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Economy of Netherlands vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Netherlands has a GDP of $1.21T compared to $115B for Uzbekistan, ranking 19/197 and 66/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Netherlands has $532B in government debt (43.8% of GDP), compared to $37.5B (32.7% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

Netherlands vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

Netherlands
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Netherlands Uzbekistan
2024 $1,214,927,698,573 $114,965,293,467
2023 $1,135,475,867,551 $102,641,879,249
2022 $1,046,540,797,549 $90,095,926,567
2021 $1,054,472,123,450 $77,340,060,003
2020 $932,560,861,701 $66,443,265,418
2019 $928,903,005,576 $67,293,639,798
2018 $929,733,599,797 $58,695,899,092
2017 $848,233,537,846 $69,703,222,283
2016 $797,163,949,290 $86,138,288,644
2015 $775,743,675,303 $86,196,264,755
2014 $901,556,501,756 $80,845,385,809
2013 $883,951,539,007 $73,180,037,915
2012 $845,689,017,066 $67,517,349,212
2011 $913,140,741,333 $60,178,909,297
2010 $852,464,982,433 $49,765,676,402
2009 $878,954,223,140 $33,689,223,673
2008 $957,901,566,041 $29,549,438,884
2007 $853,499,460,873 $22,311,393,928
2006 $737,593,995,289 $17,330,833,853
2005 $688,133,699,636 $14,307,509,839
2004 $661,224,886,143 $12,030,023,548
2003 $582,435,617,082 $10,134,453,435
2002 $475,529,972,123 $9,687,788,513
2001 $432,536,219,669 $11,401,421,329
2000 $417,649,282,154 $13,760,513,969
1999 $447,778,514,140 $17,078,465,982
1998 $438,612,530,549 $14,988,971,211
1997 $417,506,211,882 $14,744,603,774
1996 $451,372,549,020 $13,948,892,216
1995 $452,967,334,614 $13,350,461,265
1994 $379,688,232,232 $12,899,074,922
1993 $354,070,495,966 $13,099,920,056
1992 $363,497,050,125 $12,953,801,760
1991 $327,982,316,124 $13,800,167,712
1990 $318,799,003,994 $13,362,340,338
1989 $258,716,904,292 $11,948,815,258
1988 $262,295,966,105 $10,722,799,639
1987 $245,406,949,521 $8,523,160,593
1986 $201,157,708,221 -
1985 $144,057,523,222 -
1984 $144,124,462,912 -
1983 $153,671,294,109 -
1982 $158,712,765,536 -
1981 $164,375,775,854 -
1980 $195,439,301,707 -
1979 $179,933,827,310 -
1978 $156,089,077,205 -
1977 $127,203,923,857 -
1976 $109,329,386,564 -
1975 $100,397,061,694 -
1974 $87,371,810,804 -
1973 $71,946,639,603 -
1972 $54,787,070,173 -
1971 $44,644,730,576 -
1970 $38,220,884,519 -
1969 $34,086,038,090 -
1968 $30,097,635,751 -
1967 $27,143,828,099 -
1966 $24,741,480,717 -
1965 $22,721,869,808 -
1964 $20,232,048,553 -
1963 $17,193,744,109 -
1962 $15,847,582,341 -
1961 $14,599,836,396 -
1960 $13,282,979,015 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Netherlands vs Uzbekistan by year

Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Netherlands Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $67,520 $86,174 $3,162 $11,879
2023 $63,516 $81,729 $2,879 $11,107
2022 $59,123 $78,630 $2,579 $10,293
2021 $60,142 $68,574 $2,259 $9,248
2020 $53,468 $62,597 $1,978 $8,452
2019 $53,555 $62,345 $2,041 $8,544
2018 $53,955 $58,819 $1,813 $8,129
2017 $49,514 $56,038 $2,191 $7,818
2016 $46,809 $53,162 $2,753 $6,919
2015 $45,794 $50,957 $2,803 $6,800
2014 $53,457 $49,751 $2,675 $6,610
2013 $52,602 $49,622 $2,462 $6,413
2012 $50,474 $47,653 $2,307 $6,168
2011 $54,702 $47,004 $2,088 $5,949
2010 $51,306 $45,301 $1,753 $5,505
2009 $53,172 $44,959 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $58,247 $46,714 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $52,101 $44,203 $824 $4,386
2006 $45,124 $41,208 $649 $3,956
2005 $42,165 $37,778 $543 $3,618
2004 $40,611 $35,961 $462 $3,321
2003 $35,897 $34,286 $394 $3,047
2002 $29,447 $34,568 $381 $2,902
2001 $26,956 $33,259 $454 $2,782
2000 $26,225 $31,895 $555 $2,644
1999 $28,319 $29,316 $698 $2,522
1998 $27,924 $27,749 $621 $2,418
1997 $26,745 $26,062 $621 $2,329
1996 $29,064 $24,564 $597 $2,214
1995 $29,301 $23,480 $583 $2,178
1994 $24,683 $22,414 $574 $2,197
1993 $23,156 $21,443 $596 $2,318
1992 $23,939 $20,831 $603 $2,371
1991 $21,764 $20,177 $658 $2,676
1990 $21,322 $19,203 $653 $2,665
1989 $17,423 - $598 -
1988 $17,771 - $551 -
1987 $16,734 - $450 -
1986 $13,804 - - -
1985 $9,941 - - -
1984 $9,992 - - -
1983 $10,696 - - -
1982 $11,089 - - -
1981 $11,537 - - -
1980 $13,812 - - -
1979 $12,817 - - -
1978 $11,196 - - -
1977 $9,180 - - -
1976 $7,937 - - -
1975 $7,346 - - -
1974 $6,450 - - -
1973 $5,353 - - -
1972 $4,110 - - -
1971 $3,384 - - -
1970 $2,931 - - -
1969 $2,647 - - -
1968 $2,364 - - -
1967 $2,155 - - -
1966 $1,986 - - -
1965 $1,848 - - -
1964 $1,668 - - -
1963 $1,437 - - -
1962 $1,342 - - -
1961 $1,254 - - -
1960 $1,156 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Netherlands' GDP per capita is $67,520, ranking 13/197, compared to $3,162 in Uzbekistan, ranking 139/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

Netherlands Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$1.21T
2024
$115B
2024
GDP rank
19/197
2024
66/197
2024
GDP growth
1.08%
2023-2024
6.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$67,520
2024
$3,162
2024
GDP per capita rank
13/197
2024
139/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$86,174
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
11/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$532B
2024
$37.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
43.8%
2024
32.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$29,571
2024
$1,032
2024
Government debt per person rank
24/185
2024
141/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$47,815
2026
$3,658
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.1T
2017
$18.8B
2024
Number of millionaires
1,267,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
13
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
21.4%
2021
25.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2021
2.3%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.4%
2024
27.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.35%
2023-2024
9.6%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.64%
2024
5.29%
2020
Population
18252623
37939105

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Netherlands
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Netherlands Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.4% 43.8% 27.6% 32.7%
2023 44% 45.9% 29.9% 32.2%
2022 43.3% 48.4% 31.3% 30.5%
2021 45.9% 50.5% 27.4% 31.7%
2020 47.8% 53.4% 26% 33.7%
2019 42.1% 47.7% 24.4% 25.4%
2018 42.4% 51.6% 22.2% 17.5%
2017 42.8% 56% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 43.9% 60.9% 23.3% 8.19%
2015 45.3% 63.8% 24.6% 6.72%
2014 46.7% 67.2% 24.9% 6.09%
2013 47.5% 67.2% 25.2% 6.23%
2012 47.6% 65.7% 23.9% 6.76%
2011 47.8% 61.2% 23.7% 6.33%
2010 48.9% 58.9% 26.4% 6.61%
2009 48.4% 56.3% 27.5% 7.3%
2008 44.3% 54.4% 26.5% 8.33%
2007 43.3% 42.7% 24.8% 9.56%
2006 44% 45% 24.7% 13.5%
2005 43.4% 49.6% 28.1% 21%
2004 44.7% 50.1% 29.4% 26.9%
2003 45.8% 49.8% 31.5% 31.4%
2002 44.8% 48.7% 34.6% 41.6%
2001 44.1% 49.4% 30.6% 44.8%
2000 43.2% 52.2% 32.9% 29.5%
1999 44.3% 58.6% 33.6% 18.4%
1998 44.6% 62.7% 35.1% 18%
1997 45.7% 65.7% 31.8% 15.3%
1996 47.3% 71.2% 35.1% -
1995 53.9% 73% 29.4% -
1994 49.4% 73.5% 27.1% -
1993 50.9% 76.7% 39.6% -
1992 50.2% 75.6% 18% -
1991 49.6% 74.8% - -
1990 48.8% 75% - -
1989 54.5% 73.7% - -
1988 56.4% 73.7% - -
1987 58.5% 71.3% - -
1986 57% 68.9% - -
1985 57.3% 67.1% - -
1984 58.1% 61.9% - -
1983 59.1% 58.4% - -
1982 59.1% 52.4% - -
1981 56.8% 46.9% - -
1980 55.2% 43.6% - -
1979 53.7% 39.5% - -
1978 52.3% 38.1% - -
1977 50.6% 34.9% - -
1976 50.8% 35.2% - -
1975 50.8% 36.1% - -
1974 46.4% 36.3% - -
1973 44.6% 38.1% - -
1972 44.9% 41.3% - -
1971 44.6% 43.7% - -
1970 43.2% 46.1% - -
1969 42.1% 48.2% - -
1968 25.4% 54.4% - -
1967 24.1% 55% - -
1966 24.4% 55.6% - -
1965 23.4% 55.8% - -
1964 22.3% 57.1% - -
1963 21.9% 61.7% - -
1962 22.1% 63.8% - -
1961 22.2% 65.9% - -
1960 20.4% 66.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, the Netherlands' government spending was $540B, accounting for 44.4% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $31.7B, or 27.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 43.8% in the Netherlands and 32.7% in Uzbekistan, ranking 123/185 and 152/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Netherlands

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Netherlands Uzbekistan
2024 -0.94% -2.37%
2023 -0.37% -4.03%
2022 0.002% -3.65%
2021 -2.26% -4.1%
2020 -3.72% -2.95%
2019 1.91% -0.3%
2018 1.49% 1.64%
2017 1.35% 1.04%
2016 0.23% 0.7%
2015 -1.84% -0.28%
2014 -2.17% 1.9%
2013 -2.87% 2.15%
2012 -3.83% 5.89%
2011 -4.42% 5.11%
2010 -5.3% 2.56%
2009 -5.06% 1.82%
2008 -0.06% 5.97%
2007 -0.16% 3.55%
2006 0.04% 2.72%
2005 -0.51% -3.52%
2004 -1.82% -3.74%
2003 -3.19% -4.87%
2002 -2.23% -6.31%
2001 -0.47% -3.28%
2000 1.14% -3.66%
1999 0.28% -2.91%
1998 -1.34% -3.04%
1997 -1.6% -2.05%
1996 -1.91% -1.57%
1995 -8.72% -1.77%
1994 -3.53% -4.47%
1993 -3.13% -12%
1992 -3.12% 7.15%
1991 -2.05% -
1990 -4.08% -
1989 -5% -
1988 -4.23% -
1987 -5.39% -
1986 -4.62% -
1985 -3.6% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -5.47% -
1982 -6.17% -
1981 -4.92% -
1980 -3.95% -
1979 -2.46% -
1978 -2.09% -
1977 -0.75% -
1976 -2.02% -
1975 -2.82% -
1974 -0.26% -
1973 0.54% -
1972 -0.7% -
1971 -1.58% -
1970 -1.52% -
1969 -1.14% -
1968 -3.06% -
1967 -1.97% -
1966 -2.37% -
1965 -1.15% -
1964 -1.2% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 -1.38% -
1961 -0.38% -
1960 0.9% -
1959 -0.74% -
1958 -0.89% -
1957 0.3% -
1956 -0.83% -
1955 -0.25% -
1954 0.76% -
1953 -2.95% -
1952 2.19% -
1951 2.13% -
1950 0.81% -
1949 2.3% -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -3.19% -
1938 -0.37% -
1937 0.02% -
1936 -0.41% -
1935 -0.69% -
1934 -0.92% -
1933 -2.55% -
1932 -1.97% -
1931 -1.66% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -1.16% -
1928 -0.62% -
1927 -0.33% -
1926 -0.78% -
1925 -2.04% -
1924 -3.37% -
1923 -2.62% -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.45% -
1912 -0.47% -
1911 -0.13% -
1910 -0.93% -
1909 -0.34% -
1908 -0.57% -
1907 0.03% -
1906 0.16% -
1905 0.1% -
1904 -0.72% -
1903 0.09% -
1902 -0.14% -
1901 0.03% -
1900 0.06% -
1899 -0.13% -
1898 -0.48% -
1897 -0.45% -
1896 0.08% -
1895 -0.06% -
1894 0.12% -
1893 -0.76% -
1892 -1.72% -
1891 -0.06% -
1890 -0.06% -
1889 0.04% -
1888 -0.31% -
1887 -0.37% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.55% -
1884 0% -
1883 -2.1% -
1882 -1.11% -
1881 -1.06% -
1880 0.21% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, the Netherlands' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $11.5B, equivalent to 0.94% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.72B, or 2.37% of GDP.

Over the past 33 years, the Netherlands recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, the Netherlands posted an annual deficit equal to 1.76% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.87% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Netherlands

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Netherlands Uzbekistan
2024 3.35% 9.6%
2023 3.84% 10%
2022 10% 11.4%
2021 2.68% 10.8%
2020 1.27% 12.9%
2019 2.63% 14.5%
2018 1.7% 17.5%
2017 1.38% 13.9%
2016 0.32% 8.8%
2015 0.6% 8.5%
2014 0.98% 9.1%
2013 2.51% 11.7%
2012 2.46% 11.9%
2011 2.34% 12.4%
2010 1.28% 12.3%
2009 1.19% 12.3%
2008 2.49% 13.1%
2007 1.61% 11.2%
2006 1.1% 13.1%
2005 1.69% 10.7%
2004 1.26% 7.3%
2003 2.09% 12.5%
2002 3.29% 27.3%
2001 4.16% 27.3%
2000 2.36% 25%
1999 2.16% 29.1%
1998 1.96% 29%
1997 2.11% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Netherlands has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 16.6% in Uzbekistan. In 2024, inflation was 3.35% in the Netherlands and 9.6% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $117M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $41.2M
Raw agricultural goods $36.1M
Chemicals & pharma $26.7M
Raw materials & minerals $13.8M
Metals $5.9M
Animal & marine products $5.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.77M
Wood & paper products $532K
Miscellaneous $40K
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $13.6M
Metals $7.07M
Raw agricultural goods $4M
Raw materials & minerals $603K
Machinery & equipment $361K
Textiles & consumer goods $325K
Chemicals & pharma $171K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $62K
Precious metals & jewellery $22K
Animal & marine products $13K

Balance of trade

Netherlands Uzbekistan
Current account balance
$111B
2024
-$5.71B
2024
Current account balance ranking
5/190
2024
169/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+9.13%
2024
-4.97%
2024
Goods imports
$606B
2024
$33.2B
2024
Goods exports
$693B
2024
$19.6B
2024
Service imports
$262B
2024
$10.5B
2024
Service exports
$308B
2024
$6.55B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
38%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
82.4%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Netherlands Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 78.5 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 11/197 94/197
Property rights 96 43.1
Government integrity 86.8 32
Judicial effectiveness 96.1 13.7
Tax burden 54 95
Government spending 42.2 73.7
Fiscal health 95.9 79.9
Business freedom 85 62.5
Labor freedom 59.3 48.4
Monetary freedom 77 65.1
Trade freedom 79.4 80.6
Investment freedom 90 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Netherlands
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Netherlands Uzbekistan
2026 78.5 60.3
2025 78.2 58
2024 77.3 55.9
2023 78 56.5
2022 79.5 55.7
2021 76.8 58.3
2020 77 57.2
2019 76.8 53.3
2018 76.2 51.5
2017 75.8 52.3
2016 74.6 46
2015 73.7 47
2014 74.2 46.5
2013 73.5 46
2012 73.3 45.8
2011 74.7 45.8
2010 75 47.5
2009 77 50.5
2008 77.4 51.9
2007 75.5 51.5
2006 75.4 48.7
2005 72.9 45.8
2004 74.5 39.1
2003 74.6 38.3
2002 75.1 38.5
2001 73 38.2
2000 70.4 38.1
1999 70.2 33.8
1998 69.2 31.5
1997 70.4 -
1996 69.7 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Netherlands is 78.5, ranking 11/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Netherlands Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
70.5%
2024
45.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.5%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.73%
2024
18.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.12T
2024
$110B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,970
2024
$12,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$79.1B
2024
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
34/177
2024
50/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.1B
2024
-$2.81B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$17.1B
2024
$2.99B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$5.93B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
9.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.5%
2021
8.9%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.7%
2024
33.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/uzbekistan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.