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Economy of Spain vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Spain has a GDP of $1.91T compared to $147B for Uzbekistan, ranking 12/197 and 61/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.91T in government debt (100.4% of GDP), compared to $42B (28.6% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

Spain vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

Spain
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Uzbekistan
2025 $1,906,453,309,986 $147,038,081,129
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $121,356,065,241
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $107,526,539,716
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $94,286,355,836
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $81,170,051,811
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $70,127,127,133
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $70,170,662,563
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $61,318,332,403
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $72,276,404,058
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $97,871,364,319
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $97,564,568,987
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $91,303,765,114
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $82,674,178,352
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $75,318,846,931
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $67,404,618,405
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $55,544,226,553
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $33,689,223,673
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $29,549,438,884
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $22,311,393,928
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $17,330,833,853
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $14,307,509,839
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $12,030,023,548
2003 $907,963,217,058 $10,134,453,435
2002 $708,938,227,244 $9,687,788,513
2001 $627,798,682,379 $11,401,421,329
2000 $598,102,854,756 $13,760,513,969
1999 $634,394,904,387 $17,078,465,982
1998 $618,731,484,575 $14,988,971,211
1997 $589,739,772,727 $14,744,603,774
1996 $642,251,412,058 $13,948,892,216
1995 $614,170,002,669 $13,350,461,265
1994 $530,183,651,720 $12,899,074,922
1993 $524,700,572,624 $13,099,920,056
1992 $630,465,353,486 $12,953,801,760
1991 $576,753,902,322 $13,800,167,712
1990 $536,175,326,477 $13,362,340,338
1989 $414,460,794,097 $11,948,815,258
1988 $375,891,716,898 $10,722,799,639
1987 $318,520,253,335 $8,523,160,593
1986 $251,141,555,186 -
1985 $180,664,322,896 -
1984 $171,979,977,230 -
1983 $170,829,074,246 -
1982 $195,856,752,991 -
1981 $202,663,023,968 -
1980 $232,600,556,974 -
1979 $214,448,666,336 -
1978 $160,484,969,618 -
1977 $132,354,665,936 -
1976 $118,422,534,195 -
1975 $114,695,060,870 -
1974 $97,204,522,642 -
1973 $78,583,355,226 -
1972 $59,090,176,029 -
1971 $46,586,119,760 -
1970 $40,963,715,237 -
1969 $37,090,689,288 -
1968 $32,394,326,464 -
1967 $32,570,905,397 -
1966 $29,559,436,183 -
1965 $25,479,619,607 -
1964 $21,966,876,027 -
1963 $19,631,714,760 -
1962 $16,609,632,791 -
1961 $14,238,126,760 -
1960 $12,424,514,014 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Uzbekistan by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $38,627 - $3,968 -
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $3,337 $11,879
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $3,016 $11,107
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $2,699 $10,293
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $2,370 $9,248
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $2,088 $8,452
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $2,129 $8,544
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $1,894 $8,129
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $2,271 $7,818
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $3,128 $6,919
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $3,173 $6,800
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $3,021 $6,610
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $2,781 $6,413
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $2,574 $6,168
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $2,339 $5,949
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $1,957 $5,505
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $824 $4,386
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $649 $3,956
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $543 $3,618
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $462 $3,321
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $394 $3,047
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $381 $2,902
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $454 $2,782
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $555 $2,644
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $698 $2,522
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $621 $2,418
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $621 $2,329
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $597 $2,214
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $583 $2,178
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $574 $2,197
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $596 $2,318
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $603 $2,371
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $658 $2,676
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $653 $2,665
1989 $10,674 - $598 -
1988 $9,696 - $551 -
1987 $8,234 - $450 -
1986 $6,509 - - -
1985 $4,696 - - -
1984 $4,487 - - -
1983 $4,475 - - -
1982 $5,156 - - -
1981 $5,367 - - -
1980 $6,204 - - -
1979 $5,766 - - -
1978 $4,353 - - -
1977 $3,625 - - -
1976 $3,277 - - -
1975 $3,208 - - -
1974 $2,748 - - -
1973 $2,246 - - -
1972 $1,708 - - -
1971 $1,361 - - -
1970 $1,211 - - -
1969 $1,109 - - -
1968 $978 - - -
1967 $997 - - -
1966 $916 - - -
1965 $797 - - -
1964 $695 - - -
1963 $627 - - -
1962 $535 - - -
1961 $463 - - -
1960 $408 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $38,627, ranking 31/197, compared to $3,968 in Uzbekistan, ranking 134/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

Spain Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$1.91T
2025
$147B
2025
GDP rank
12/197
2025
61/197
2025
GDP growth
2.82%
2024-2025
7.7%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$38,627
2025
$3,968
2025
GDP per capita rank
31/197
2025
134/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2025
$42B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.4%
2025
28.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,794
2025
$1,134
2025
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2025
139/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,910
2026
$3,560
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.3T
2025
$23.7B
2025
Number of millionaires
1,077,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
24.2%
2025
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.4%
2025
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2025
27.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.7%
2024-2025
8.8%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
10.5%
2025
5.29%
2020
Population
49323658
38082870

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44.7% 100.4% 27.4% 28.6%
2024 45.5% 101.6% 26.1% 30.9%
2023 45.4% 105.1% 28.6% 30.7%
2022 46.3% 109.2% 30% 29.2%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 26.1% 30.2%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 24.7% 31.9%
2019 42% 97.6% 23.4% 24.3%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 21.2% 16.7%
2017 41% 101.1% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 42.1% 102% 20.5% 7.21%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 21.7% 5.94%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 22% 5.39%
2013 46.2% 100% 22.3% 5.51%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 21.5% 6.06%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 21.1% 5.65%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 23.7% 5.92%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 24.7% 6.57%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 23.8% 7.5%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 22.4% 8.6%
2006 38.4% 39% 22.3% 12.2%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 25.3% 18.9%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 26.5% 24.2%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 28.4% 28.3%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 31.2% 37.5%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 27.6% 40.4%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 29.6% 26.5%
1999 40% 60.9% 30.3% 16.6%
1998 41% 62.4% 31.6% 16.2%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 28.7% 13.8%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 31.6% -
1995 44.1% 61.6% 26.5% -
1994 44.8% 57% 24.4% -
1993 46.3% 54.6% 35.6% -
1992 43.9% 44.1% 16.2% -
1991 42.6% 41.9% - -
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government spending was $852B, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $40.2B, or 27.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.4% in Spain and 28.6% in Uzbekistan, ranking 25/185 and 159/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Uzbekistan
2025 -2.5% -1.66%
2024 -3.22% -2.25%
2023 -3.34% -3.85%
2022 -4.59% -3.49%
2021 -6.66% -3.9%
2020 -10% -2.8%
2019 -3.04% -0.29%
2018 -2.58% 1.57%
2017 -3.1% 1.04%
2016 -4.26% 0.62%
2015 -5.26% -0.24%
2014 -6.07% 1.68%
2013 -7.49% 1.9%
2012 -11.5% 5.28%
2011 -9.69% 4.56%
2010 -9.49% 2.29%
2009 -11.2% 1.64%
2008 -4.56% 5.38%
2007 1.88% 3.2%
2006 2.12% 2.45%
2005 1.23% -3.17%
2004 -0.1% -3.37%
2003 -0.37% -4.39%
2002 -0.32% -5.69%
2001 -0.45% -2.95%
2000 -1.16% -3.29%
1999 -1.24% -2.62%
1998 -2.63% -2.74%
1997 -3.86% -1.85%
1996 -5.87% -1.41%
1995 -6.79% -1.59%
1994 -6.31% -4.03%
1993 -6.89% -10.8%
1992 -4.26% 6.44%
1991 -4.58% -
1990 -3.9% -
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $47.6B, equivalent to 2.5% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.43B, or 1.66% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 4.22% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.83% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Uzbekistan
2025 2.7% 8.8%
2024 2.75% 9.6%
2023 3.53% 10%
2022 8.39% 11.4%
2021 3.09% 10.8%
2020 -0.32% 12.9%
2019 0.7% 14.5%
2018 1.67% 17.5%
2017 1.96% 13.9%
2016 -0.2% 8.8%
2015 -0.5% 8.5%
2014 -0.15% 9.1%
2013 1.41% 11.7%
2012 2.45% 11.9%
2011 3.2% 12.4%
2010 1.8% 12.3%
2009 -0.29% 12.3%
2008 4.08% 13.1%
2007 2.79% 11.2%
2006 3.52% 13.1%
2005 3.37% 10.7%
2004 3.04% 7.3%
2003 3.04% 12.5%
2002 3.07% 27.3%
2001 3.59% 27.3%
2000 3.43% 25%
1999 2.31% 29.1%
1998 1.83% 29%
1997 1.97% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 16.3% in Uzbekistan. In 2025, inflation was 2.7% in Spain and 8.8% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $31.3M
Chemicals & pharma $20M
Raw materials & minerals $12.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $7.76M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.58M
Metals $4.62M
Raw agricultural goods $2.24M
Weapons & explosives $1.33M
Wood & paper products $710K
Miscellaneous $661K
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.73M
Manufacturing & construction services $1.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.29M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.28M
Raw agricultural goods $381K
Machinery & equipment $377K
Wood & paper products $258K
Metals $257K
Government & miscellaneous services $29K
Business & finance services $24K

Balance of trade

Spain Uzbekistan
Current account balance
$56B
2025
-$5.78B
2025
Current account balance ranking
12/190
2025
167/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.94%
2025
-3.93%
2025
Goods imports
$499B
2025
$38.5B
2025
Goods exports
$443B
2025
$23B
2025
Service imports
$127B
2025
$13.6B
2025
Service exports
$256B
2025
$9.27B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.8%
2025
35.4%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.6%
2025
22%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 66.8 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 94/197
Property rights 88 43.1
Government integrity 64.2 32
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 13.7
Tax burden 58.2 95
Government spending 37.3 73.7
Fiscal health 57.3 79.9
Business freedom 82.6 62.5
Labor freedom 61.7 48.4
Monetary freedom 78.2 65.1
Trade freedom 79.4 80.6
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Uzbekistan
2026 66.8 60.3
2025 66.3 58
2024 63.3 55.9
2023 65 56.5
2022 68.2 55.7
2021 69.9 58.3
2020 66.9 57.2
2019 65.7 53.3
2018 65.1 51.5
2017 63.6 52.3
2016 68.5 46
2015 67.6 47
2014 67.2 46.5
2013 68 46
2012 69.1 45.8
2011 70.2 45.8
2010 69.6 47.5
2009 70.1 50.5
2008 69.1 51.9
2007 69.2 51.5
2006 68.2 48.7
2005 67 45.8
2004 68.9 39.1
2003 68.8 38.3
2002 68.8 38.5
2001 68.1 38.2
2000 65.9 38.1
1999 65.1 33.8
1998 62.6 31.5
1997 59.6 -
1996 59.6 -
1995 62.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
68.4%
2025
46.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2025
32.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.68%
2025
16.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.83T
2025
$136B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$59,830
2025
$13,640
2025
Total reserves including gold
$129B
2025
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2025
53/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$18.3B
2025
-$4.24B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$2.97B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
9.37%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
5.8%
2025
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.4%
2025
33.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.