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Economy of Spain vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Spain has a GDP of $1.73T compared to $115B for Uzbekistan, ranking 15/197 and 66/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.75T in government debt (101.6% of GDP), compared to $37.5B (32.7% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

Spain vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

Spain
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Uzbekistan
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $114,965,293,467
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $102,641,879,249
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $90,095,926,567
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $77,340,060,003
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $66,443,265,418
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $67,293,639,798
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $58,695,899,092
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $69,703,222,283
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $86,138,288,644
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $86,196,264,755
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $80,845,385,809
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $73,180,037,915
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $67,517,349,212
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $60,178,909,297
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $49,765,676,402
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $33,689,223,673
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $29,549,438,884
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $22,311,393,928
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $17,330,833,853
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $14,307,509,839
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $12,030,023,548
2003 $907,963,217,058 $10,134,453,435
2002 $708,938,227,244 $9,687,788,513
2001 $627,798,682,379 $11,401,421,329
2000 $598,102,854,756 $13,760,513,969
1999 $634,394,904,387 $17,078,465,982
1998 $618,731,484,575 $14,988,971,211
1997 $589,739,772,727 $14,744,603,774
1996 $642,251,412,058 $13,948,892,216
1995 $614,170,002,669 $13,350,461,265
1994 $530,183,651,720 $12,899,074,922
1993 $524,700,572,624 $13,099,920,056
1992 $630,465,353,486 $12,953,801,760
1991 $576,753,902,322 $13,800,167,712
1990 $536,175,326,477 $13,362,340,338
1989 $414,460,794,097 $11,948,815,258
1988 $375,891,716,898 $10,722,799,639
1987 $318,520,253,335 $8,523,160,593
1986 $251,141,555,186 -
1985 $180,664,322,896 -
1984 $171,979,977,230 -
1983 $170,829,074,246 -
1982 $195,856,752,991 -
1981 $202,663,023,968 -
1980 $232,600,556,974 -
1979 $214,448,666,336 -
1978 $160,484,969,618 -
1977 $132,354,665,936 -
1976 $118,422,534,195 -
1975 $114,695,060,870 -
1974 $97,204,522,642 -
1973 $78,583,355,226 -
1972 $59,090,176,029 -
1971 $46,586,119,760 -
1970 $40,963,715,237 -
1969 $37,090,689,288 -
1968 $32,394,326,464 -
1967 $32,570,905,397 -
1966 $29,559,436,183 -
1965 $25,479,619,607 -
1964 $21,966,876,027 -
1963 $19,631,714,760 -
1962 $16,609,632,791 -
1961 $14,238,126,760 -
1960 $12,424,514,014 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Uzbekistan by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $3,162 $11,879
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $2,879 $11,107
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $2,579 $10,293
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $2,259 $9,248
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $1,978 $8,452
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $2,041 $8,544
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $1,813 $8,129
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $2,191 $7,818
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $2,753 $6,919
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $2,803 $6,800
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $2,675 $6,610
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $2,462 $6,413
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $2,307 $6,168
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $2,088 $5,949
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $1,753 $5,505
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $824 $4,386
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $649 $3,956
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $543 $3,618
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $462 $3,321
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $394 $3,047
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $381 $2,902
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $454 $2,782
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $555 $2,644
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $698 $2,522
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $621 $2,418
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $621 $2,329
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $597 $2,214
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $583 $2,178
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $574 $2,197
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $596 $2,318
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $603 $2,371
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $658 $2,676
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $653 $2,665
1989 $10,674 - $598 -
1988 $9,696 - $551 -
1987 $8,234 - $450 -
1986 $6,509 - - -
1985 $4,696 - - -
1984 $4,487 - - -
1983 $4,475 - - -
1982 $5,156 - - -
1981 $5,367 - - -
1980 $6,204 - - -
1979 $5,766 - - -
1978 $4,353 - - -
1977 $3,625 - - -
1976 $3,277 - - -
1975 $3,208 - - -
1974 $2,748 - - -
1973 $2,246 - - -
1972 $1,708 - - -
1971 $1,361 - - -
1970 $1,211 - - -
1969 $1,109 - - -
1968 $978 - - -
1967 $997 - - -
1966 $916 - - -
1965 $797 - - -
1964 $695 - - -
1963 $627 - - -
1962 $535 - - -
1961 $463 - - -
1960 $408 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $35,327, ranking 32/197, compared to $3,162 in Uzbekistan, ranking 139/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

Spain Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$1.73T
2024
$115B
2024
GDP rank
15/197
2024
66/197
2024
GDP growth
3.46%
2023-2024
6.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$35,327
2024
$3,162
2024
GDP per capita rank
32/197
2024
139/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$1.75T
2024
$37.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
101.6%
2024
32.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,909
2024
$1,032
2024
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2024
141/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$25,470
2026
$3,658
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$754B
2024
$18.8B
2024
Number of millionaires
1,202,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
25.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.3%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.3%
2024
27.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.77%
2023-2024
9.6%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2024
5.29%
2020
Population
48806901
37939105

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.3% 101.6% 27.6% 32.7%
2023 45.5% 105.1% 29.9% 32.2%
2022 46.4% 109.2% 31.3% 30.5%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 27.4% 31.7%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 26% 33.7%
2019 42% 97.6% 24.4% 25.4%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 22.2% 17.5%
2017 41% 101.1% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 42.1% 102% 23.3% 8.19%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 24.6% 6.72%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 24.9% 6.09%
2013 46.2% 100% 25.2% 6.23%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 23.9% 6.76%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 23.7% 6.33%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 26.4% 6.61%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 27.5% 7.3%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 26.5% 8.33%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 24.8% 9.56%
2006 38.4% 39% 24.7% 13.5%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 28.1% 21%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 29.4% 26.9%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 31.5% 31.4%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 34.6% 41.6%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 30.6% 44.8%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 32.9% 29.5%
1999 40% 60.9% 33.6% 18.4%
1998 41% 62.4% 35.1% 18%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 31.8% 15.3%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 35.1% -
1995 44.1% 61.6% 29.4% -
1994 44.8% 57% 27.1% -
1993 46.3% 54.6% 39.6% -
1992 43.9% 44.1% 18% -
1991 42.6% 41.9% - -
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government spending was $782B, accounting for 45.3% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $31.7B, or 27.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 101.6% in Spain and 32.7% in Uzbekistan, ranking 21/185 and 152/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Uzbekistan
2024 -3.15% -2.37%
2023 -3.52% -4.03%
2022 -4.63% -3.65%
2021 -6.66% -4.1%
2020 -10% -2.95%
2019 -3.04% -0.3%
2018 -2.58% 1.64%
2017 -3.1% 1.04%
2016 -4.26% 0.7%
2015 -5.26% -0.28%
2014 -6.07% 1.9%
2013 -7.49% 2.15%
2012 -11.5% 5.89%
2011 -9.69% 5.11%
2010 -9.49% 2.56%
2009 -11.2% 1.82%
2008 -4.56% 5.97%
2007 1.88% 3.55%
2006 2.12% 2.72%
2005 1.23% -3.52%
2004 -0.1% -3.74%
2003 -0.37% -4.87%
2002 -0.32% -6.31%
2001 -0.45% -3.28%
2000 -1.16% -3.66%
1999 -1.24% -2.91%
1998 -2.63% -3.04%
1997 -3.86% -2.05%
1996 -5.87% -1.57%
1995 -6.79% -1.77%
1994 -6.31% -4.47%
1993 -6.89% -12%
1992 -4.26% 7.15%
1991 -4.58% -
1990 -3.9% -
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $54.3B, equivalent to 3.15% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.72B, or 2.37% of GDP.

Over the past 33 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 4.28% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.87% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Uzbekistan
2024 2.77% 9.6%
2023 3.53% 10%
2022 8.39% 11.4%
2021 3.09% 10.8%
2020 -0.32% 12.9%
2019 0.7% 14.5%
2018 1.67% 17.5%
2017 1.96% 13.9%
2016 -0.2% 8.8%
2015 -0.5% 8.5%
2014 -0.15% 9.1%
2013 1.41% 11.7%
2012 2.45% 11.9%
2011 3.2% 12.4%
2010 1.8% 12.3%
2009 -0.29% 12.3%
2008 4.08% 13.1%
2007 2.79% 11.2%
2006 3.52% 13.1%
2005 3.37% 10.7%
2004 3.04% 7.3%
2003 3.04% 12.5%
2002 3.07% 27.3%
2001 3.59% 27.3%
2000 3.43% 25%
1999 2.31% 29.1%
1998 1.83% 29%
1997 1.97% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.34%, compared with 16.6% in Uzbekistan. In 2024, inflation was 2.77% in Spain and 9.6% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $28.5M
Chemicals & pharma $15.9M
Raw materials & minerals $9.41M
Textiles & consumer goods $7.33M
Metals $5.73M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.4M
Raw agricultural goods $1.9M
Miscellaneous $1.22M
Wood & paper products $914K
Precious metals & jewellery $296K
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $2.12M
Manufacturing & construction services $1.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.41M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.29M
Raw agricultural goods $526K
Machinery & equipment $390K
Wood & paper products $345K
Metals $257K
Government & miscellaneous services $29K
Business & finance services $24K

Balance of trade

Spain Uzbekistan
Current account balance
$54.9B
2024
-$5.71B
2024
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
169/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.18%
2024
-4.97%
2024
Goods imports
$456B
2024
$33.2B
2024
Goods exports
$419B
2024
$19.6B
2024
Service imports
$111B
2024
$10.5B
2024
Service exports
$220B
2024
$6.55B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
38%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.1%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 66.8 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 94/197
Property rights 88 43.1
Government integrity 64.2 32
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 13.7
Tax burden 58.2 95
Government spending 37.3 73.7
Fiscal health 57.3 79.9
Business freedom 82.6 62.5
Labor freedom 61.7 48.4
Monetary freedom 78.2 65.1
Trade freedom 79.4 80.6
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Uzbekistan
2026 66.8 60.3
2025 66.3 58
2024 63.3 55.9
2023 65 56.5
2022 68.2 55.7
2021 69.9 58.3
2020 66.9 57.2
2019 65.7 53.3
2018 65.1 51.5
2017 63.6 52.3
2016 68.5 46
2015 67.6 47
2014 67.2 46.5
2013 68 46
2012 69.1 45.8
2011 70.2 45.8
2010 69.6 47.5
2009 70.1 50.5
2008 69.1 51.9
2007 69.2 51.5
2006 68.2 48.7
2005 67 45.8
2004 68.9 39.1
2003 68.8 38.3
2002 68.8 38.5
2001 68.1 38.2
2000 65.9 38.1
1999 65.1 33.8
1998 62.6 31.5
1997 59.6 -
1996 59.6 -
1995 62.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
68.9%
2024
45.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.75%
2024
18.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.64T
2024
$110B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,670
2024
$12,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2024
50/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$28.7B
2024
-$2.81B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$2.99B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
9.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
8.9%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
33.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.