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Economy of Netherlands vs Togo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Netherlands has a GDP of $1.33T compared to $11.9B for Togo, ranking 18/197 and 152/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Netherlands has $578B in government debt (43.3% of GDP), compared to $7.49B (63% of GDP) in Togo.

Netherlands vs Togo GDP by year

Netherlands
Togo
1x
Year GDP, current $
Netherlands Togo
2025 $1,332,767,651,100 $11,889,949,067
2024 $1,213,936,238,063 $10,643,440,332
2023 $1,135,475,867,551 $9,723,300,577
2022 $1,046,540,797,549 $8,646,453,099
2021 $1,054,472,123,450 $8,541,668,141
2020 $932,560,861,701 $7,486,031,562
2019 $928,903,005,576 $6,992,942,459
2018 $929,733,599,797 $7,029,215,766
2017 $848,233,537,846 $6,387,424,240
2016 $797,163,949,290 $6,071,167,584
2015 $775,743,675,303 $5,755,457,836
2014 $901,556,501,756 $6,393,314,708
2013 $883,951,539,007 $6,021,729,630
2012 $845,689,017,066 $5,413,541,649
2011 $913,140,741,333 $5,422,439,152
2010 $852,464,982,433 $4,746,386,893
2009 $878,954,223,140 $4,721,888,275
2008 $957,901,566,041 $4,578,847,113
2007 $853,499,460,873 $3,759,962,853
2006 $737,593,995,289 $3,320,907,722
2005 $688,133,699,636 $3,221,910,408
2004 $661,224,886,143 $3,191,561,509
2003 $582,435,617,082 $2,987,984,051
2002 $475,529,972,123 $2,410,199,032
2001 $432,536,219,669 $2,093,498,674
2000 $417,649,282,154 $2,106,848,752
1999 $447,778,514,140 $2,226,577,204
1998 $438,612,530,549 $2,241,650,112
1997 $417,506,211,882 $2,116,818,623
1996 $451,372,549,020 $2,069,506,014
1995 $452,967,334,614 $1,849,110,468
1994 $379,688,232,232 $1,387,662,121
1993 $354,070,495,966 $1,741,944,426
1992 $363,497,050,125 $2,390,796,916
1991 $327,982,316,124 $2,262,767,860
1990 $318,799,003,994 $2,299,665,506
1989 $258,716,904,292 $1,910,635,575
1988 $262,295,966,105 $1,947,208,354
1987 $245,406,949,521 $1,763,978,066
1986 $201,157,708,221 $1,498,219,579
1985 $144,057,523,222 $1,076,604,520
1984 $144,124,462,912 $1,014,170,069
1983 $153,671,294,109 $1,081,387,265
1982 $158,712,765,536 $1,160,337,039
1981 $164,375,775,854 $1,359,026,709
1980 $195,439,301,707 $1,604,836,916
1979 $179,933,827,310 $1,259,365,712
1978 $156,089,077,205 $1,164,025,637
1977 $127,203,923,857 $1,097,893,826
1976 $109,329,386,564 $874,681,612
1975 $100,397,061,694 $871,781,687
1974 $87,371,810,804 $791,450,308
1973 $71,946,639,603 $574,030,984
1972 $54,787,070,173 $474,043,922
1971 $44,644,730,576 $404,648,368
1970 $38,220,884,519 $358,665,754
1969 $34,086,038,090 $378,091,810
1968 $30,097,635,751 $341,691,567
1967 $27,143,828,099 $327,215,844
1966 $24,741,480,717 $305,227,595
1965 $22,721,869,808 $264,505,506
1964 $20,232,048,553 $234,572,186
1963 $17,193,744,109 $202,305,865
1962 $15,847,582,341 $186,745,758
1961 $14,599,836,396 $178,497,098
1960 $13,282,979,015 $171,057,069

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

GDP per capita in Netherlands vs Togo by year

Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Togo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Netherlands Togo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $73,684 - $1,384 -
2024 $67,465 $86,174 $1,266 $3,365
2023 $63,516 $81,729 $1,182 $3,154
2022 $59,123 $78,630 $1,072 $2,935
2021 $60,142 $68,574 $1,076 $2,639
2020 $53,468 $62,597 $961 $2,384
2019 $53,555 $62,345 $918 $2,215
2018 $53,955 $58,819 $942 $2,067
2017 $49,514 $56,038 $872 $1,986
2016 $46,809 $53,162 $843 $1,933
2015 $45,794 $50,957 $814 $1,880
2014 $53,457 $49,751 $922 $1,803
2013 $52,602 $49,622 $886 $1,715
2012 $50,474 $47,653 $814 $1,645
2011 $54,702 $47,004 $834 $1,616
2010 $51,306 $45,301 $750 $1,537
2009 $53,172 $44,959 $770 $1,474
2008 $58,247 $46,714 $771 $1,429
2007 $52,101 $44,203 $654 $1,387
2006 $45,124 $41,208 $596 $1,407
2005 $42,165 $37,778 $595 $1,368
2004 $40,611 $35,961 $604 $1,427
2003 $35,897 $34,286 $580 $1,440
2002 $29,447 $34,568 $479 $1,357
2001 $26,956 $33,259 $427 $1,320
2000 $26,225 $31,895 $440 $1,315
1999 $28,319 $29,316 $477 $1,332
1998 $27,924 $27,749 $492 $1,318
1997 $26,745 $26,062 $477 $1,373
1996 $29,064 $24,564 $482 $1,218
1995 $29,301 $23,480 $450 $1,140
1994 $24,683 $22,414 $355 $1,082
1993 $23,156 $21,443 $448 $925
1992 $23,939 $20,831 $608 $1,057
1991 $21,764 $20,177 $592 $1,107
1990 $21,322 $19,203 $619 $1,110
1989 $17,423 - $530 -
1988 $17,771 - $556 -
1987 $16,734 - $519 -
1986 $13,804 - $455 -
1985 $9,941 - $337 -
1984 $9,992 - $327 -
1983 $10,696 - $357 -
1982 $11,089 - $392 -
1981 $11,537 - $472 -
1980 $13,812 - $575 -
1979 $12,817 - $464 -
1978 $11,196 - $440 -
1977 $9,180 - $425 -
1976 $7,937 - $347 -
1975 $7,346 - $354 -
1974 $6,450 - $329 -
1973 $5,353 - $244.8 -
1972 $4,110 - $207.6 -
1971 $3,384 - $182.3 -
1970 $2,931 - $166.9 -
1969 $2,647 - $185 -
1968 $2,364 - $174.9 -
1967 $2,155 - $171.1 -
1966 $1,986 - $162.9 -
1965 $1,848 - $144.1 -
1964 $1,668 - $130.4 -
1963 $1,437 - $114.6 -
1962 $1,342 - $107.8 -
1961 $1,254 - $104.8 -
1960 $1,156 - $102.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

The Netherlands' GDP per capita is $73,684, ranking 12/197, compared to $1,384 in Togo, ranking 167/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174, while Togo ranks 173rd at $3,365.

Economic indicators

Netherlands Togo
Gross domestic product
$1.33T
2025
$11.9B
2025
GDP rank
18/197
2025
152/197
2025
GDP growth
1.78%
2024-2025
6.31%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$73,684
2025
$1,384
2025
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2025
167/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$86,174
2024
$3,365
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
11/197
2024
173/197
2024
Government debt
$578B
2025
$7.49B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
43.3%
2025
63%
2025
Government debt per person
$31,942
2025
$872
2025
Government debt per person rank
23/185
2025
148/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$46,674
2026
$1,719
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.1T
2017
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,294,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
13
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
21.4%
2021
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2021
2.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.1%
2025
19.8%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.26%
2024-2025
0.43%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
3.9%
2025
1.97%
2022
Population
18243998
8873660

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Netherlands
Spending

Debt
Togo
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Netherlands Togo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 45.1% 43.3% 19.8% 63%
2024 44.4% 43.7% 24.3% 66.2%
2023 44% 45.8% 24.8% 64.1%
2022 43.3% 48.4% 24.4% 63%
2021 45.9% 50.5% 21.3% 63.3%
2020 47.8% 53.4% 23.4% 61.4%
2019 42.1% 47.7% 16.6% 54.9%
2018 42.4% 51.6% 18.8% 58%
2017 42.8% 56% 16.3% 57.1%
2016 43.9% 60.9% 22.9% 59.9%
2015 45.3% 63.8% 22.9% 52.4%
2014 46.7% 67.2% 21.9% 44.9%
2013 47.5% 67.2% 20.5% 41.1%
2012 47.6% 65.7% 19.1% 34.3%
2011 47.8% 61.2% 18.2% 37%
2010 48.9% 58.9% 15.1% 33.5%
2009 48.4% 56.3% 14.3% 57.6%
2008 44.3% 54.4% 12.4% 67.3%
2007 43.3% 42.7% 13.7% 70.5%
2006 44% 45% 14.7% 67.7%
2005 43.4% 49.6% 13.3% 63.1%
2004 44.7% 50.1% 10.6% 48.7%
2003 45.8% 49.8% 8.88% 50%
2002 44.8% 48.7% 8.42% 54.8%
2001 44.1% 49.4% 10.9% 68.5%
2000 43.2% 52.2% 11.9% 66.5%
1999 44.3% 58.6% 11.9% 59.9%
1998 44.6% 62.7% 12.8% 62.8%
1997 45.7% 65.7% 10.6% 54.4%
1996 47.3% 71.2% 12.4% 60.4%
1995 53.9% 73% 12.7% 64.8%
1994 49.4% 73.5% 13.2% 79%
1993 50.9% 76.7% 14.8% 58.3%
1992 50.2% 75.6% 12.6% 45%
1991 49.6% 74.8% 14.6% 46.9%
1990 48.8% 75% 16.8% 44.7%
1989 54.5% 73.7% 16.9% 46.3%
1988 56.4% 73.7% - -
1987 58.5% 71.3% - -
1986 57% 68.9% - -
1985 57.3% 67.1% - -
1984 58.1% 61.9% - -
1983 59.1% 58.4% - -
1982 59.1% 52.4% - -
1981 56.8% 46.9% - -
1980 55.2% 43.6% - -
1979 53.7% 39.5% - -
1978 52.3% 38.1% - -
1977 50.6% 34.9% - -
1976 50.8% 35.2% - -
1975 50.8% 36.1% - -
1974 46.4% 36.3% - -
1973 44.6% 38.1% - -
1972 44.9% 41.3% - -
1971 44.6% 43.7% - -
1970 43.2% 46.1% - -
1969 42.1% 48.2% - -
1968 25.4% 54.4% - -
1967 24.1% 55% - -
1966 24.4% 55.6% - -
1965 23.4% 55.8% - -
1964 22.3% 57.1% - -
1963 21.9% 61.7% - -
1962 22.1% 63.8% - -
1961 22.2% 65.9% - -
1960 20.4% 66.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2004, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

In 2025, the Netherlands' government spending was $602B, accounting for 45.1% of its GDP, while Togo spent $2.36B, or 19.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 43.3% in the Netherlands and 63% in Togo, ranking 121/185 and 69/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Netherlands

Togo
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Netherlands Togo
2025 -1.84% -3.23%
2024 -0.94% -6.82%
2023 -0.37% -6.28%
2022 0.002% -7.83%
2021 -2.26% -4.54%
2020 -3.72% -6.96%
2019 1.91% 1.67%
2018 1.49% -0.59%
2017 1.35% -0.21%
2016 0.23% -7.02%
2015 -1.84% -7.04%
2014 -2.17% -7.11%
2013 -2.87% -5.08%
2012 -3.83% -4.63%
2011 -4.42% -4.48%
2010 -5.3% -1.66%
2009 -5.06% -2.63%
2008 -0.06% -0.59%
2007 -0.16% -1.83%
2006 0.04% -1.94%
2005 -0.51% -1.67%
2004 -1.82% 0.61%
2003 -3.19% 1.43%
2002 -2.23% -0.28%
2001 -0.47% -0.72%
2000 1.14% -3.45%
1999 0.28% -1.76%
1998 -1.34% -3.25%
1997 -1.6% -0.98%
1996 -1.91% -3.26%
1995 -8.72% -2.97%
1994 -3.53% -5.37%
1993 -3.13% -8.46%
1992 -3.12% -2.27%
1991 -2.05% -3.52%
1990 -4.08% -1.65%
1989 -5% -2.18%
1988 -4.23% -
1987 -5.39% -
1986 -4.62% -
1985 -3.6% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -5.47% -
1982 -6.17% -
1981 -4.92% -
1980 -3.95% -
1979 -2.46% -
1978 -2.09% -
1977 -0.75% -
1976 -2.02% -
1975 -2.82% -
1974 -0.26% -
1973 0.54% -
1972 -0.7% -
1971 -1.58% -
1970 -1.52% -
1969 -1.14% -
1968 -3.06% -
1967 -1.97% -
1966 -2.37% -
1965 -1.15% -
1964 -1.2% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 -1.38% -
1961 -0.38% -
1960 0.9% -
1959 -0.74% -
1958 -0.89% -
1957 0.3% -
1956 -0.83% -
1955 -0.25% -
1954 0.76% -
1953 -2.95% -
1952 2.19% -
1951 2.13% -
1950 0.81% -
1949 2.3% -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -3.19% -
1938 -0.37% -
1937 0.02% -
1936 -0.41% -
1935 -0.69% -
1934 -0.92% -
1933 -2.55% -
1932 -1.97% -
1931 -1.66% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -1.16% -
1928 -0.62% -
1927 -0.33% -
1926 -0.78% -
1925 -2.04% -
1924 -3.37% -
1923 -2.62% -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.45% -
1912 -0.47% -
1911 -0.13% -
1910 -0.93% -
1909 -0.34% -
1908 -0.57% -
1907 0.03% -
1906 0.16% -
1905 0.1% -
1904 -0.72% -
1903 0.09% -
1902 -0.14% -
1901 0.03% -
1900 0.06% -
1899 -0.13% -
1898 -0.48% -
1897 -0.45% -
1896 0.08% -
1895 -0.06% -
1894 0.12% -
1893 -0.76% -
1892 -1.72% -
1891 -0.06% -
1890 -0.06% -
1889 0.04% -
1888 -0.31% -
1887 -0.37% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.55% -
1884 0% -
1883 -2.1% -
1882 -1.11% -
1881 -1.06% -
1880 0.21% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

In 2025, the Netherlands' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.5B, equivalent to 1.84% of GDP. This compares to Togo's deficit of $384M, or 3.23% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, the Netherlands recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Togo ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, the Netherlands posted an annual deficit equal to 1.92% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.2% of GDP for Togo.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Netherlands

Togo
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Netherlands Togo
2025 3.26% 0.43%
2024 3.35% 2.86%
2023 3.84% 5.49%
2022 10% 7.97%
2021 2.68% 4.19%
2020 1.27% 1.7%
2019 2.63% 0.67%
2018 1.7% 0.93%
2017 1.38% -0.98%
2016 0.32% 1.29%
2015 0.6% 2.59%
2014 0.98% 0.19%
2013 2.51% 1.83%
2012 2.46% 2.58%
2011 2.34% 3.56%
2010 1.28% 1.45%
2009 1.19% 3.71%
2008 2.49% 8.69%
2007 1.61% 0.95%
2006 1.1% 2.23%
2005 1.69% 6.78%
2004 1.26% 0.39%
2003 2.09% -0.93%
2002 3.29% 3.06%
2001 4.16% 3.92%
2000 2.36% 1.86%
1999 2.16% -0.05%
1998 1.96% 0.98%
1997 2.11% 8.25%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Netherlands has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.64% in Togo. In 2025, inflation was 3.26% in the Netherlands and 0.43% in Togo.

Top exports between countries

Netherlands
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $107M
Machinery & equipment $34.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $27.2M
Animal & marine products $19M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $17.4M
Chemicals & pharma $3.38M
Raw agricultural goods $3.17M
Miscellaneous $1.67M
Metals $335K
Wood & paper products $165K
Togo
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $14.7M
Raw agricultural goods $1.97M
Textiles & consumer goods $926K
Machinery & equipment $832K
Precious metals & jewellery $564K
Metals $273K
Chemicals & pharma $127K
Wood & paper products $56K
Raw materials & minerals $43K

Balance of trade

Netherlands Togo
Current account balance
$111B
2024
-$20.7M
2020
Current account balance ranking
6/190
2024
72/190
2020
Current account balance, % of GDP
+9.14%
2024
-0.28%
2020
Goods imports
$606B
2024
$1.95B
2020
Goods exports
$693B
2024
$1.21B
2020
Service imports
$262B
2024
$438M
2020
Service exports
$308B
2024
$514M
2020
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.5%
2025
38.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
80.7%
2025
24.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Netherlands Togo
Economic freedom 78.5 51.6
Economic freedom ranking 11/197 153/197
Property rights 96 43.6
Government integrity 86.8 33.3
Judicial effectiveness 96.1 34
Tax burden 54 68.9
Government spending 42.2 79.2
Fiscal health 95.9 9.6
Business freedom 85 60.1
Labor freedom 59.3 51.9
Monetary freedom 77 72.5
Trade freedom 79.4 65.8
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Netherlands
Togo
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Netherlands Togo
2026 78.5 51.6
2025 78.2 52.3
2024 77.3 50.9
2023 78 55.3
2022 79.5 57.2
2021 76.8 57.5
2020 77 54.1
2019 76.8 50.3
2018 76.2 47.8
2017 75.8 53.2
2016 74.6 53.6
2015 73.7 53
2014 74.2 49.9
2013 73.5 48.8
2012 73.3 48.3
2011 74.7 49.1
2010 75 47.1
2009 77 48.7
2008 77.4 48.9
2007 75.5 49.7
2006 75.4 47.3
2005 72.9 48.2
2004 74.5 47
2003 74.6 46.8
2002 75.1 45.2
2001 73 45.3
2000 70.4 46.4
1999 70.2 48.2
1998 69.2 -
1997 70.4 -
1996 69.7 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Netherlands is 78.5, ranking 11/197, compared to 51.6 for Togo, ranking 153/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Netherlands Togo
Services, % of GDP
70.4%
2025
61.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
17.7%
2025
21%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.68%
2025
20.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.24T
2025
$11.6B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,480
2025
$4,090
2025
Total reserves including gold
$118B
2025
n/a
Total reserves ranking
27/177
2025
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$11.1B
2024
-$53.1M
2020
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$17.1B
2024
$83.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$5.93B
2024
-$73.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.22%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.5%
2021
43.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.8%
2025
20.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/togo | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2004, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.