 $929,733,599,797
2017 $189,880,896,903 $848,233,537,846
2016 $180,763,839,522 $797,163,949,290
2015 $187,493,855,609 $775,743,675,303
2014 $238,942,664,193 $901,556,501,756
2013 $229,701,430,292 $883,951,539,007
2012 $227,143,746,076 $845,689,017,066
2011 $218,331,946,925 $913,140,741,333
2010 $177,785,053,940 $852,464,982,433
2009 $150,317,292,079 $878,954,223,140
2008 $180,383,848,331 $957,901,566,041
2007 $142,482,739,810 $853,499,460,873
2006 $123,084,258,693 $737,593,995,289
2005 $107,046,618,670 $688,133,699,636
2004 $91,913,680,985 $661,224,886,143
2003 $73,482,264,191 $582,435,617,082
2002 $61,516,103,406 $475,529,972,123
2001 $59,413,400,924 $432,536,219,669
2000 $54,790,398,570 $417,649,282,154
1999 $48,640,671,735 $447,778,514,140
1998 $48,187,781,984 $438,612,530,549
1997 $48,177,612,042 $417,506,211,882
1996 $46,941,554,225 $451,372,549,020
1995 $41,764,291,672 $452,967,334,614
1994 $42,543,176,829 $379,688,232,232
1993 $49,945,584,453 $354,070,495,966
1992 $48,003,133,347 $363,497,050,125
1991 $45,715,676,428 $327,982,316,124
1990 $62,048,507,531 $318,799,003,994
1989 $55,634,721,573 $258,716,904,292
1988 $59,089,396,860 $262,295,966,105
1987 $66,745,818,375 $245,406,949,521
1986 $63,692,007,897 $201,157,708,221
1985 $57,937,868,670 $144,057,523,222
1984 $53,698,548,293 $144,124,462,912
1983 $48,801,369,800 $153,671,294,109
1982 $45,207,167,470 $158,712,765,536
1981 $44,348,590,461 $164,375,775,854
1980 $42,345,829,079 $195,439,301,707
1979 $33,243,706,860 $179,933,827,310
1978 $26,364,491,313 $156,089,077,205
1977 $20,972,113,685 $127,203,923,857
1976 $17,728,240,932 $109,329,386,564
1975 $15,557,902,754 $100,397,061,694
1974 $13,209,871,626 $87,371,810,804
1973 $8,707,858,912 $71,946,639,603
1972 $6,766,743,957 $54,787,070,173
1971 $5,077,183,094 $44,644,730,576
1970 $4,863,526,897 $38,220,884,519
1969 $4,257,253,264 $34,086,038,090
1968 $3,852,147,027 $30,097,635,751
1967 $3,370,870,376 $27,143,828,099
1966 $3,039,859,187 $24,741,480,717
1965 $3,136,284,307 $22,721,869,808
1964 $2,909,316,435 $20,232,048,553
1963 $2,702,982,018 $17,193,744,109
1962 $2,001,444,544 $15,847,582,341
1961 $2,434,747,056 $14,599,836,396
1960 $2,723,615,451 $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Algeria vs Netherlands by year

Algeria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Algeria Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $5,753 $17,621 $67,520 $86,174
2023 $5,370 $16,824 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $4,960 $15,836 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $4,161 $14,497 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $3,744 $12,677 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $4,468 $13,893 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $4,577 $13,727 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $4,555 $13,494 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $4,425 $13,438 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $4,685 $13,807 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $6,095 $14,694 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $5,980 $14,371 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $6,034 $14,441 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $5,916 $14,640 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $4,913 $14,201 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $4,235 $13,651 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $5,181 $13,666 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $4,167 $13,321 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $3,661 $12,791 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $3,233 $12,246 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $2,817 $11,432 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $2,284 $10,803 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $1,937 $10,080 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $1,896 $9,544 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $1,773 $9,187 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $1,596 $8,776 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $1,603 $8,503 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $1,629 $8,129 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $1,617 $8,053 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $1,467 $7,747 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $1,526 $7,463 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $1,831 $7,538 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $1,803 $7,705 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $1,759 $7,582 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $2,445 $7,602 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $2,247 - $17,423 -
1988 $2,451 - $17,771 -
1987 $2,847 - $16,734 -
1986 $2,800 - $13,804 -
1985 $2,633 - $9,941 -
1984 $2,524 - $9,992 -
1983 $2,374 - $10,696 -
1982 $2,275 - $11,089 -
1981 $2,307 - $11,537 -
1980 $2,276 - $13,812 -
1979 $1,843 - $12,817 -
1978 $1,506 - $11,196 -
1977 $1,232 - $9,180 -
1976 $1,080 - $7,937 -
1975 $992 - $7,346 -
1974 $873 - $6,450 -
1973 $590 - $5,353 -
1972 $469 - $4,110 -
1971 $360 - $3,384 -
1970 $353 - $2,931 -
1969 $316 - $2,647 -
1968 $292.4 - $2,364 -
1967 $261.8 - $2,155 -
1966 $241.4 - $1,986 -
1965 $253.6 - $1,848 -
1964 $238.9 - $1,668 -
1963 $225.6 - $1,437 -
1962 $169.6 - $1,342 -
1961 $209.4 - $1,254 -
1960 $238.4 - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

Algeria's GDP per capita is $5,753, ranking 114/197, compared to $67,520 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Algeria ranks 105th at $17,621, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Algeria Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$269B
2024
$1.21T
2024
GDP rank
51/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
3.7%
2023-2024
1.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$5,753
2024
$67,520
2024
GDP per capita rank
114/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,621
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
105/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$129B
2024
$532B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
48.1%
2024
43.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,765
2024
$29,571
2024
Government debt per person rank
106/185
2024
24/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,787
2026
$47,815
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$371M
2018
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,267,000
2025
Number of billionaires
1
2025
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.9%
2011
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2011
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.8%
2024
44.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.05%
2023-2024
3.35%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3%
2020
n/a
Unemployment rate
12%
2017
3.64%
2024
Population
48222325
18252623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Algeria
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Algeria Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 36.8% 48.1% 44.4% 43.8%
2023 37.4% 47.7% 44% 45.9%
2022 32.7% 48.1% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 32.5% 55.1% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 37.5% 46% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 37.1% 40.9% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 36.2% 34.5% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 36.2% 24% 42.8% 56%
2016 37.2% 18.1% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 40.9% 7.73% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 36.9% 6.85% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 33.5% 6.48% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 40% 8.58% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 37.7% 8.48% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 35.1% 9.51% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 40.1% 8.92% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 37.3% 7.64% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 33.1% 12.8% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 27.8% 22.5% 44% 45%
2005 27.8% 25.4% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 27.1% 32.7% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 27% 38.2% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 32.5% 47.3% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 29.1% 50% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 26.4% 53.4% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 29.4% 69.7% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 28.7% 79.9% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 28.5% 79.6% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 26.9% 90.7% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 28.9% 95.9% 53.9% 73%
1994 30.9% 106.3% 49.4% 73.5%
1993 32.6% 76.8% 50.9% 76.7%
1992 28.2% 69.3% 50.2% 75.6%
1991 27.6% 86.1% 49.6% 74.8%
1990 23.3% 63.6% 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Algeria's government spending was $99.1B, accounting for 36.8% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $540B, or 44.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 48.1% in Algeria and 43.8% in the Netherlands, ranking 113/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Algeria

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Algeria Netherlands
2024 -13.8% -0.94%
2023 -5.52% -0.37%
2022 -2.96% 0.002%
2021 -6.32% -2.26%
2020 -10.5% -3.72%
2019 -8.51% 1.91%
2018 -6.15% 1.49%
2017 -7.55% 1.35%
2016 -11.8% 0.23%
2015 -13.9% -1.84%
2014 -7.14% -2.17%
2013 -0.79% -2.87%
2012 -4.04% -3.83%
2011 -1.06% -4.42%
2010 -1.35% -5.3%
2009 -6.53% -5.06%
2008 7.79% -0.06%
2007 4.63% -0.16%
2006 12.9% 0.04%
2005 11.4% -0.51%
2004 6.36% -1.82%
2003 7.22% -3.19%
2002 0.21% -2.23%
2001 3.15% -0.47%
2000 8.91% 1.14%
1999 -1.83% 0.28%
1998 -3.52% -1.34%
1997 2.19% -1.6%
1996 2.7% -1.91%
1995 -1.3% -8.72%
1994 -4.05% -3.53%
1993 -7.79% -3.13%
1992 -1.05% -3.12%
1991 1.53% -2.05%
1990 3.35% -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Algeria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $37.1B, equivalent to 13.8% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Algeria recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Algeria posted an annual deficit equal to 1.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.84% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Algeria

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Algeria Netherlands
2024 4.05% 3.35%
2023 9.32% 3.84%
2022 9.27% 10%
2021 7.23% 2.68%
2020 2.42% 1.27%
2019 1.95% 2.63%
2018 4.27% 1.7%
2017 5.59% 1.38%
2016 6.4% 0.32%
2015 4.78% 0.6%
2014 2.92% 0.98%
2013 3.25% 2.51%
2012 8.89% 2.46%
2011 4.52% 2.34%
2010 3.91% 1.28%
2009 5.74% 1.19%
2008 4.86% 2.49%
2007 3.68% 1.61%
2006 2.31% 1.1%
2005 1.38% 1.69%
2004 3.96% 1.26%
2003 4.27% 2.09%
2002 1.42% 3.29%
2001 4.23% 4.16%
2000 0.34% 2.36%
1999 2.65% 2.16%
1998 4.95% 1.96%
1997 5.73% 2.11%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Algeria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.44%, compared with 2.31% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 4.05% in Algeria and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Algeria
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.89B
Chemicals & pharma $9.31M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.81M
Textiles & consumer goods $73K
Wood & paper products $63K
Raw agricultural goods $22K
Animal & marine products $18K
Machinery & equipment $3K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $200M
Chemicals & pharma $182M
Raw agricultural goods $120M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $105M
Animal & marine products $89.9M
Metals $28M
Raw materials & minerals $27.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $17.6M
Wood & paper products $14.2M
Miscellaneous $102K

Balance of trade

Algeria Netherlands
Current account balance
-$2.75B
2024
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
154/190
2024
5/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.02%
2024
+9.13%
2024
Goods imports
$45.3B
2024
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$48.8B
2024
$693B
2024
Service imports
$9.13B
2024
$262B
2024
Service exports
$4.22B
2024
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.3%
2024
71.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
19.9%
2024
82.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Algeria Netherlands
Economic freedom 45.8 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 179/197 11/197
Property rights 27.7 96
Government integrity 29.4 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 30 96.1
Tax burden 80.3 54
Government spending 61.9 42.2
Fiscal health 15.4 95.9
Business freedom 59.3 85
Labor freedom 52.2 59.3
Monetary freedom 74.7 77
Trade freedom 58.8 79.4
Investment freedom 30 90
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Algeria
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Algeria Netherlands
2026 45.8 78.5
2025 47.5 78.2
2024 43.9 77.3
2023 43.2 78
2022 45.8 79.5
2021 49.7 76.8
2020 46.9 77
2019 46.2 76.8
2018 44.7 76.2
2017 46.5 75.8
2016 50.1 74.6
2015 48.9 73.7
2014 50.8 74.2
2013 49.6 73.5
2012 51 73.3
2011 52.4 74.7
2010 56.9 75
2009 56.6 77
2008 56.2 77.4
2007 55.4 75.5
2006 55.7 75.4
2005 53.2 72.9
2004 58.1 74.5
2003 57.7 74.6
2002 61 75.1
2001 57.3 73
2000 56.8 70.4
1999 57.2 70.2
1998 55.8 69.2
1997 54.9 70.4
1996 54.5 69.7
1995 55.7 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Algeria is 45.8, ranking 179/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Algeria Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
46.8%
2024
70.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
36.2%
2024
17.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14%
2024
1.73%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$252B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$17,290
2024
$84,970
2024
Total reserves including gold
$83B
2024
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
31/177
2024
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.23B
2024
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.23B
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$265K
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.17%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.5%
2011
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
41.1%
2024
19.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/netherlands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.