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Economy of United Kingdom vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The United Kingdom has a GDP of $3.69T compared to $115B for Uzbekistan, ranking 6/197 and 66/197 by economy size, respectively.

The United Kingdom has $3.73T in government debt (101.2% of GDP), compared to $37.5B (32.7% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

United Kingdom vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
2024 $3,686,033,044,482 $114,965,293,467
2023 $3,420,796,653,789 $102,641,879,249
2022 $3,181,244,350,465 $90,095,926,567
2021 $3,194,559,188,926 $77,340,060,003
2020 $2,724,001,478,305 $66,443,265,418
2019 $2,875,710,080,015 $67,293,639,798
2018 $2,897,028,009,916 $58,695,899,092
2017 $2,699,118,387,873 $69,703,222,283
2016 $2,706,807,606,539 $86,138,288,644
2015 $2,945,579,890,258 $86,196,264,755
2014 $3,085,362,169,410 $80,845,385,809
2013 $2,796,908,333,283 $73,180,037,915
2012 $2,719,715,961,540 $67,517,349,212
2011 $2,675,590,034,129 $60,178,909,297
2010 $2,496,740,681,057 $49,765,676,402
2009 $2,429,358,155,476 $33,689,223,673
2008 $2,945,251,838,235 $29,549,438,884
2007 $3,104,699,879,952 $22,311,393,928
2006 $2,719,558,417,663 $17,330,833,853
2005 $2,551,361,818,182 $14,307,509,839
2004 $2,429,774,807,763 $12,030,023,548
2003 $2,061,227,755,102 $10,134,453,435
2002 $1,790,536,570,743 $9,687,788,513
2001 $1,656,171,009,069 $11,401,421,329
2000 $1,671,597,821,153 $13,760,513,969
1999 $1,693,458,987,219 $17,078,465,982
1998 $1,660,821,464,061 $14,988,971,211
1997 $1,569,317,288,802 $14,744,603,774
1996 $1,425,287,051,482 $13,948,892,216
1995 $1,349,094,208,616 $13,350,461,265
1994 $1,140,489,745,944 $12,899,074,922
1993 $1,061,388,722,256 $13,099,920,056
1992 $1,179,659,529,660 $12,953,801,760
1991 $1,142,797,178,131 $13,800,167,712
1990 $1,093,169,389,205 $13,362,340,338
1989 $926,884,816,754 $11,948,815,258
1988 $910,122,732,124 $10,722,799,639
1987 $745,162,608,269 $8,523,160,593
1986 $601,452,653,181 -
1985 $489,285,164,271 -
1984 $461,487,097,632 -
1983 $489,618,008,186 -
1982 $515,048,916,841 -
1981 $540,765,675,241 -
1980 $564,947,710,899 -
1979 $438,994,070,309 -
1978 $335,883,029,722 -
1977 $263,066,457,352 -
1976 $232,614,555,256 -
1975 $241,756,637,168 -
1974 $206,131,369,799 -
1973 $192,537,971,583 -
1972 $169,965,034,965 -
1971 $148,113,896,325 -
1970 $130,671,946,244 -
1969 $116,464,702,803 -
1968 $107,759,910,068 -
1967 $113,116,888,211 -
1966 $108,572,752,102 -
1965 $101,824,755,079 -
1964 $94,407,558,351 -
1963 $86,561,961,812 -
1962 $81,247,564,157 -
1961 $77,741,965,703 -
1960 $73,233,967,692 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in United Kingdom vs Uzbekistan by year

United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $53,246 $62,009 $3,162 $11,879
2023 $49,944 $59,911 $2,879 $11,107
2022 $47,057 $59,022 $2,579 $10,293
2021 $47,691 $51,004 $2,259 $9,248
2020 $40,813 $48,230 $1,978 $8,452
2019 $43,159 $50,065 $2,041 $8,544
2018 $43,703 $47,212 $1,813 $8,129
2017 $40,917 $46,113 $2,191 $7,818
2016 $41,258 $44,085 $2,753 $6,919
2015 $45,255 $42,515 $2,803 $6,800
2014 $47,746 $41,267 $2,675 $6,610
2013 $43,607 $39,948 $2,462 $6,413
2012 $42,688 $38,337 $2,307 $6,168
2011 $42,296 $37,224 $2,088 $5,949
2010 $39,778 $36,484 $1,753 $5,505
2009 $39,009 $35,042 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $47,652 $36,745 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $50,629 $35,522 $824 $4,386
2006 $44,695 $34,727 $649 $3,956
2005 $42,240 $32,726 $543 $3,618
2004 $40,504 $32,051 $462 $3,321
2003 $34,557 $30,314 $394 $3,047
2002 $30,159 $29,089 $381 $2,902
2001 $28,014 $27,913 $454 $2,782
2000 $28,384 $26,536 $555 $2,644
1999 $28,858 $24,494 $698 $2,522
1998 $28,396 $23,689 $621 $2,418
1997 $26,910 $23,071 $621 $2,329
1996 $24,503 $21,947 $597 $2,214
1995 $23,253 $20,595 $583 $2,178
1994 $19,709 $19,605 $574 $2,197
1993 $18,389 $18,336 $596 $2,318
1992 $20,487 $17,349 $603 $2,371
1991 $19,901 $16,791 $658 $2,676
1990 $19,095 $16,505 $653 $2,665
1989 $16,239 - $598 -
1988 $15,987 - $551 -
1987 $13,119 - $450 -
1986 $10,611 - - -
1985 $8,652 - - -
1984 $8,179 - - -
1983 $8,692 - - -
1982 $9,146 - - -
1981 $9,599 - - -
1980 $10,032 - - -
1979 $7,805 - - -
1978 $5,977 - - -
1977 $4,681 - - -
1976 $4,138 - - -
1975 $4,300 - - -
1974 $3,666 - - -
1973 $3,426 - - -
1972 $3,030 - - -
1971 $2,650 - - -
1970 $2,348 - - -
1969 $2,101 - - -
1968 $1,952 - - -
1967 $2,059 - - -
1966 $1,987 - - -
1965 $1,874 - - -
1964 $1,748 - - -
1963 $1,613 - - -
1962 $1,526 - - -
1961 $1,472 - - -
1960 $1,398 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

The United Kingdom's GDP per capita is $53,246, ranking 22/197, compared to $3,162 in Uzbekistan, ranking 139/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

United Kingdom Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$3.69T
2024
$115B
2024
GDP rank
6/197
2024
66/197
2024
GDP growth
1.13%
2023-2024
6.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,246
2024
$3,162
2024
GDP per capita rank
22/197
2024
139/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,009
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
32/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$3.73T
2024
$37.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
101.2%
2024
32.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$53,900
2024
$1,032
2024
Government debt per person rank
7/185
2024
141/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$39,230
2026
$3,658
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.1T
2022
$18.8B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,624,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
55
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2021
25.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2021
2.3%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2024
27.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.27%
2023-2024
9.6%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.75%
2025
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.36%
2024
5.29%
2020
Population
70154914
37939105

Spending and national debt comparison by year

United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44% 101.2% 27.6% 32.7%
2023 44.8% 100.4% 29.9% 32.2%
2022 44.1% 99.6% 31.3% 30.5%
2021 45.8% 105.1% 27.4% 31.7%
2020 50% 105.8% 26% 33.7%
2019 38.8% 85.7% 24.4% 25.4%
2018 38.9% 86.3% 22.2% 17.5%
2017 39.2% 86.7% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 39.6% 87.8% 23.3% 8.19%
2015 40.4% 87.9% 24.6% 6.72%
2014 41.2% 87.1% 24.9% 6.09%
2013 41.8% 85.3% 25.2% 6.23%
2012 43.6% 84.5% 23.9% 6.76%
2011 43.5% 81.4% 23.7% 6.33%
2010 44.7% 75.9% 26.4% 6.61%
2009 44.6% 64.9% 27.5% 7.3%
2008 41% 50.8% 26.5% 8.33%
2007 38.7% 43.2% 24.8% 9.56%
2006 38.4% 42.1% 24.7% 13.5%
2005 38.4% 41% 28.1% 21%
2004 38% 39.8% 29.4% 26.9%
2003 37.2% 36.8% 31.5% 31.4%
2002 35.9% 35.4% 34.6% 41.6%
2001 34.7% 35% 30.6% 44.8%
2000 33.9% 37.7% 32.9% 29.5%
1999 33.9% 40.4% 33.6% 18.4%
1998 34.5% 42% 35.1% 18%
1997 34.9% 44.1% 31.8% 15.3%
1996 35.7% 43.7% 35.1% -
1995 37.6% 43.7% 29.4% -
1994 37.5% 40.7% 27.1% -
1993 37.8% 38% 39.6% -
1992 37.8% 33.2% 18% -
1991 35.9% 28.5% - -
1990 35% 28.5% - -
1989 39.7% 31.4% - -
1988 40.3% 36.6% - -
1987 42.7% 41.8% - -
1986 44.6% 42.9% - -
1985 48.7% 42.9% - -
1984 50.3% 44.1% - -
1983 50.4% 44.2% - -
1982 50.8% 44.7% - -
1981 51.2% 41.1% - -
1980 47.6% 43.7% - -
1979 45.1% 44.5% - -
1978 46.2% 47.3% - -
1977 46.8% 53.7% - -
1976 49.2% 47.7% - -
1975 49.1% 49.6% - -
1974 47.8% 56.2% - -
1973 43.5% 58.5% - -
1972 42.3% 65% - -
1971 41.2% 67.9% - -
1970 42% 73.4% - -
1969 39.2% 82.8% - -
1968 40.3% 88.5% - -
1967 40.1% 89.1% - -
1966 35.7% 91.9% - -
1965 34.6% 94.6% - -
1964 32.8% 101.1% - -
1963 37.4% 108.6% - -
1962 33.8% 110.5% - -
1961 31.5% 113.8% - -
1960 33.1% 117.9% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, the United Kingdom's government spending was $1.62T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $31.7B, or 27.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 101.2% in the United Kingdom and 32.7% in Uzbekistan, ranking 22/185 and 152/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
United Kingdom

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
2024 -5.75% -2.37%
2023 -6.05% -4.03%
2022 -4.56% -3.65%
2021 -7.72% -4.1%
2020 -13.2% -2.95%
2019 -2.47% -0.3%
2018 -2.27% 1.64%
2017 -2.49% 1.04%
2016 -3.31% 0.7%
2015 -4.59% -0.28%
2014 -5.53% 1.9%
2013 -5.34% 2.15%
2012 -7.45% 5.89%
2011 -7.38% 5.11%
2010 -9.22% 2.56%
2009 -10.1% 1.82%
2008 -5.09% 5.97%
2007 -2.65% 3.55%
2006 -2.76% 2.72%
2005 -3.15% -3.52%
2004 -3.16% -3.74%
2003 -3.22% -4.87%
2002 -1.96% -6.31%
2001 0.34% -3.28%
2000 1.4% -3.66%
1999 0.76% -2.91%
1998 -0.21% -3.04%
1997 -2.01% -2.05%
1996 -3.65% -1.57%
1995 -4.99% -1.77%
1994 -5.74% -4.47%
1993 -6.62% -12%
1992 -5.41% 7.15%
1991 -2.77% -
1990 -1.54% -
1989 0.77% -
1988 0.46% -
1987 -1.79% -
1986 -2.56% -
1985 -5.57% -
1984 -6.39% -
1983 -6.26% -
1982 -5.66% -
1981 -7.03% -
1980 -5.65% -
1979 -5.79% -
1978 -6.63% -
1977 -4.41% -
1976 -5.61% -
1975 -5.08% -
1974 -4.06% -
1973 -4.29% -
1972 -1.66% -
1971 1.48% -
1970 2.61% -
1969 1.03% -
1968 -2.3% -
1967 -4.57% -
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.06% -
1964 -1.76% -
1963 -5.47% -
1962 -0.49% -
1961 0.56% -
1960 -2.75% -
1959 -0.58% -
1958 -1.73% -
1957 -1.04% -
1956 0.55% -
1955 -0.39% -
1954 -1.65% -
1953 -2.84% -
1952 -1.26% -
1951 2.03% -
1950 0.34% -
1949 3.01% -
1948 -0.39% -
1947 -15.8% -
1946 -22.5% -
1945 -30.9% -
1944 -29.7% -
1943 -33.3% -
1942 -31.6% -
1941 -32% -
1940 -12.1% -
1939 -2.99% -
1938 0% -
1937 0.82% -
1936 0.17% -
1935 0.37% -
1934 0.48% -
1933 0.99% -
1932 -0.15% -
1931 0.8% -
1930 1.01% -
1929 0.75% -
1928 1.75% -
1927 1.62% -
1926 0.6% -
1925 0.84% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 2.23% -
1922 2.45% -
1921 1.15% -
1920 4.2% -
1919 -6.28% -
1918 -34.4% -
1917 -48.8% -
1916 -50.6% -
1915 -30% -
1914 -14.6% -
1913 0.25% -
1912 0.22% -
1911 0.51% -
1910 1.75% -
1909 -1.25% -
1908 0.34% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.58% -
1905 0.36% -
1904 0.2% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.77% -
1901 -2.74% -
1900 -2.96% -
1899 -0.79% -
1898 0.01% -
1897 0.25% -
1896 0.17% -
1895 0.3% -
1894 0.06% -
1893 -0.007% -
1892 0.14% -
1891 0.19% -
1890 0.23% -
1889 0.3% -
1888 0.27% -
1887 0.25% -
1886 0.07% -
1885 -0.21% -
1884 -0.04% -
1883 0.06% -
1882 0.02% -
1881 0.06% -
1880 0.1% -
1879 -0.86% -
1878 -0.18% -
1877 -0.18% -
1876 0.09% -
1875 0% -
1874 0.09% -
1873 0% -
1872 0.55% -
1871 0.29% -
1870 0% -
1869 0.77% -
1868 -0.45% -
1867 -0.45% -
1866 0.11% -
1865 0% -
1864 0.24% -
1863 0% -
1862 -0.13% -
1861 -0.4% -
1860 -0.43% -
1859 0% -
1858 -0.15% -
1857 -0.15% -
1856 -0.6% -
1855 -3.57% -
1854 -3.39% -
1853 0.5% -
1852 0.35% -
1851 0.35% -
1850 0.37% -
1849 0.34% -
1848 -0.17% -
1847 -6.13% -
1846 0.52% -
1845 0.56% -
1844 0.59% -
1843 0.44% -
1842 -0.87% -
1841 -0.42% -
1840 -0.2% -
1839 -0.18% -
1838 -0.19% -
1837 -0.21% -
1836 0.59% -
1835 0.42% -
1834 0.23% -
1833 0.24% -
1832 0% -
1831 0% -
1830 0.45% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2024, the United Kingdom's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $212B, equivalent to 5.75% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.72B, or 2.37% of GDP.

Over the past 33 years, the United Kingdom recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, the United Kingdom posted an annual deficit equal to 4.41% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.87% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
United Kingdom

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
2024 3.27% 9.6%
2023 6.79% 10%
2022 7.92% 11.4%
2021 2.52% 10.8%
2020 0.99% 12.9%
2019 1.74% 14.5%
2018 2.29% 17.5%
2017 2.56% 13.9%
2016 1.01% 8.8%
2015 0.37% 8.5%
2014 1.45% 9.1%
2013 2.29% 11.7%
2012 2.57% 11.9%
2011 3.86% 12.4%
2010 2.49% 12.3%
2009 1.96% 12.3%
2008 3.52% 13.1%
2007 2.39% 11.2%
2006 2.46% 13.1%
2005 2.09% 10.7%
2004 1.39% 7.3%
2003 1.38% 12.5%
2002 1.52% 27.3%
2001 1.53% 27.3%
2000 1.18% 25%
1999 1.75% 29.1%
1998 1.82% 29%
1997 2.2% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the United Kingdom has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 16.6% in Uzbekistan. In 2024, inflation was 3.27% in the United Kingdom and 9.6% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $39.9M
Chemicals & pharma $10.5M
Metals $3.86M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.02M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.06M
Wood & paper products $1.04M
Precious metals & jewellery $708K
Animal & marine products $645K
Raw agricultural goods $395K
Raw materials & minerals $333K
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $24.4M
Metals $13M
Chemicals & pharma $2.32M
Precious metals & jewellery $2.24M
Raw agricultural goods $1.16M
Textiles & consumer goods $999K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $402K
Manufacturing & construction services $156K
Raw materials & minerals $81K
Animal & marine products $75K

Balance of trade

United Kingdom Uzbekistan
Current account balance
-$80.6B
2024
-$5.71B
2024
Current account balance ranking
189/190
2024
169/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.19%
2024
-4.97%
2024
Goods imports
$763B
2024
$33.2B
2024
Goods exports
$494B
2024
$19.6B
2024
Service imports
$411B
2024
$10.5B
2024
Service exports
$648B
2024
$6.55B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.9%
2024
38%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

United Kingdom Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 70.4 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 35/197 94/197
Property rights 93.6 43.1
Government integrity 83 32
Judicial effectiveness 83.1 13.7
Tax burden 61.7 95
Government spending 41.1 73.7
Fiscal health 32.4 79.9
Business freedom 83.6 62.5
Labor freedom 61.2 48.4
Monetary freedom 71.9 65.1
Trade freedom 82.8 80.6
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
United Kingdom Uzbekistan
2026 70.4 60.3
2025 69.3 58
2024 68.6 55.9
2023 69.9 56.5
2022 72.7 55.7
2021 78.4 58.3
2020 79.3 57.2
2019 78.9 53.3
2018 78 51.5
2017 76.4 52.3
2016 76.4 46
2015 75.8 47
2014 74.9 46.5
2013 74.8 46
2012 74.1 45.8
2011 74.5 45.8
2010 76.5 47.5
2009 79 50.5
2008 79.4 51.9
2007 79.9 51.5
2006 80.4 48.7
2005 79.2 45.8
2004 77.7 39.1
2003 77.5 38.3
2002 78.5 38.5
2001 77.6 38.2
2000 77.3 38.1
1999 76.2 33.8
1998 76.5 31.5
1997 76.4 -
1996 76.4 -
1995 77.9 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-kingdom/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the United Kingdom is 70.4, ranking 35/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

United Kingdom Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
72.4%
2024
45.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.1%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.64%
2024
18.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.42T
2024
$110B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,460
2024
$12,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$175B
2024
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
19/177
2024
50/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
-$2.81B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$13B
2024
$2.99B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$72.5B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
9.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.6%
2017
8.9%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.1%
2024
33.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.