Skip to content

Economy of Lebanon vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Lebanon has a GDP of $26B compared to $1.33T for the Netherlands, ranking 121/197 and 18/197 by economy size, respectively.

Lebanon has $41B in government debt (139.4% of GDP), compared to $578B (43.3% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Lebanon vs Netherlands GDP by year

Lebanon
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Lebanon Netherlands
2025 - $1,332,767,651,100
2024 $25,971,643,441 $1,213,936,238,063
2023 $20,078,620,357 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $20,992,421,949 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $23,131,941,557 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $31,712,128,254 $932,560,861,701
2019 $51,605,959,131 $928,903,005,576
2018 $54,901,519,156 $929,733,599,797
2017 $53,027,680,686 $848,233,537,846
2016 $51,147,308,774 $797,163,949,290
2015 $49,929,337,837 $775,743,675,303
2014 $48,095,213,747 $901,556,501,756
2013 $46,880,103,081 $883,951,539,007
2012 $44,016,799,516 $845,689,017,066
2011 $39,927,125,962 $913,140,741,333
2010 $38,443,907,042 $852,464,982,433
2009 $35,399,582,929 $878,954,223,140
2008 $29,118,916,105 $957,901,566,041
2007 $24,827,355,015 $853,499,460,873
2006 $22,022,709,851 $737,593,995,289
2005 $21,497,336,499 $688,133,699,636
2004 $21,159,827,992 $661,224,886,143
2003 $20,082,918,740 $582,435,617,082
2002 $19,152,238,806 $475,529,972,123
2001 $17,649,751,244 $432,536,219,669
2000 $17,260,364,842 $417,649,282,154
1999 $17,391,056,369 $447,778,514,140
1998 $17,247,179,006 $438,612,530,549
1997 $15,751,867,489 $417,506,211,882
1996 $13,690,217,334 $451,372,549,020
1995 $11,718,795,529 $452,967,334,614
1994 $9,599,127,050 $379,688,232,232
1993 $7,941,744,492 $354,070,495,966
1992 $5,843,579,161 $363,497,050,125
1991 $4,690,415,093 $327,982,316,124
1990 $2,838,485,354 $318,799,003,994
1989 $2,717,998,688 $258,716,904,292
1988 $3,313,540,068 $262,295,966,105
1987 - $245,406,949,521
1986 - $201,157,708,221
1985 - $144,057,523,222
1984 - $144,124,462,912
1983 - $153,671,294,109
1982 - $158,712,765,536
1981 - $164,375,775,854
1980 - $195,439,301,707
1979 - $179,933,827,310
1978 - $156,089,077,205
1977 - $127,203,923,857
1976 - $109,329,386,564
1975 - $100,397,061,694
1974 - $87,371,810,804
1973 - $71,946,639,603
1972 - $54,787,070,173
1971 - $44,644,730,576
1970 - $38,220,884,519
1969 - $34,086,038,090
1968 - $30,097,635,751
1967 - $27,143,828,099
1966 - $24,741,480,717
1965 - $22,721,869,808
1964 - $20,232,048,553
1963 - $17,193,744,109
1962 - $15,847,582,341
1961 - $14,599,836,396
1960 - $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Lebanon vs Netherlands by year

Lebanon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Lebanon Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 - - $73,684 -
2024 $4,473 - $67,465 $86,174
2023 $3,478 $12,575 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $3,654 $12,293 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $4,045 $11,600 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $5,561 $16,260 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $8,906 $21,710 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $9,175 $21,985 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $8,608 $20,964 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $8,089 $18,941 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $7,714 $17,046 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $7,578 $16,140 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $8,162 $16,316 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $8,407 $16,121 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $7,835 $14,975 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $7,626 $14,704 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $7,091 $13,586 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $5,912 $12,416 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $5,125 $11,356 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $4,635 $10,312 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $4,602 $10,020 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $4,601 $9,609 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $4,438 $8,914 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $4,291 $8,586 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $4,010 $8,289 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $3,987 $7,938 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $4,087 $7,793 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $4,125 $7,861 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $3,834 $7,632 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $3,393 $7,560 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $2,959 $6,796 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $2,468 $6,367 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $2,079 $5,871 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $1,559 $5,279 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $1,278 $4,527 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $790 $2,990 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $771 - $17,423 -
1988 $959 - $17,771 -
1987 - - $16,734 -
1986 - - $13,804 -
1985 - - $9,941 -
1984 - - $9,992 -
1983 - - $10,696 -
1982 - - $11,089 -
1981 - - $11,537 -
1980 - - $13,812 -
1979 - - $12,817 -
1978 - - $11,196 -
1977 - - $9,180 -
1976 - - $7,937 -
1975 - - $7,346 -
1974 - - $6,450 -
1973 - - $5,353 -
1972 - - $4,110 -
1971 - - $3,384 -
1970 - - $2,931 -
1969 - - $2,647 -
1968 - - $2,364 -
1967 - - $2,155 -
1966 - - $1,986 -
1965 - - $1,848 -
1964 - - $1,668 -
1963 - - $1,437 -
1962 - - $1,342 -
1961 - - $1,254 -
1960 - - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

Lebanon's GDP per capita is $4,473, ranking 129/197, compared to $73,684 in the Netherlands, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Lebanon ranks 123rd at $12,575, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Lebanon Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$26B
2024
$1.33T
2025
GDP rank
121/197
2024
18/197
2025
GDP growth
-7.08%
2023-2024
1.78%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$4,473
2024
$73,684
2025
GDP per capita rank
129/197
2024
12/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,575
2023
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
123/197
2023
11/197
2024
Government debt
$41B
2024
$578B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
139.4%
2025
43.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$7,061
2024
$31,942
2025
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
23/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,055
2026
$46,674
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6B
2021
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,294,000
2026
Number of billionaires
6
2026
13
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.6%
2022
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2022
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
15.5%
2025
45.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
14.6%
2024-2025
3.26%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
20%
2023
n/a
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2019
3.9%
2025
Population
5921719
18243998

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Lebanon
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Lebanon Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 15.5% 139.4% 45.1% 43.3%
2024 15.3% 157.9% 44.4% 43.7%
2023 14.3% 185.8% 44% 45.8%
2022 12.9% 235.9% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 10.5% 346% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 24.5% 157.2% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 31.3% 171.9% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 32.1% 154% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 30.7% 150.4% 42.8% 56%
2016 28.6% 147.9% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 26.7% 140.9% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 28.9% 138.5% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 28.9% 135.4% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 30.2% 131.1% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 28.8% 134.4% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 29.2% 136.8% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 32.1% 144.5% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 34.3% 161.5% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 35.2% 169.3% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 36.1% 183.3% 44% 45%
2005 31.4% 178.9% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 33.3% 169.5% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 36.4% 171.3% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 36.8% 163.1% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 38.9% 163.1% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 42.8% 148.1% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 35.6% 130.2% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 34.7% 108.2% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 40.5% 100.2% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 43.6% 101.2% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 31.1% 79.6% 53.9% 73%
1994 47.3% 71.5% 49.4% 73.5%
1993 23% 50.5% 50.9% 76.7%
1992 36.1% 51.7% 50.2% 75.6%
1991 35.6% 67.1% 49.6% 74.8%
1990 40% 99.7% 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

In 2025, Lebanon's government spending was $3.98B, accounting for 15.5% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $602B, or 45.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 139.4% in Lebanon and 43.3% in the Netherlands, ranking 8/185 and 121/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Lebanon

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Lebanon Netherlands
2025 3.25% -1.84%
2024 0.39% -0.94%
2023 -1.64% -0.37%
2022 -7.49% 0.002%
2021 -2.57% -2.26%
2020 -7.79% -3.72%
2019 -10.5% 1.91%
2018 -11.2% 1.49%
2017 -8.68% 1.35%
2016 -8.98% 0.23%
2015 -7.49% -1.84%
2014 -6.22% -2.17%
2013 -8.83% -2.87%
2012 -8.43% -3.83%
2011 -5.94% -4.42%
2010 -7.47% -5.3%
2009 -8.1% -5.06%
2008 -9.86% -0.06%
2007 -10.9% -0.16%
2006 -10.6% 0.04%
2005 -8.57% -0.51%
2004 -9.83% -1.82%
2003 -14% -3.19%
2002 -16.2% -2.23%
2001 -21% -0.47%
2000 -23.9% 1.14%
1999 -16.7% 0.28%
1998 -17.3% -1.34%
1997 -24.5% -1.6%
1996 -25.7% -1.91%
1995 -13.6% -8.72%
1994 -29.1% -3.53%
1993 -7.19% -3.13%
1992 -24% -3.12%
1991 -19.5% -2.05%
1990 -30.2% -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Lebanon's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $102M, equivalent to 0.39% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Lebanon recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Lebanon posted an annual deficit equal to 12.7% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.84% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Lebanon

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Lebanon Netherlands
2025 14.6% 3.26%
2024 45.2% 3.35%
2023 221.3% 3.84%
2022 171.2% 10%
2021 154.8% 2.68%
2020 84.9% 1.27%
2019 2.9% 2.63%
2018 6.1% 1.7%
2017 4.4% 1.38%
2016 -0.8% 0.32%
2015 -3.7% 0.6%
2014 1.9% 0.98%
2013 4.8% 2.51%
2012 6.6% 2.46%
2011 5% 2.34%
2010 4% 1.28%
2009 1.2% 1.19%
2008 10.7% 2.49%
2007 4.1% 1.61%
2006 4.1% 1.1%
2005 -1.4% 1.69%
2004 1.7% 1.26%
2003 1.3% 2.09%
2002 1.8% 3.29%
2001 -0.4% 4.16%
2000 -0.4% 2.36%
1999 0.2% 2.16%
1998 4.5% 1.96%
1997 7.7% 2.11%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Lebanon has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 26.1%, compared with 2.35% in the Netherlands. In 2025, inflation was 14.6% in Lebanon and 3.26% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Lebanon
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $18M
Raw agricultural goods $9.16M
Machinery & equipment $4.45M
Metals $2.02M
Chemicals & pharma $1.69M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.51M
Miscellaneous $349K
Raw materials & minerals $291K
Wood & paper products $266K
Precious metals & jewellery $89K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $95.7M
Machinery & equipment $86.9M
Chemicals & pharma $78.1M
Raw agricultural goods $42.2M
Animal & marine products $33.2M
Raw materials & minerals $23.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $14.9M
Metals $4.03M
Wood & paper products $3.09M
Precious metals & jewellery $210K

Balance of trade

Lebanon Netherlands
Current account balance
-$5.64B
2023
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
166/190
2023
6/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-28.1%
2023
+9.14%
2024
Goods imports
$16.7B
2023
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$3.85B
2023
$693B
2024
Service imports
$6.63B
2023
$262B
2024
Service exports
$7.92B
2023
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.9%
2024
69.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.3%
2024
80.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Lebanon Netherlands
Economic freedom 43.1 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 183/197 11/197
Property rights 21.8 96
Government integrity 23.4 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 23.8 96.1
Tax burden 90.3 54
Government spending 93.3 42.2
Fiscal health 63.4 95.9
Business freedom 47.6 85
Labor freedom 48.4 59.3
Monetary freedom 0 77
Trade freedom 65.6 79.4
Investment freedom 20 90
Financial freedom 20 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Lebanon
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Lebanon Netherlands
2026 43.1 78.5
2025 44.1 78.2
2024 48.3 77.3
2023 45.6 78
2022 47.3 79.5
2021 51.4 76.8
2020 51.7 77
2019 51.1 76.8
2018 53.2 76.2
2017 53.3 75.8
2016 59.5 74.6
2015 59.3 73.7
2014 59.4 74.2
2013 59.5 73.5
2012 60.1 73.3
2011 60.1 74.7
2010 59.5 75
2009 58.1 77
2008 60 77.4
2007 60.4 75.5
2006 57.5 75.4
2005 57.2 72.9
2004 56.9 74.5
2003 56.7 74.6
2002 57.1 75.1
2001 61 73
2000 56.1 70.4
1999 59.1 70.2
1998 59 69.2
1997 63.9 70.4
1996 63.2 69.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Lebanon is 43.1, ranking 183/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Lebanon Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
35.7%
2024
70.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
2.63%
2024
17.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.05%
2024
1.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$20.7B
2024
$1.24T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,790
2024
$85,480
2025
Total reserves including gold
$33.3B
2024
$118B
2025
Total reserves ranking
56/177
2024
27/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$583M
2023
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.84B
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$391M
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
9.68%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
27.4%
2012
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
1.44%
2024
19.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lebanon/netherlands | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.