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Economy of Netherlands vs Saint Vincent compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Netherlands has a GDP of $1.23T compared to $1.16B for Saint Vincent, ranking 19/197 and 186/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Netherlands has $531B in government debt (43.3% of GDP), compared to $1.07B (93.5% of GDP) in Saint Vincent.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Netherlands
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Saint Vincent
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Netherlands Saint Vincent
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $13,282,979,015 $165,062,637,640 $13,066,634 $159,183,504
1961 $14,599,836,396 $165,550,474,774 $13,999,965 $166,390,193
1962 $15,847,582,341 $176,879,933,635 $14,524,964 $172,537,082
1963 $17,193,744,109 $183,291,161,793 $13,708,299 $161,727,050
1964 $20,232,048,553 $198,458,329,344 $14,758,296 $167,661,989
1965 $22,721,869,808 $215,611,271,157 $15,108,296 $169,145,688
1966 $24,741,480,717 $221,521,401,057 $16,099,960 $169,145,688
1967 $27,143,828,099 $233,217,763,700 $15,835,106 $153,036,568
1968 $30,097,635,751 $248,181,328,024 $15,350,000 $162,998,799
1969 $34,086,038,090 $264,138,020,130 $16,650,000 $167,661,942
1970 $38,220,884,519 $280,356,573,733 $18,450,000 $185,678,709
1971 $44,644,730,576 $292,459,511,974 $20,051,922 $191,189,747
1972 $54,787,070,173 $302,794,664,266 $27,585,805 $240,576,905
1973 $71,946,639,603 $319,279,481,312 $30,165,081 $213,869,657
1974 $87,371,810,804 $330,258,601,498 $32,923,703 $195,005,088
1975 $100,397,061,694 $330,265,301,638 $33,237,226 $180,167,718
1976 $109,329,386,564 $344,982,946,319 $32,792,845 $198,863,398
1977 $127,203,923,857 $353,678,035,788 $49,353,162 $225,171,854
1978 $156,089,077,205 $363,214,067,825 $60,844,771 $247,187,974
1979 $179,933,827,310 $370,529,803,464 $71,096,360 $255,548,407
1980 $195,439,301,707 $375,501,994,722 $82,340,340 $261,790,740
1981 $164,375,775,854 $372,559,517,530 $102,086,539 $273,869,514
1982 $158,712,765,536 $367,936,960,746 $113,759,203 $286,130,239
1983 $153,671,294,109 $375,553,101,273 $122,255,350 $292,335,248
1984 $144,124,462,912 $387,051,331,969 $135,024,988 $311,589,438
1985 $144,057,523,222 $397,037,952,227 $145,641,705 $330,843,628
1986 $201,157,708,221 $408,103,304,156 $160,846,657 $349,370,013
1987 $245,406,949,521 $415,984,792,778 $175,580,647 $350,900,271
1988 $262,295,966,105 $430,299,740,005 $200,726,713 $400,288,412
1989 $258,716,904,292 $449,319,496,513 $214,745,002 $405,914,910
1990 $318,799,003,994 $468,115,532,100 $240,366,667 $422,757,077
1991 $327,982,316,124 $479,533,499,921 $254,829,630 $427,557,802
1992 $363,497,050,125 $487,714,681,271 $277,955,556 $454,827,185
1993 $354,070,495,966 $493,847,948,233 $286,307,407 $474,160,664
1994 $379,688,232,232 $508,471,242,745 $289,437,037 $468,244,924
1995 $452,967,334,614 $524,315,389,158 $316,007,407 $504,611,870
1996 $451,372,549,020 $542,250,002,540 $331,488,889 $511,110,827
1997 $417,506,211,882 $565,287,382,970 $347,770,370 $529,026,033
1998 $438,612,530,549 $591,560,723,040 $373,618,519 $550,664,228
1999 $447,778,514,140 $621,395,031,368 $390,718,519 $565,588,940
2000 $417,649,282,154 $647,616,371,669 $427,946,037 $574,859,123
2001 $432,536,219,669 $662,664,228,364 $462,072,333 $584,908,989
2002 $475,529,972,123 $664,292,962,005 $487,763,852 $616,155,570
2003 $582,435,617,082 $664,942,855,515 $509,090,889 $657,384,614
2004 $661,224,886,143 $678,350,164,554 $549,900,185 $684,434,011
2005 $688,133,699,636 $692,147,558,367 $579,948,926 $701,466,543
2006 $737,593,995,289 $716,631,413,730 $643,501,148 $750,547,640
2007 $853,499,460,873 $744,474,740,256 $713,596,667 $775,488,103
2008 $957,901,566,041 $760,233,900,200 $732,663,259 $778,626,044
2009 $878,954,223,140 $732,369,119,343 $714,300,259 $767,895,070
2010 $852,464,982,433 $742,031,413,974 $720,447,889 $733,566,567
2011 $913,140,741,333 $755,190,192,160 $713,796,370 $729,119,124
2012 $845,689,017,066 $747,805,361,888 $730,032,593 $737,643,344
2013 $883,951,539,007 $747,579,281,183 $764,781,259 $755,807,695
2014 $901,556,501,756 $759,634,819,526 $770,900,000 $765,257,214
2015 $775,743,675,303 $775,743,675,303 $786,555,556 $786,555,556
2016 $797,163,949,290 $794,549,918,521 $814,303,704 $819,165,612
2017 $848,233,537,846 $816,650,691,532 $844,040,741 $831,033,934
2018 $929,733,599,797 $835,096,710,413 $884,329,630 $857,424,343
2019 $928,903,005,576 $854,304,699,527 $910,481,481 $863,155,611
2020 $932,560,861,701 $821,260,592,383 $864,566,667 $826,308,151
2021 $1,054,472,123,450 $872,809,729,133 $888,677,778 $843,606,096
2022 $1,046,540,797,549 $916,513,359,460 $989,188,889 $869,849,273
2023 $1,154,361,305,398 $917,196,719,472 $1,072,237,037 $916,180,618
2024 $1,227,543,925,316 $926,182,265,714 $1,157,207,407 $953,394,362

Economic indicators

Netherlands Saint Vincent
Gross domestic product
$1.23T
2024
$1.16B
2024
GDP rank
19/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP growth
6.34%
2023-2024
7.92%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$68,219
2024
$11,501
2024
GDP per capita rank
13/197
2024
82/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$84,218
2024
$21,272
2024
Government debt
$531B
2024
$1.07B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
43.3%
2025
93.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$29,494
2024
$10,661
2024
Government debt per person rank
25/185
2024
56/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$45,699
2025
$14,935
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.1T
2017
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,231,625
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
13
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
21.4%
2021
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2021
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2025
36.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.35%
2023-2024
3.63%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
3.64%
2024
18.8%
2008
Population
18191638
99920

GDP per capita in Netherlands vs Saint Vincent

The Netherlands' GDP per capita is $68,219, ranking 13/197, compared to $11,501 in Saint Vincent, ranking 82/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Netherlands ranks 12th at $84,218, while Saint Vincent ranks 92nd at $21,272.

Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Vincent
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Netherlands Saint Vincent
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,156 - $154.8 -
1961 $1,254 - $163 -
1962 $1,342 - $166.5 -
1963 $1,437 - $154.9 -
1964 $1,668 - $164.4 -
1965 $1,848 - $166.2 -
1966 $1,986 - $174.9 -
1967 $2,155 - $170 -
1968 $2,364 - $163.1 -
1969 $2,647 - $175.2 -
1970 $2,931 - $192.3 -
1971 $3,384 - $207 -
1972 $4,110 - $282.1 -
1973 $5,353 - $306 -
1974 $6,450 - $331 -
1975 $7,346 - $331 -
1976 $7,937 - $324 -
1977 $9,180 - $484 -
1978 $11,196 - $592 -
1979 $12,817 - $687 -
1980 $13,812 - $790 -
1981 $11,537 - $972 -
1982 $11,089 - $1,074 -
1983 $10,696 - $1,144 -
1984 $9,992 - $1,254 -
1985 $9,941 - $1,342 -
1986 $13,804 - $1,472 -
1987 $16,734 - $1,596 -
1988 $17,771 - $1,814 -
1989 $17,423 - $1,930 -
1990 $21,322 $19,190 $2,150 $3,960
1991 $21,764 $20,164 $2,271 $4,126
1992 $23,939 $20,817 $2,471 $4,477
1993 $23,156 $21,428 $2,540 $4,769
1994 $24,683 $22,399 $2,563 $4,802
1995 $29,301 $23,465 $2,795 $5,277
1996 $29,064 $24,555 $2,930 $5,440
1997 $26,745 $26,056 $3,074 $5,726
1998 $27,924 $27,747 $3,301 $6,026
1999 $28,319 $29,316 $3,447 $6,266
2000 $26,225 $31,888 $3,769 $6,503
2001 $26,956 $33,263 $4,071 $6,768
2002 $29,447 $34,568 $4,303 $7,250
2003 $35,897 $34,291 $4,500 $7,903
2004 $40,611 $35,966 $4,873 $8,472
2005 $42,165 $37,778 $5,157 $8,986
2006 $45,124 $41,217 $5,745 $9,949
2007 $52,101 $44,205 $6,398 $10,604
2008 $58,247 $46,714 $6,599 $10,902
2009 $53,172 $44,936 $6,464 $10,869
2010 $51,306 $45,306 $6,552 $10,561
2011 $54,702 $47,004 $6,528 $10,774
2012 $50,474 $47,653 $6,714 $10,989
2013 $52,602 $49,622 $7,072 $11,625
2014 $53,457 $49,751 $7,169 $12,136
2015 $45,794 $50,970 $7,354 $12,379
2016 $46,809 $53,162 $7,657 $13,493
2017 $49,514 $56,038 $7,988 $13,575
2018 $53,955 $58,819 $8,428 $14,690
2019 $53,555 $62,345 $8,741 $15,340
2020 $53,468 $62,597 $8,351 $15,337
2021 $60,142 $68,574 $8,641 $16,201
2022 $59,123 $77,152 $9,694 $18,035
2023 $64,572 $78,305 $10,582 $19,820
2024 $68,219 $84,218 $11,501 $21,272

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, the Netherlands' government spending was $541B, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Saint Vincent's spent $453M, or 36.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 43.3% in the Netherlands and 93.5% in Saint Vincent, ranking 124/185 and 27/185, respectively.

Netherlands
Government spending

Government debt
Saint Vincent
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Netherlands Saint Vincent
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 20.4% 66.7% - -
1961 22.2% 65.9% - -
1962 22.1% 63.8% - -
1963 21.9% 61.7% - -
1964 22.3% 57.1% - -
1965 23.4% 55.8% - -
1966 24.4% 55.6% - -
1967 24.1% 55% - -
1968 25.4% 54.4% - -
1969 42.1% 48.2% - -
1970 43.2% 46.1% - -
1971 44.6% 43.7% - -
1972 44.9% 41.3% - -
1973 44.6% 38.1% - -
1974 46.4% 36.3% - -
1975 50.8% 36.1% - -
1976 50.8% 35.2% - -
1977 50.6% 34.9% - -
1978 52.3% 38.1% - -
1979 53.7% 39.5% - -
1980 55.2% 43.6% - -
1981 56.8% 46.9% - -
1982 59.1% 52.4% - -
1983 59.1% 58.4% - -
1984 58.1% 61.9% 23.1% -
1985 57.3% 67.1% 21.4% -
1986 57% 68.9% 22.3% -
1987 58.5% 71.3% 23.7% -
1988 56.4% 73.7% 24.8% -
1989 54.5% 73.7% 27.6% -
1990 48.8% 75% 23.1% 53.9%
1991 49.6% 74.8% 25.5% 52.1%
1992 50.2% 75.6% 25.4% 49.6%
1993 50.9% 76.7% 22.3% 48.1%
1994 49.4% 73.5% 22.4% 52.8%
1995 53.9% 73% 19.9% 46.8%
1996 47.3% 71.2% 20.9% 40.7%
1997 45.7% 65.7% 26% 38.8%
1998 44.6% 62.7% 25.2% 39.5%
1999 44.3% 58.6% 25.2% 52.9%
2000 43.2% 52.2% 23.8% 54.3%
2001 44.1% 49.4% 24.4% 52%
2002 44.8% 48.7% 25.7% 53.2%
2003 45.8% 49.8% 26% 55.3%
2004 44.7% 50.1% 24.9% 58.6%
2005 43.4% 49.6% 26.7% 50.5%
2006 44% 45% 26.1% 44.7%
2007 43.3% 42.7% 27.1% 48.5%
2008 44.3% 54.4% 28.4% 50.3%
2009 48.4% 56.3% 31% 57.2%
2010 48.9% 58.9% 31.1% 61.1%
2011 47.8% 61.2% 29.4% 64%
2012 47.6% 65.7% 26.5% 68.1%
2013 47.5% 67.2% 29.4% 69.9%
2014 46.7% 67.2% 30.4% 75%
2015 45.3% 63.8% 27.6% 75.1%
2016 43.9% 60.9% 27.1% 79.4%
2017 42.8% 56% 26.6% 69%
2018 42.4% 51.5% 26.3% 69.4%
2019 42.1% 47.6% 29.2% 68.2%
2020 47.8% 53.3% 32.9% 80%
2021 45.9% 50.4% 37.2% 88.4%
2022 43.2% 48.3% 36.6% 86.3%
2023 43.2% 45.1% 38.8% 89.2%
2024 44.1% 43.2% 39.1% 92.7%
2025 44.7% 43.3% 36.4% 93.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, the Netherlands' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$12.9B, equivalent to -1.05% of GDP. This compares to Saint Vincent's deficit of -$144M, or -12.5% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, the Netherlands recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Saint Vincent ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, the Netherlands posted an annual deficit equal to -2.26% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.34% of GDP for Saint Vincent.

Deficit/surplus
Netherlands

Saint Vincent
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Netherlands Saint Vincent
1880 0.21% -
1881 -1.06% -
1882 -1.11% -
1883 -2.1% -
1884 0% -
1885 -0.55% -
1886 -0.08% -
1887 -0.37% -
1888 -0.31% -
1889 0.04% -
1890 -0.06% -
1891 -0.06% -
1892 -1.72% -
1893 -0.76% -
1894 0.12% -
1895 -0.06% -
1896 0.08% -
1897 -0.45% -
1898 -0.48% -
1899 -0.13% -
1900 0.06% -
1901 0.03% -
1902 -0.14% -
1903 0.09% -
1904 -0.72% -
1905 0.1% -
1906 0.16% -
1907 0.03% -
1908 -0.57% -
1909 -0.34% -
1910 -0.93% -
1911 -0.13% -
1912 -0.47% -
1913 -0.45% -
1914 -0.45% -
1915 -0.45% -
1916 -0.45% -
1917 -0.45% -
1918 -0.45% -
1919 -0.45% -
1920 -0.45% -
1921 -0.45% -
1922 -0.45% -
1923 -2.62% -
1924 -3.37% -
1925 -2.04% -
1926 -0.78% -
1927 -0.33% -
1928 -0.62% -
1929 -1.16% -
1930 -0.55% -
1931 -1.66% -
1932 -1.97% -
1933 -2.55% -
1934 -0.92% -
1935 -0.69% -
1936 -0.41% -
1937 0.02% -
1938 -0.37% -
1939 -3.19% -
1940 -3.19% -
1941 -3.19% -
1942 -3.19% -
1943 -3.19% -
1944 -3.19% -
1945 -3.19% -
1946 -3.19% -
1947 -3.19% -
1948 -3.19% -
1949 2.3% -
1950 0.81% -
1951 2.13% -
1952 2.19% -
1953 -2.95% -
1954 0.76% -
1955 -0.25% -
1956 -0.83% -
1957 0.3% -
1958 -0.89% -
1959 -0.74% -
1960 0.9% -
1961 -0.38% -
1962 -1.38% -
1963 -0.54% -
1964 -1.2% -
1965 -1.15% -
1966 -2.37% -
1967 -1.97% -
1968 -3.06% -
1969 -1.14% -
1970 -1.52% -
1971 -1.58% -
1972 -0.7% -
1973 0.54% -
1974 -0.26% -
1975 -2.82% -
1976 -2.02% -
1977 -0.75% -
1978 -2.09% -
1979 -2.46% -
1980 -3.95% -
1981 -4.92% -
1982 -6.17% -
1983 -5.47% -
1984 -5.25% 2.5%
1985 -3.6% 4.23%
1986 -4.62% 2.32%
1987 -5.39% 1.1%
1988 -4.23% 0.59%
1989 -5% -1.92%
1990 -4.08% 1.69%
1991 -2.05% -0.47%
1992 -3.12% -3.25%
1993 -3.13% -1.46%
1994 -3.53% 0.12%
1995 -8.72% 1.08%
1996 -1.91% 1.57%
1997 -1.6% -2.77%
1998 -1.34% -1.81%
1999 0.28% -1.93%
2000 1.14% -0.82%
2001 -0.47% -1.6%
2002 -2.23% -2%
2003 -3.19% -2.51%
2004 -1.82% -2.71%
2005 -0.51% -4.3%
2006 0.03% -3.13%
2007 -0.26% -3.07%
2008 -0.004% -1.3%
2009 -5.1% -2.85%
2010 -5.28% -3.7%
2011 -4.42% -3.5%
2012 -3.84% -1.81%
2013 -2.86% -5.81%
2014 -2.24% -2.82%
2015 -1.78% -2.01%
2016 0.23% 0.04%
2017 1.32% -1.56%
2018 1.47% -1.65%
2019 1.78% -3.45%
2020 -3.61% -5.92%
2021 -2.2% -7.19%
2022 0.01% -9.35%
2023 -0.36% -11.9%
2024 -1.05% -12.5%
2025 -1.9% -7.74%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, the Netherlands has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.3%, compared with 2.21% in Saint Vincent. In 2024, inflation was 3.35% in the Netherlands and 3.63% in Saint Vincent.

Inflation
Netherlands

Saint Vincent
Year Inflation
Netherlands Saint Vincent Netherlands Saint Vincent
1996 1.95% 4.41%
1997 2.11% 0.44%
1998 1.96% 2.14%
1999 2.16% 1.01%
2000 2.36% 0.17%
2001 4.16% 0.9%
2002 3.29% 1.86%
2003 2.09% 0.21%
2004 1.26% 2.96%
2005 1.69% 3.73%
2006 1.1% 2.74%
2007 1.61% 7.24%
2008 2.49% 10.1%
2009 1.19% 0.42%
2010 1.28% 0.75%
2011 2.34% 3.19%
2012 2.46% 2.6%
2013 2.51% 0.81%
2014 0.98% 0.19%
2015 0.6% -1.73%
2016 0.32% -0.15%
2017 1.38% 2.15%
2018 1.7% 2.32%
2019 2.63% 0.91%
2020 1.27% -0.63%
2021 2.68% 1.57%
2022 10% 5.66%
2023 3.84% 4.56%
2024 3.35% 3.63%

Top exports between countries

Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $80.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $930K
Raw agricultural goods $926K
Textiles & consumer goods $691K
Metals $445K
Raw materials & minerals $380K
Chemicals & pharma $343K
Animal & marine products $188K
Miscellaneous $83K
Wood & paper products $73K
Saint Vincent
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $256K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K
Chemicals & pharma $1K

Balance of trade

Netherlands Saint Vincent
Current account balance
$111B
2024
-$157M
2024
Current account balance ranking
5/189
2024
91/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+9.04%
2024
-13.5%
2024
Goods imports
$606B
2024
$445M
2024
Goods exports
$693B
2024
$59.2M
2024
Service imports
$262B
2024
$196M
2024
Service exports
$308B
2024
$366M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
72%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
84.1%
2024
15.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Netherlands Saint Vincent
Economic freedom 78.2 60.1
Economic freedom ranking 11/197 95/197
Property rights 95.9 69
Government integrity 86.8 61.7
Judicial effectiveness 95.7 77.8
Tax burden 54 74.9
Government spending 41.6 58.9
Fiscal health 94.7 4.8
Business freedom 84.8 69.4
Labor freedom 60.1 59.7
Monetary freedom 74.7 76.5
Trade freedom 79.6 59
Investment freedom 90 70
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for the Netherlands is 78.2, ranking 11/197, compared to 60.1 for Saint Vincent, ranking 95/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Netherlands
Saint Vincent
Year Economic freedom index
Netherlands Saint Vincent
1996 69.7 -
1997 70.4 -
1998 69.2 -
1999 70.2 -
2000 70.4 -
2001 73 -
2002 75.1 -
2003 74.6 -
2004 74.5 -
2005 72.9 -
2006 75.4 -
2007 75.5 -
2008 77.4 -
2009 77 64.3
2010 75 66.9
2011 74.7 66.9
2012 73.3 66.5
2013 73.5 66.7
2014 74.2 67
2015 73.7 68
2016 74.6 68.8
2017 75.8 65.2
2018 76.2 67.7
2019 76.8 65.8
2020 77 66.8
2021 76.8 66.3
2022 79.5 65.7
2023 78 63.5
2024 77.3 59.8
2025 78.2 60.1

More economic indicators

Netherlands Saint Vincent
Services, % of GDP
70.3%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
15.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.68%
2024
3.55%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.13T
2024
$1.11B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$83,040
2024
$21,080
2024
Total reserves including gold
$79.1B
2024
$317M
2024
Total reserves ranking
34/177
2024
167/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.1B
2024
-$74M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$17.1B
2024
$73.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$5.93B
2024
-$277K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.55%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.5%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.3%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Economy vs Netherlands vs Saint Vincent
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.