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Economy of France vs Thailand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

France has a GDP of $3.16T compared to $527B for Thailand, ranking 7/197 and 31/197 by economy size, respectively.

France has $3.58T in government debt (113.1% of GDP), compared to $333B (63.2% of GDP) in Thailand.

France vs Thailand GDP by year

France
Thailand
1x
Year GDP, current $
France Thailand
2024 $3,160,442,622,465 $526,517,658,842
2023 $3,056,250,648,138 $515,906,283,941
2022 $2,794,788,137,067 $495,644,697,588
2021 $2,966,433,692,008 $506,194,668,790
2020 $2,647,926,055,110 $500,461,898,480
2019 $2,722,793,515,172 $543,976,691,794
2018 $2,781,576,320,884 $506,754,208,404
2017 $2,588,868,323,335 $456,356,813,537
2016 $2,470,407,619,777 $413,366,349,748
2015 $2,442,483,452,643 $401,296,238,228
2014 $2,861,236,112,552 $407,339,040,198
2013 $2,816,077,607,875 $420,333,654,593
2012 $2,683,007,095,787 $397,558,325,279
2011 $2,870,408,553,990 $370,818,739,624
2010 $2,646,230,027,988 $341,104,766,329
2009 $2,700,075,882,519 $281,710,630,187
2008 $2,926,802,941,586 $291,382,982,431
2007 $2,655,816,911,867 $262,942,621,455
2006 $2,317,861,544,691 $221,758,296,022
2005 $2,192,146,403,028 $189,318,408,469
2004 $2,109,792,297,237 $172,895,685,155
2003 $1,835,095,983,049 $152,280,615,246
2002 $1,492,427,756,382 $134,300,904,400
2001 $1,370,376,677,299 $120,296,476,180
2000 $1,360,959,069,477 $126,392,224,254
1999 $1,486,915,879,702 $126,669,211,779
1998 $1,496,906,382,032 $113,675,596,788
1997 $1,449,392,222,971 $150,180,456,566
1996 $1,598,889,216,566 $183,035,237,429
1995 $1,595,219,345,512 $169,278,916,593
1994 $1,385,822,778,828 $146,683,778,959
1993 $1,314,383,368,080 $128,889,262,951
1992 $1,389,663,073,110 $111,452,746,518
1991 $1,258,961,748,634 $98,234,714,971
1990 $1,257,649,439,827 $85,343,190,719
1989 $1,016,742,237,302 $72,250,748,100
1988 $1,010,827,662,152 $61,667,253,471
1987 $926,320,855,615 $50,535,446,555
1986 $764,946,585,851 $43,096,773,981
1985 $547,220,981,165 $38,900,711,333
1984 $525,033,325,828 $41,797,647,776
1983 $553,356,312,936 $40,042,798,388
1982 $578,152,310,610 $36,589,772,404
1981 $609,184,791,792 $34,846,039,194
1980 $694,529,183,483 $32,353,514,989
1979 $608,218,624,730 $27,371,650,825
1978 $501,724,418,605 $24,006,566,637
1977 $406,401,711,688 $19,779,312,261
1976 $368,363,152,144 $16,985,208,648
1975 $357,324,307,786 $14,882,770,594
1974 $282,739,225,314 $13,702,998,512
1973 $261,970,536,240 $10,838,587,358
1972 $201,738,881,664 $8,177,873,151
1971 $164,694,210,962 $7,375,000,024
1970 $147,312,861,698 $7,086,538,438
1969 $140,660,914,841 $6,695,336,567
1968 $128,710,572,572 $6,081,009,428
1967 $118,088,635,381 $5,638,461,442
1966 $109,306,730,313 $5,279,230,817
1965 $100,927,668,584 $4,388,937,649
1964 $93,424,179,943 $3,889,129,942
1963 $84,227,606,650 $3,540,403,457
1962 $75,196,980,365 $3,308,912,797
1961 $67,158,050,215 $3,034,037,811
1960 $61,959,085,885 $2,760,750,861

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

GDP per capita in France vs Thailand by year

France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Thailand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
France Thailand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $46,103 $62,557 $7,347 $24,712
2023 $44,700 $60,839 $7,195 $23,519
2022 $40,989 $57,043 $6,909 $22,243
2021 $43,725 $52,517 $7,057 $20,243
2020 $39,170 $49,482 $6,986 $19,164
2019 $40,408 $51,130 $7,606 $19,963
2018 $41,418 $46,381 $7,100 $18,876
2017 $38,687 $44,469 $6,413 $17,573
2016 $37,024 $42,880 $5,834 $16,671
2015 $36,702 $40,905 $5,689 $15,791
2014 $43,148 $40,218 $5,801 $15,365
2013 $42,669 $39,583 $6,018 $15,216
2012 $40,864 $37,671 $5,726 $14,617
2011 $43,930 $37,510 $5,374 $13,227
2010 $40,695 $35,908 $4,974 $12,932
2009 $41,728 $34,685 $4,135 $11,964
2008 $45,465 $35,053 $4,309 $12,062
2007 $41,486 $34,066 $3,919 $11,723
2006 $36,432 $32,424 $3,331 $10,912
2005 $34,696 $30,431 $2,868 $10,169
2004 $33,645 $28,921 $2,642 $9,545
2003 $29,480 $28,024 $2,348 $8,824
2002 $24,145 $28,350 $2,090 $8,148
2001 $22,332 $27,347 $1,890 $7,632
2000 $22,341 $26,007 $2,006 $7,289
1999 $24,576 $24,204 $2,033 $6,901
1998 $24,869 $23,263 $1,848 $6,590
1997 $24,169 $22,190 $2,473 $7,148
1996 $26,758 $21,268 $3,055 $7,322
1995 $26,792 $20,701 $2,864 $6,901
1994 $23,360 $19,892 $2,518 $6,341
1993 $22,239 $19,094 $2,245 $5,834
1992 $23,615 $18,801 $1,972 $5,347
1991 $21,501 $18,198 $1,766 $4,914
1990 $21,586 $17,475 $1,559 $4,451
1989 $17,547 - $1,342 -
1988 $17,550 - $1,164 -
1987 $16,176 - $970 -
1986 $13,430 - $842 -
1985 $9,657 - $774 -
1984 $9,312 - $847 -
1983 $9,862 - $827 -
1982 $10,360 - $770 -
1981 $10,956 - $748 -
1980 $12,565 - $709 -
1979 $11,063 - $612 -
1978 $9,167 - $548 -
1977 $7,459 - $462 -
1976 $6,792 - $405 -
1975 $6,617 - $364 -
1974 $5,261 - $343 -
1973 $4,907 - $278.3 -
1972 $3,809 - $215.6 -
1971 $3,137 - $199.7 -
1970 $2,833 - $197.1 -
1969 $2,729 - $191.4 -
1968 $2,518 - $178.8 -
1967 $2,328 - $170.7 -
1966 $2,173 - $164.5 -
1965 $2,024 - $140.9 -
1964 $1,891 - $128.6 -
1963 $1,723 - $120.7 -
1962 $1,554 - $116.2 -
1961 $1,402 - $109.7 -
1960 $1,307 - $102.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

France's GDP per capita is $46,103, ranking 27/197, compared to $7,347 in Thailand, ranking 100/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), France ranks 30th at $62,557, while Thailand ranks 85th at $24,712.

Economic indicators

France Thailand
Gross domestic product
$3.16T
2024
$527B
2024
GDP rank
7/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP growth
1.19%
2023-2024
2.54%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$46,103
2024
$7,347
2024
GDP per capita rank
27/197
2024
100/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,557
2024
$24,712
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
30/197
2024
85/197
2024
Government debt
$3.58T
2024
$333B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.1%
2024
63.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$52,165
2024
$4,643
2024
Government debt per person rank
8/185
2024
84/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,669
2026
$6,733
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.37T
2018
$520B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,897,000
2025
100,001
2025
Number of billionaires
52
2025
25
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2023
26.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2023
3.4%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.2%
2024
22.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
7.44%
2024
0.78%
2024
Population
68788006
71571743

Spending and national debt comparison by year

France
Spending

Debt
Thailand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
France Thailand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.2% 113.1% 22.7% 63.2%
2023 56.8% 109.6% 22.8% 62.3%
2022 58.4% 111.4% 24.7% 60.5%
2021 59.5% 112.8% 26.8% 58.3%
2020 61.7% 114.9% 24.9% 49.4%
2019 55.3% 98.1% 20.6% 41.1%
2018 56.4% 98.5% 21.2% 41.9%
2017 57.7% 98.7% 21.5% 41.8%
2016 57.4% 98.1% 21.4% 41.7%
2015 57.6% 96.9% 22.3% 42.6%
2014 58.4% 96.1% 22.2% 43.3%
2013 58.6% 94.5% 21.6% 42.2%
2012 57.9% 91.7% 22.3% 41.9%
2011 57% 88.7% 21.1% 39.1%
2010 57.7% 86.3% 22% 39.8%
2009 58% 84.1% 21.7% 42.4%
2008 54.3% 69.8% 19.2% 34.9%
2007 53.6% 65.5% 20% 36%
2006 53.7% 65.4% 18.7% 39.2%
2005 54.3% 68.2% 19.6% 45.5%
2004 54% 66.9% 19.3% 46.3%
2003 54.4% 65.4% 18.3% 47.5%
2002 53.9% 61.3% 25.7% 54.9%
2001 52.8% 59.3% 20.8% 57.5%
2000 52.6% 59.7% 19.3% 57.8%
1999 53.7% 61.4% 26.5% 56.6%
1998 54% 62.1% 23.9% 49.9%
1997 55.6% 62% 21.6% 40.5%
1996 56% 60.6% 18% 15.2%
1995 56% 57.8% 17.2% 5.12%
1994 55.9% 51.6% 16% 6.69%
1993 56.5% 48.2% 18.8% 9.14%
1992 54% 41.7% 17.8% 11.4%
1991 52.7% 37.8% 17% 14.1%
1990 51.6% 36.8% 16.6% 18%
1989 48.9% 34% 16.5% 23.7%
1988 50.1% 33.3% 15.1% 30.3%
1987 50.7% 33.4% 17.5% 38.8%
1986 51.3% 31.1% 19.5% 40.1%
1985 51.9% 30.6% 20.5% 36.8%
1984 51.2% 29% 19.3% 30.6%
1983 50.2% 26.6% 19.5% 28.9%
1982 49.9% 25.3% 20.2% 27.1%
1981 48.5% 22% 19.1% 24.4%
1980 46% 20.7% 18.7% 22.1%
1979 44.9% 21.1% 16.9% 23.7%
1978 44.7% 21.2% 16.6% 22.8%
1977 21.4% 15% 16.1% 22.4%
1976 21.7% 15.1% 15.6% 22%
1975 22% 16.1% 14.2% 15.8%
1974 19.9% 15.4% 13.2% 16.3%
1973 19.7% 15.8% 15.9% 21.2%
1972 19.8% 17.7% 18.5% 26.8%
1971 20% 20.1% 18.8% 21.5%
1970 20.5% 21% 17.6% 18.5%
1969 21.5% 14.4% 15.9% 17.7%
1968 22.7% 15.8% 16% 15.5%
1967 21.4% 16.1% 15.5% 15%
1966 21.4% 15.3% 14.7% 14.4%
1965 21.1% 17.6% 14.7% 14.8%
1964 21% 19.6% 13.3% 13.3%
1963 22.6% 22.2% 12% 12.6%
1962 21.7% 23.6% 11.9% 13.4%
1961 21.9% 26.3% 9.58% 12.9%
1960 22.2% 28.5% 12.1% 14.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

In 2024, France's government spending was $1.81T, accounting for 57.2% of its GDP, while Thailand spent $120B, or 22.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.1% in France and 63.2% in Thailand, ranking 14/185 and 74/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
France

Thailand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
France Thailand
2024 -5.77% -1.29%
2023 -5.44% -1.98%
2022 -4.74% -4.61%
2021 -6.58% -6.74%
2020 -8.93% -4.47%
2019 -2.39% 0.43%
2018 -2.32% 0.2%
2017 -3.36% -0.42%
2016 -3.76% 0.41%
2015 -3.89% 0.19%
2014 -4.57% -0.7%
2013 -4.94% 0.6%
2012 -5.17% -0.86%
2011 -5.3% 0.09%
2010 -7.16% -1.07%
2009 -7.38% -2.21%
2008 -3.5% 0.8%
2007 -2.99% 0.22%
2006 -2.66% 1.87%
2005 -3.5% 2.17%
2004 -3.55% 1.11%
2003 -4.09% 1.98%
2002 -3.18% -6.72%
2001 -1.42% -1.77%
2000 -1.32% -1.79%
1999 -1.55% -9.02%
1998 -2.39% -6.29%
1997 -3.71% -1.68%
1996 -3.89% 2.75%
1995 -5.11% 3.05%
1994 -5.46% 2.78%
1993 -6.4% 6.67%
1992 -4.64% -0.18%
1991 -2.89% 1.6%
1990 -2.45% 1.41%
1989 -1.9% 0.16%
1988 -2.7% 0.58%
1987 -2.13% -2.38%
1986 -3.3% -4.32%
1985 -3.08% -5.11%
1984 -2.8% -3.85%
1983 -2.58% -4.02%
1982 -2.91% -6.18%
1981 -2.39% -4.07%
1980 -0.27% -4.41%
1979 -0.36% -3.62%
1978 -1.73% -3.31%
1977 0.9% -2.91%
1976 1.01% -3.35%
1975 -0.28% -1.73%
1974 3.05% 1.29%
1973 1.97% -2.7%
1972 1.94% -4.81%
1971 -0.13% -5.47%
1970 0.02% -3.73%
1969 -0.49% -2.53%
1968 -2.54% -2.79%
1967 -0.8% -2.1%
1966 -0.57% -1.13%
1965 -0.07% -1.05%
1964 -0.25% -1.01%
1963 -2.24% -0.81%
1962 -1.53% -0.27%
1961 -1.36% 0.05%
1960 -1.95% 0.48%
1959 0.56% -1.15%
1958 0.08% -0.91%
1957 -1.99% -1.31%
1956 -2.62% -1.38%
1955 -1.04% -1.65%
1954 -0.78% -3.46%
1953 -4.79% -3.56%
1952 -6.82% -2.4%
1951 -4.42% -3.54%
1950 -5.56% -0.7%
1949 -7.31% 0.7%
1948 -9.11% -0.1%
1947 -7.6% -
1946 -8.1% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -6.89% -
1936 -4.76% -
1935 -4.22% -
1934 -4.31% -
1933 -4.96% -
1932 -1.86% -
1931 -2.06% -
1930 -1.65% -
1929 1.48% -
1928 1.13% -
1927 -0.04% -
1926 -0.02% -
1925 -0.87% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.05% -
1912 0.23% -
1911 0.31% -
1910 -0.12% -
1909 -0.11% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.23% -
1906 -0.04% -
1905 0.18% -
1904 0.3% -
1903 0.21% -
1902 -0.37% -
1901 -0.39% -
1900 0.21% -
1899 0.21% -
1898 0.29% -
1897 0.01% -
1896 -0.03% -
1895 -0.07% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 -0.3% -
1892 -0.03% -
1891 0.36% -
1890 0.31% -
1889 0.09% -
1888 0.18% -
1887 -0.07% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 -0.59% -
1884 -0.35% -
1883 -0.23% -
1882 -0.15% -
1881 0.64% -
1880 0.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

In 2024, France's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $182B, equivalent to 5.77% of GDP. This compares to Thailand's deficit of $6.81B, or 1.29% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, France recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Thailand ran a deficit in 42 years. On average, France posted an annual deficit equal to 2.71% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.52% of GDP for Thailand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
France

Thailand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
France Thailand
2024 2% 1.37%
2023 4.88% 8.48%
2022 5.22% -1.61%
2021 1.64% 1.23%
2020 0.48% -0.85%
2019 1.11% 0.71%
2018 1.85% 1.06%
2017 1.03% 0.67%
2016 0.18% 0.19%
2015 0.04% -0.9%
2014 0.51% 1.9%
2013 0.86% 2.18%
2012 1.95% 3.01%
2011 2.11% 3.81%
2010 1.53% 3.25%
2009 0.09% -0.85%
2008 2.81% 5.47%
2007 1.49% 2.24%
2006 1.68% 4.64%
2005 1.75% 4.54%
2004 2.14% 2.76%
2003 2.1% 1.8%
2002 1.92% 0.7%
2001 1.63% 1.63%
2000 1.68% 1.59%
1999 0.54% 0.28%
1998 0.65% 7.99%
1997 1.2% 5.63%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, France has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.61%, compared with 2.25% in Thailand. In 2024, inflation was 2% in France and 1.37% in Thailand.

Top exports between countries

France
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $508M
Chemicals & pharma $406M
Machinery & equipment $350M
Textiles & consumer goods $269M
Business & finance services $237M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $173M
Metals $93.7M
Manufacturing & construction services $88.8M
Precious metals & jewellery $87M
Raw agricultural goods $69.4M
Thailand
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.06B
Raw materials & minerals $189M
Precious metals & jewellery $179M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $175M
Textiles & consumer goods $148M
Raw agricultural goods $78.8M
Chemicals & pharma $68.5M
Metals $47.9M
Wood & paper products $23.8M
Miscellaneous $11.4M

Balance of trade

France Thailand
Current account balance
$2.69B
2024
$11.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
42/190
2024
23/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2024
+2.21%
2024
Goods imports
$733B
2024
$276B
2024
Goods exports
$668B
2024
$297B
2024
Service imports
$341B
2024
$74B
2024
Service exports
$403B
2024
$71.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.2%
2024
66.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.9%
2024
70%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

France Thailand
Economic freedom 64.6 62.2
Economic freedom ranking 72/197 88/197
Property rights 91.2 41.8
Government integrity 73.4 38.9
Judicial effectiveness 84.7 35
Tax burden 54.6 80.8
Government spending 0.9 83.6
Fiscal health 34.8 81
Business freedom 78.4 69.9
Labor freedom 59.1 56.4
Monetary freedom 73.2 73.3
Trade freedom 79.4 70.2
Investment freedom 75 55
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

France
Thailand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
France Thailand
2026 64.6 62.2
2025 64.4 60.6
2024 62.5 59
2023 63.6 60.6
2022 65.9 63.2
2021 65.7 69.7
2020 66 69.4
2019 63.8 68.3
2018 63.9 67.1
2017 63.3 66.2
2016 62.3 63.9
2015 62.5 62.4
2014 63.5 63.3
2013 64.1 64.1
2012 63.2 64.9
2011 64.6 64.7
2010 64.2 64.1
2009 63.3 63
2008 64.7 62.3
2007 62.1 63.5
2006 61.1 63.3
2005 60.5 62.5
2004 60.9 63.7
2003 59.2 65.8
2002 58 69.1
2001 58 68.9
2000 57.4 66.6
1999 59.1 66.9
1998 58.9 67.3
1997 59.1 66.1
1996 63.7 71
1995 64.4 71.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/thailand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for France is 64.6, ranking 72/197, compared to 62.2 for Thailand, ranking 88/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

France Thailand
Services, % of GDP
70.9%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
32.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.3%
2024
8.71%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.1T
2024
$509B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,880
2024
$23,960
2024
Total reserves including gold
$283B
2024
$237B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2024
15/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$10.3B
2024
-$6.95B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$52.1B
2024
$14.3B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$41.7B
2024
$7.36B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.52%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.6%
2021
5.4%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
21.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.