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Economy of Kyrgyzstan vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Kyrgyzstan has a GDP of $17.5B compared to $1.23T for the Netherlands, ranking 135/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kyrgyzstan has $6.4B in government debt (38.5% of GDP), compared to $531B (43.3% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Kyrgyzstan
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Netherlands
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $13,282,979,015 $165,062,637,640
1961 - - $14,599,836,396 $165,550,474,774
1962 - - $15,847,582,341 $176,879,933,635
1963 - - $17,193,744,109 $183,291,161,793
1964 - - $20,232,048,553 $198,458,329,344
1965 - - $22,721,869,808 $215,611,271,157
1966 - - $24,741,480,717 $221,521,401,057
1967 - - $27,143,828,099 $233,217,763,700
1968 - - $30,097,635,751 $248,181,328,024
1969 - - $34,086,038,090 $264,138,020,130
1970 - - $38,220,884,519 $280,356,573,733
1971 - - $44,644,730,576 $292,459,511,974
1972 - - $54,787,070,173 $302,794,664,266
1973 - - $71,946,639,603 $319,279,481,312
1974 - - $87,371,810,804 $330,258,601,498
1975 - - $100,397,061,694 $330,265,301,638
1976 - - $109,329,386,564 $344,982,946,319
1977 - - $127,203,923,857 $353,678,035,788
1978 - - $156,089,077,205 $363,214,067,825
1979 - - $179,933,827,310 $370,529,803,464
1980 - - $195,439,301,707 $375,501,994,722
1981 - - $164,375,775,854 $372,559,517,530
1982 - - $158,712,765,536 $367,936,960,746
1983 - - $153,671,294,109 $375,553,101,273
1984 - - $144,124,462,912 $387,051,331,969
1985 - - $144,057,523,222 $397,037,952,227
1986 - $4,159,487,047 $201,157,708,221 $408,103,304,156
1987 - $4,296,748,804 $245,406,949,521 $415,984,792,778
1988 - $4,863,920,938 $262,295,966,105 $430,299,740,005
1989 - $4,999,612,218 $258,716,904,292 $449,319,496,513
1990 $2,660,202,623 $5,284,729,935 $318,799,003,994 $468,115,532,100
1991 $2,542,256,424 $4,864,914,940 $327,982,316,124 $479,533,499,921
1992 $2,315,346,943 $4,191,715,901 $363,497,050,125 $487,714,681,271
1993 $2,026,019,253 $3,543,704,782 $354,070,495,966 $493,847,948,233
1994 $1,681,780,847 $2,831,946,048 $379,688,232,232 $508,471,242,745
1995 $1,661,147,035 $2,678,346,337 $452,967,334,614 $524,315,389,158
1996 $1,827,570,586 $2,868,093,848 $451,372,549,020 $542,250,002,540
1997 $1,767,864,036 $3,152,472,635 $417,506,211,882 $565,287,382,970
1998 $1,645,963,750 $3,219,362,911 $438,612,530,549 $591,560,723,040
1999 $1,249,061,487 $3,337,056,039 $447,778,514,140 $621,395,031,368
2000 $1,369,688,498 $3,518,703,233 $417,649,282,154 $647,616,371,669
2001 $1,525,116,370 $3,705,955,298 $432,536,219,669 $662,664,228,364
2002 $1,605,643,105 $3,705,313,255 $475,529,972,123 $664,292,962,005
2003 $1,919,008,090 $3,965,807,641 $582,435,617,082 $664,942,855,515
2004 $2,211,534,585 $4,244,477,505 $661,224,886,143 $678,350,164,554
2005 $2,460,246,766 $4,237,027,793 $688,133,699,636 $692,147,558,367
2006 $2,834,168,889 $4,368,498,476 $737,593,995,289 $716,631,413,730
2007 $3,802,570,553 $4,741,693,830 $853,499,460,873 $744,474,740,256
2008 $5,139,958,909 $5,140,072,740 $957,901,566,041 $760,233,900,200
2009 $4,690,061,381 $5,288,430,380 $878,954,223,140 $732,369,119,343
2010 $4,794,361,863 $5,263,491,909 $852,464,982,433 $742,031,413,974
2011 $6,197,765,984 $5,576,999,925 $913,140,741,333 $755,190,192,160
2012 $6,605,142,884 $5,572,083,788 $845,689,017,066 $747,805,361,888
2013 $7,335,033,801 $6,180,302,892 $883,951,539,007 $747,579,281,183
2014 $7,468,102,413 $6,429,000,668 $901,556,501,756 $759,634,819,526
2015 $6,678,177,512 $6,678,177,512 $775,743,675,303 $775,743,675,303
2016 $6,813,095,379 $6,967,733,667 $797,163,949,290 $794,549,918,521
2017 $7,702,938,379 $7,297,999,869 $848,233,537,846 $816,650,691,532
2018 $8,271,106,235 $7,572,252,145 $929,733,599,797 $835,096,710,413
2019 $9,371,275,264 $7,920,623,120 $928,903,005,576 $854,304,699,527
2020 $8,270,468,614 $7,354,379,549 $932,560,861,701 $821,260,592,383
2021 $9,249,133,946 $7,759,385,792 $1,054,472,123,450 $872,809,729,133
2022 $12,134,931,018 $8,455,209,117 $1,046,540,797,549 $916,513,359,460
2023 $15,180,842,369 $9,217,301,874 $1,154,361,305,398 $917,196,719,472
2024 $17,478,259,659 $10,050,558,458 $1,227,543,925,316 $926,182,265,714

Economic indicators

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$17.5B
2024
$1.23T
2024
GDP rank
135/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
15.1%
2023-2024
6.34%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,419
2024
$68,219
2024
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,009
2024
$84,218
2024
Government debt
$6.4B
2024
$531B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
38.5%
2025
43.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$887
2024
$29,494
2024
Government debt per person rank
145/185
2024
25/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,925
2025
$45,699
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,231,625
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23%
2023
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2023
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
35.5%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
8%
2024-2025
3.35%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
9.25%
2024
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.5%
2023
3.64%
2024
Population
7419369
18191638

GDP per capita in Kyrgyzstan vs Netherlands

Kyrgyzstan's GDP per capita is $2,419, ranking 149/197, compared to $68,219 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kyrgyzstan ranks 139th at $8,009, while the Netherlands ranks 12th at $84,218.

Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $1,156 -
1961 - - $1,254 -
1962 - - $1,342 -
1963 - - $1,437 -
1964 - - $1,668 -
1965 - - $1,848 -
1966 - - $1,986 -
1967 - - $2,155 -
1968 - - $2,364 -
1969 - - $2,647 -
1970 - - $2,931 -
1971 - - $3,384 -
1972 - - $4,110 -
1973 - - $5,353 -
1974 - - $6,450 -
1975 - - $7,346 -
1976 - - $7,937 -
1977 - - $9,180 -
1978 - - $11,196 -
1979 - - $12,817 -
1980 - - $13,812 -
1981 - - $11,537 -
1982 - - $11,089 -
1983 - - $10,696 -
1984 - - $9,992 -
1985 - - $9,941 -
1986 - - $13,804 -
1987 - - $16,734 -
1988 - - $17,771 -
1989 - - $17,423 -
1990 $606 $2,544 $21,322 $19,190
1991 $570 $2,382 $21,764 $20,164
1992 $513 $2,075 $23,939 $20,817
1993 $449 $1,795 $23,156 $21,428
1994 $372 $1,466 $24,683 $22,399
1995 $364 $1,401 $29,301 $23,465
1996 $395 $1,505 $29,064 $24,555
1997 $376 $1,659 $26,745 $26,056
1998 $345 $1,687 $27,924 $27,747
1999 $258 $1,747 $28,319 $29,316
2000 $279.6 $1,862 $26,225 $31,888
2001 $308 $1,986 $26,956 $33,263
2002 $322 $1,998 $29,447 $34,568
2003 $381 $2,158 $35,897 $34,291
2004 $433 $2,343 $40,611 $35,966
2005 $477 $2,386 $42,165 $37,778
2006 $543 $2,508 $45,124 $41,217
2007 $722 $2,770 $52,101 $44,205
2008 $966 $3,031 $58,247 $46,714
2009 $870 $3,097 $53,172 $44,936
2010 $877 $3,076 $51,306 $45,306
2011 $1,117 $3,278 $54,702 $47,004
2012 $1,169 $3,589 $50,474 $47,653
2013 $1,270 $4,001 $52,602 $49,622
2014 $1,265 $4,228 $53,457 $49,751
2015 $1,106 $4,153 $45,794 $50,970
2016 $1,103 $4,604 $46,809 $53,162
2017 $1,221 $4,954 $49,514 $56,038
2018 $1,284 $4,778 $53,955 $58,819
2019 $1,422 $5,304 $53,555 $62,345
2020 $1,230 $5,179 $53,468 $62,597
2021 $1,350 $5,736 $60,142 $68,574
2022 $1,740 $6,578 $59,123 $77,152
2023 $2,138 $7,298 $64,572 $78,305
2024 $2,419 $8,009 $68,219 $84,218

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Kyrgyzstan's government spending was $5.89B, accounting for 35.5% of its GDP, while the Netherlands' spent $541B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 38.5% in Kyrgyzstan and 43.3% in the Netherlands, ranking 139/185 and 124/185, respectively.

Kyrgyzstan
Government spending

Government debt
Netherlands
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1990 - - 48.8% 75%
1991 - - 49.6% 74.8%
1992 - - 50.2% 75.6%
1993 - - 50.9% 76.7%
1994 - - 49.4% 73.5%
1995 37.9% 52.4% 53.9% 73%
1996 28.6% 57.7% 47.3% 71.2%
1997 31.1% 64.8% 45.7% 65.7%
1998 35.9% 85.1% 44.6% 62.7%
1999 35.9% 119.6% 44.3% 58.6%
2000 30.2% 123.3% 43.2% 52.2%
2001 28.1% 108.2% 44.1% 49.4%
2002 29.3% 107.9% 44.8% 48.7%
2003 28.1% 108.2% 45.8% 49.8%
2004 28.5% 92.7% 44.7% 50.1%
2005 29.1% 85.7% 43.4% 49.6%
2006 29.1% 73.4% 44% 45%
2007 29.6% 57.7% 43.3% 42.7%
2008 27.9% 49% 44.3% 54.4%
2009 32.5% 58.5% 48.4% 56.3%
2010 37.1% 59.7% 48.9% 58.9%
2011 37.4% 50.1% 47.8% 61.2%
2012 40.6% 50.5% 47.6% 65.7%
2013 38.1% 47.1% 47.5% 67.2%
2014 38.5% 53.6% 46.7% 67.2%
2015 38.1% 67.1% 45.3% 63.8%
2016 38.9% 59.1% 43.9% 60.9%
2017 37% 58.8% 42.8% 56%
2018 33.1% 54.8% 42.4% 51.5%
2019 30.8% 48.8% 42.1% 47.6%
2020 32.1% 63.6% 47.8% 53.3%
2021 32.1% 56.2% 45.9% 50.4%
2022 35% 46.8% 43.2% 48.3%
2023 32.9% 42% 43.2% 45.1%
2024 33.7% 36.6% 44.1% 43.2%
2025 35.5% 38.5% 44.7% 43.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Kyrgyzstan's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $327M, equivalent to 1.87% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of -$12.9B, or -1.05% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Kyrgyzstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Kyrgyzstan posted an annual deficit equal to -4.32% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.62% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Deficit/surplus
Kyrgyzstan

Netherlands
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
1880 - 0.21%
1881 - -1.06%
1882 - -1.11%
1883 - -2.1%
1884 - 0%
1885 - -0.55%
1886 - -0.08%
1887 - -0.37%
1888 - -0.31%
1889 - 0.04%
1890 - -0.06%
1891 - -0.06%
1892 - -1.72%
1893 - -0.76%
1894 - 0.12%
1895 - -0.06%
1896 - 0.08%
1897 - -0.45%
1898 - -0.48%
1899 - -0.13%
1900 - 0.06%
1901 - 0.03%
1902 - -0.14%
1903 - 0.09%
1904 - -0.72%
1905 - 0.1%
1906 - 0.16%
1907 - 0.03%
1908 - -0.57%
1909 - -0.34%
1910 - -0.93%
1911 - -0.13%
1912 - -0.47%
1913 - -0.45%
1914 - -0.45%
1915 - -0.45%
1916 - -0.45%
1917 - -0.45%
1918 - -0.45%
1919 - -0.45%
1920 - -0.45%
1921 - -0.45%
1922 - -0.45%
1923 - -2.62%
1924 - -3.37%
1925 - -2.04%
1926 - -0.78%
1927 - -0.33%
1928 - -0.62%
1929 - -1.16%
1930 - -0.55%
1931 - -1.66%
1932 - -1.97%
1933 - -2.55%
1934 - -0.92%
1935 - -0.69%
1936 - -0.41%
1937 - 0.02%
1938 - -0.37%
1939 - -3.19%
1940 - -3.19%
1941 - -3.19%
1942 - -3.19%
1943 - -3.19%
1944 - -3.19%
1945 - -3.19%
1946 - -3.19%
1947 - -3.19%
1948 - -3.19%
1949 - 2.3%
1950 - 0.81%
1951 - 2.13%
1952 - 2.19%
1953 - -2.95%
1954 - 0.76%
1955 - -0.25%
1956 - -0.83%
1957 - 0.3%
1958 - -0.89%
1959 - -0.74%
1960 - 0.9%
1961 - -0.38%
1962 - -1.38%
1963 - -0.54%
1964 - -1.2%
1965 - -1.15%
1966 - -2.37%
1967 - -1.97%
1968 - -3.06%
1969 - -1.14%
1970 - -1.52%
1971 - -1.58%
1972 - -0.7%
1973 - 0.54%
1974 - -0.26%
1975 - -2.82%
1976 - -2.02%
1977 - -0.75%
1978 - -2.09%
1979 - -2.46%
1980 - -3.95%
1981 - -4.92%
1982 - -6.17%
1983 - -5.47%
1984 - -5.25%
1985 - -3.6%
1986 - -4.62%
1987 - -5.39%
1988 - -4.23%
1989 - -5%
1990 - -4.08%
1991 - -2.05%
1992 - -3.12%
1993 - -3.13%
1994 - -3.53%
1995 -13.5% -8.72%
1996 -9.1% -1.91%
1997 -9.3% -1.6%
1998 -12% -1.34%
1999 -13.5% 0.28%
2000 -10.7% 1.14%
2001 -6.75% -0.47%
2002 -5.9% -2.23%
2003 -5.17% -3.19%
2004 -4.89% -1.82%
2005 -3.79% -0.51%
2006 -2.1% 0.03%
2007 1.28% -0.26%
2008 1.92% -0.004%
2009 0.38% -5.1%
2010 -5.95% -5.28%
2011 -4.7% -4.42%
2012 -5.86% -3.84%
2013 -3.7% -2.86%
2014 -3.07% -2.24%
2015 -2.52% -1.78%
2016 -5.79% 0.23%
2017 -3.73% 1.32%
2018 -0.59% 1.47%
2019 -0.07% 1.78%
2020 -3.06% -3.61%
2021 -0.71% -2.2%
2022 -0.29% 0.01%
2023 1.59% -0.36%
2024 1.87% -1.05%
2025 -3.4% -1.9%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Kyrgyzstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10%, compared with 2.3% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 8% in Kyrgyzstan and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Inflation
Kyrgyzstan

Netherlands
Year Inflation
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
1996 31.9% 1.95%
1997 23.4% 2.11%
1998 10.5% 1.96%
1999 35.9% 2.16%
2000 19.7% 2.36%
2001 6.9% 4.16%
2002 2.1% 3.29%
2003 3% 2.09%
2004 4.1% 1.26%
2005 4.3% 1.69%
2006 5.6% 1.1%
2007 10.2% 1.61%
2008 24.5% 2.49%
2009 6.8% 1.19%
2010 8% 1.28%
2011 16.6% 2.34%
2012 2.8% 2.46%
2013 6.6% 2.51%
2014 7.5% 0.98%
2015 6.5% 0.6%
2016 0.4% 0.32%
2017 3.2% 1.38%
2018 1.5% 1.7%
2019 1.1% 2.63%
2020 6.3% 1.27%
2021 11.9% 2.68%
2022 13.9% 10%
2023 10.8% 3.84%
2024 5% 3.35%
2025 8% -

Top exports between countries

Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $365K
Metals $320K
Machinery & equipment $154K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $119K
Raw agricultural goods $73K
Miscellaneous $69K
Precious metals & jewellery $62K
Textiles & consumer goods $15K
Raw materials & minerals $7K
Wood & paper products $6K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $87M
Textiles & consumer goods $16.9M
Raw agricultural goods $9.39M
Chemicals & pharma $7.18M
Raw materials & minerals $6.07M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.34M
Metals $1.7M
Precious metals & jewellery $734K
Animal & marine products $687K
Wood & paper products $356K

Balance of trade

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Current account balance
-$5.18B
2022
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
167/189
2022
5/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-42.7%
2022
+9.04%
2024
Goods imports
$9.17B
2022
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$2.25B
2022
$693B
2024
Service imports
$1.48B
2022
$262B
2024
Service exports
$1.37B
2022
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
95.5%
2023
72%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.9%
2023
84.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Economic freedom 55.6 78.2
Economic freedom ranking 127/197 11/197
Property rights 21.7 95.9
Government integrity 23.3 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 10.2 95.7
Tax burden 92.5 54
Government spending 64.8 41.6
Fiscal health 95.9 94.7
Business freedom 58.7 84.8
Labor freedom 52.9 60.1
Monetary freedom 63.4 74.7
Trade freedom 73.6 79.6
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Kyrgyzstan is 55.6, ranking 127/197, compared to 78.2 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Kyrgyzstan
Netherlands
Year Economic freedom index
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
1996 - 69.7
1997 - 70.4
1998 51.8 69.2
1999 54.8 70.2
2000 55.7 70.4
2001 53.7 73
2002 51.7 75.1
2003 56.8 74.6
2004 58 74.5
2005 56.6 72.9
2006 61 75.4
2007 60.2 75.5
2008 61.1 77.4
2009 61.8 77
2010 61.3 75
2011 61.1 74.7
2012 60.2 73.3
2013 59.6 73.5
2014 61.1 74.2
2015 61.3 73.7
2016 59.6 74.6
2017 61.1 75.8
2018 62.8 76.2
2019 62.3 76.8
2020 62.9 77
2021 63.7 76.8
2022 55.8 79.5
2023 55.8 78
2024 55.2 77.3
2025 55.6 78.2

More economic indicators

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
52.1%
2024
70.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
17.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.61%
2024
1.68%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$15.5B
2024
$1.13T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,740
2024
$83,040
2024
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2024
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
100/177
2024
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$509M
2022
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$705M
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$20M
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.87%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.7%
2024
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.5%
2023
19.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.