Skip to content

Economy of Kyrgyzstan vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Kyrgyzstan has a GDP of $22.6B compared to $1.33T for the Netherlands, ranking 126/197 and 18/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kyrgyzstan has $8.15B in government debt (36% of GDP), compared to $578B (43.3% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Kyrgyzstan vs Netherlands GDP by year

Kyrgyzstan
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
2025 $22,623,752,095 $1,332,767,651,100
2024 $18,161,630,699 $1,213,936,238,063
2023 $15,180,842,369 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $12,134,931,018 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $9,249,133,946 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $8,270,468,614 $932,560,861,701
2019 $9,371,275,264 $928,903,005,576
2018 $8,271,106,235 $929,733,599,797
2017 $7,702,938,379 $848,233,537,846
2016 $6,813,095,379 $797,163,949,290
2015 $6,678,177,512 $775,743,675,303
2014 $7,468,102,413 $901,556,501,756
2013 $7,335,033,801 $883,951,539,007
2012 $6,605,142,884 $845,689,017,066
2011 $6,197,765,984 $913,140,741,333
2010 $4,794,361,863 $852,464,982,433
2009 $4,690,061,381 $878,954,223,140
2008 $5,139,958,909 $957,901,566,041
2007 $3,802,570,553 $853,499,460,873
2006 $2,834,168,889 $737,593,995,289
2005 $2,460,246,766 $688,133,699,636
2004 $2,211,534,585 $661,224,886,143
2003 $1,919,008,090 $582,435,617,082
2002 $1,605,643,105 $475,529,972,123
2001 $1,525,116,370 $432,536,219,669
2000 $1,369,688,498 $417,649,282,154
1999 $1,249,061,487 $447,778,514,140
1998 $1,645,963,750 $438,612,530,549
1997 $1,767,864,036 $417,506,211,882
1996 $1,827,570,586 $451,372,549,020
1995 $1,661,147,035 $452,967,334,614
1994 $1,681,780,847 $379,688,232,232
1993 $2,026,019,253 $354,070,495,966
1992 $2,315,346,943 $363,497,050,125
1991 $2,542,256,424 $327,982,316,124
1990 $2,660,202,623 $318,799,003,994
1989 - $258,716,904,292
1988 - $262,295,966,105
1987 - $245,406,949,521
1986 - $201,157,708,221
1985 - $144,057,523,222
1984 - $144,124,462,912
1983 - $153,671,294,109
1982 - $158,712,765,536
1981 - $164,375,775,854
1980 - $195,439,301,707
1979 - $179,933,827,310
1978 - $156,089,077,205
1977 - $127,203,923,857
1976 - $109,329,386,564
1975 - $100,397,061,694
1974 - $87,371,810,804
1973 - $71,946,639,603
1972 - $54,787,070,173
1971 - $44,644,730,576
1970 - $38,220,884,519
1969 - $34,086,038,090
1968 - $30,097,635,751
1967 - $27,143,828,099
1966 - $24,741,480,717
1965 - $22,721,869,808
1964 - $20,232,048,553
1963 - $17,193,744,109
1962 - $15,847,582,341
1961 - $14,599,836,396
1960 - $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Kyrgyzstan vs Netherlands by year

Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $3,081 - $73,684 -
2024 $2,515 $8,012 $67,465 $86,174
2023 $2,138 $7,298 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $1,740 $6,578 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $1,350 $5,736 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $1,230 $5,179 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $1,422 $5,304 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $1,284 $4,778 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $1,221 $4,954 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $1,103 $4,604 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $1,106 $4,153 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $1,265 $4,228 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $1,270 $4,001 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $1,169 $3,589 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $1,117 $3,278 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $877 $3,076 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $870 $3,097 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $966 $3,031 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $722 $2,770 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $543 $2,508 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $477 $2,386 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $433 $2,343 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $381 $2,158 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $322 $1,998 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $308 $1,986 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $279.6 $1,862 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $258 $1,747 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $345 $1,687 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $376 $1,659 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $395 $1,505 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $364 $1,401 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $372 $1,466 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $449 $1,795 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $513 $2,075 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $570 $2,382 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $606 $2,544 $21,322 $19,203
1989 - - $17,423 -
1988 - - $17,771 -
1987 - - $16,734 -
1986 - - $13,804 -
1985 - - $9,941 -
1984 - - $9,992 -
1983 - - $10,696 -
1982 - - $11,089 -
1981 - - $11,537 -
1980 - - $13,812 -
1979 - - $12,817 -
1978 - - $11,196 -
1977 - - $9,180 -
1976 - - $7,937 -
1975 - - $7,346 -
1974 - - $6,450 -
1973 - - $5,353 -
1972 - - $4,110 -
1971 - - $3,384 -
1970 - - $2,931 -
1969 - - $2,647 -
1968 - - $2,364 -
1967 - - $2,155 -
1966 - - $1,986 -
1965 - - $1,848 -
1964 - - $1,668 -
1963 - - $1,437 -
1962 - - $1,342 -
1961 - - $1,254 -
1960 - - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

Kyrgyzstan's GDP per capita is $3,081, ranking 144/197, compared to $73,684 in the Netherlands, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kyrgyzstan ranks 141st at $8,012, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$22.6B
2025
$1.33T
2025
GDP rank
126/197
2025
18/197
2025
GDP growth
11.1%
2024-2025
1.78%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$3,081
2025
$73,684
2025
GDP per capita rank
144/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,012
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
141/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$8.15B
2025
$578B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36%
2025
43.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,110
2025
$31,942
2025
Government debt per person rank
141/185
2025
23/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,331
2026
$46,674
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,294,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.9%
2024
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.2%
2024
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
38.4%
2025
45.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
8.2%
2024-2025
3.26%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
12%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.5%
2023
3.9%
2025
Population
7505771
18243998

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Kyrgyzstan
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 38.4% 36% 45.1% 43.3%
2024 32.5% 36.2% 44.4% 43.7%
2023 32.9% 42% 44% 45.8%
2022 35% 46.8% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 32.1% 56.2% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 32.1% 63.6% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 30.8% 48.8% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 33.1% 54.8% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 37% 58.8% 42.8% 56%
2016 38.9% 59.1% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 38.1% 67.1% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 38.5% 53.6% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 38.1% 47.1% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 40.6% 50.5% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 37.4% 50.1% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 37.1% 59.7% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 32.5% 58.5% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 27.9% 49% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 29.6% 57.7% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 29.1% 73.4% 44% 45%
2005 29.1% 85.7% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 28.5% 92.7% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 28.1% 108.2% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 29.3% 107.9% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 28.1% 108.2% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 30.2% 123.3% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 35.9% 119.6% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 35.9% 85.1% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 31.2% 64.8% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 28.6% 57.7% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 37.9% 52.4% 53.9% 73%
1994 - - 49.4% 73.5%
1993 - - 50.9% 76.7%
1992 - - 50.2% 75.6%
1991 - - 49.6% 74.8%
1990 - - 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

In 2025, Kyrgyzstan's government spending was $8.69B, accounting for 38.4% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $602B, or 45.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36% in Kyrgyzstan and 43.3% in the Netherlands, ranking 141/185 and 121/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Kyrgyzstan

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
2025 -0.07% -1.84%
2024 1.71% -0.94%
2023 1.59% -0.37%
2022 -0.29% 0.002%
2021 -0.71% -2.26%
2020 -3.06% -3.72%
2019 -0.07% 1.91%
2018 -0.59% 1.49%
2017 -3.73% 1.35%
2016 -5.79% 0.23%
2015 -2.52% -1.84%
2014 -3.07% -2.17%
2013 -3.7% -2.87%
2012 -5.86% -3.83%
2011 -4.7% -4.42%
2010 -5.95% -5.3%
2009 0.38% -5.06%
2008 1.92% -0.06%
2007 1.28% -0.16%
2006 -2.1% 0.04%
2005 -3.79% -0.51%
2004 -4.89% -1.82%
2003 -5.17% -3.19%
2002 -5.9% -2.23%
2001 -6.75% -0.47%
2000 -10.7% 1.14%
1999 -13.5% 0.28%
1998 -12% -1.34%
1997 -9.31% -1.6%
1996 -9.1% -1.91%
1995 -13.5% -8.72%
1994 - -3.53%
1993 - -3.13%
1992 - -3.12%
1991 - -2.05%
1990 - -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

In 2025, Kyrgyzstan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $15.1M, equivalent to 0.07% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $24.5B, or 1.84% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Kyrgyzstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Kyrgyzstan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.19% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.62% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Kyrgyzstan

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
2025 8.2% 3.26%
2024 5% 3.35%
2023 10.8% 3.84%
2022 13.9% 10%
2021 11.9% 2.68%
2020 6.3% 1.27%
2019 1.1% 2.63%
2018 1.5% 1.7%
2017 3.2% 1.38%
2016 0.4% 0.32%
2015 6.5% 0.6%
2014 7.5% 0.98%
2013 6.6% 2.51%
2012 2.8% 2.46%
2011 16.6% 2.34%
2010 8% 1.28%
2009 6.8% 1.19%
2008 24.5% 2.49%
2007 10.2% 1.61%
2006 5.6% 1.1%
2005 4.3% 1.69%
2004 4.1% 1.26%
2003 3% 2.09%
2002 2.1% 3.29%
2001 6.9% 4.16%
2000 19.7% 2.36%
1999 35.9% 2.16%
1998 10.5% 1.96%
1997 23.4% 2.11%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Kyrgyzstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 9.22%, compared with 2.35% in the Netherlands. In 2025, inflation was 8.2% in Kyrgyzstan and 3.26% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $3.05M
Metals $274K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $247K
Raw materials & minerals $94K
Raw agricultural goods $73K
Miscellaneous $69K
Precious metals & jewellery $62K
Chemicals & pharma $30K
Textiles & consumer goods $29K
Wood & paper products $5K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $163M
Raw agricultural goods $28.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $17.2M
Chemicals & pharma $15.1M
Raw materials & minerals $10.6M
Metals $5.55M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.95M
Wood & paper products $2.18M
Animal & marine products $1.02M
Precious metals & jewellery $659K

Balance of trade

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Current account balance
-$4.11B
2024
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
159/190
2024
6/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-22.6%
2024
+9.14%
2024
Goods imports
$11.7B
2024
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$5.14B
2024
$693B
2024
Service imports
$3.43B
2024
$262B
2024
Service exports
$3.32B
2024
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
65.6%
2025
69.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
26.8%
2025
80.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Economic freedom 56 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 126/197 11/197
Property rights 22.9 96
Government integrity 23.9 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 8.3 96.1
Tax burden 93.2 54
Government spending 65.6 42.2
Fiscal health 97.2 95.9
Business freedom 58.2 85
Labor freedom 52.3 59.3
Monetary freedom 68 77
Trade freedom 72.6 79.4
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Kyrgyzstan
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
2026 56 78.5
2025 55.6 78.2
2024 55.2 77.3
2023 55.8 78
2022 55.8 79.5
2021 63.7 76.8
2020 62.9 77
2019 62.3 76.8
2018 62.8 76.2
2017 61.1 75.8
2016 59.6 74.6
2015 61.3 73.7
2014 61.1 74.2
2013 59.6 73.5
2012 60.2 73.3
2011 61.1 74.7
2010 61.3 75
2009 61.8 77
2008 61.1 77.4
2007 60.2 75.5
2006 61 75.4
2005 56.6 72.9
2004 58 74.5
2003 56.8 74.6
2002 51.7 75.1
2001 53.7 73
2000 55.7 70.4
1999 54.8 70.2
1998 51.8 69.2
1997 - 70.4
1996 - 69.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Kyrgyzstan is 56, ranking 126/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Kyrgyzstan Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
51.2%
2025
70.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
26.5%
2025
17.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8%
2025
1.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$20.6B
2025
$1.24T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,120
2025
$85,480
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2024
$118B
2025
Total reserves ranking
103/177
2024
27/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$238M
2024
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$255M
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$17.4M
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.56%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.7%
2024
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
28%
2025
19.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kyrgyzstan/netherlands | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.