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Economy of France vs Uganda compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

France has a GDP of $3.37T compared to $62B for Uganda, ranking 7/197 and 89/197 by economy size, respectively.

France has $3.9T in government debt (116% of GDP), compared to $33.6B (54.2% of GDP) in Uganda.

France vs Uganda GDP by year

France
Uganda
1x
Year GDP, current $
France Uganda
2025 $3,366,315,927,447 $61,985,829,288
2024 $3,160,442,622,465 $53,911,907,079
2023 $3,056,250,648,138 $48,768,955,863
2022 $2,794,788,137,067 $45,565,333,211
2021 $2,966,433,692,008 $40,529,788,749
2020 $2,647,926,055,110 $37,600,368,242
2019 $2,722,793,515,172 $35,353,061,003
2018 $2,781,576,320,884 $32,927,025,620
2017 $2,588,868,323,335 $30,744,473,841
2016 $2,470,407,619,777 $29,203,988,696
2015 $2,442,483,452,643 $32,387,183,730
2014 $2,861,236,112,552 $32,612,397,257
2013 $2,816,077,607,875 $28,915,786,517
2012 $2,683,007,095,787 $27,305,915,911
2011 $2,870,408,553,990 $27,871,725,241
2010 $2,646,230,027,988 $26,673,441,431
2009 $2,700,075,882,519 $25,127,805,567
2008 $2,926,802,941,586 $14,440,404,132
2007 $2,655,816,911,867 $11,902,564,495
2006 $2,317,861,544,691 $9,977,647,683
2005 $2,192,146,403,028 $9,239,221,763
2004 $2,109,792,297,237 $7,939,487,548
2003 $1,835,095,983,049 $6,606,884,275
2002 $1,492,427,756,382 $6,178,563,591
2001 $1,370,376,677,299 $5,840,503,869
2000 $1,360,959,069,477 $6,193,246,837
1999 $1,486,915,879,702 $5,998,563,258
1998 $1,496,906,382,032 $6,584,815,847
1997 $1,449,392,222,971 $6,269,333,313
1996 $1,598,889,216,566 $6,044,585,327
1995 $1,595,219,345,512 $5,755,818,842
1994 $1,385,822,778,828 $3,990,430,447
1993 $1,314,383,368,080 $3,220,439,044
1992 $1,389,663,073,110 $2,857,457,762
1991 $1,258,961,748,634 $3,321,729,160
1990 $1,257,649,439,827 $4,304,399,310
1989 $1,016,742,237,302 $5,276,480,799
1988 $1,010,827,662,152 $6,508,931,652
1987 $926,320,855,615 $6,269,522,042
1986 $764,946,585,851 $3,923,244,050
1985 $547,220,981,165 $3,519,695,444
1984 $525,033,325,828 $3,615,647,477
1983 $553,356,312,936 $2,240,333,333
1982 $578,152,310,610 $2,177,500,000
1981 $609,184,791,792 $1,337,300,000
1980 $694,529,183,483 $1,244,610,000
1979 $608,218,624,730 $2,139,025,000
1978 $501,724,418,605 $2,420,260,870
1977 $406,401,711,688 $2,936,470,588
1976 $368,363,152,144 $2,447,300,000
1975 $357,324,307,786 $2,359,555,556
1974 $282,739,225,314 $2,098,944,967
1973 $261,970,536,240 $1,701,829,789
1972 $201,738,881,664 $1,490,970,181
1971 $164,694,210,962 $1,417,191,656
1970 $147,312,861,698 $1,259,554,809
1969 $140,660,914,841 $1,168,556,629
1968 $128,710,572,572 $1,037,379,252
1967 $118,088,635,381 $967,240,655
1966 $109,306,730,313 $925,381,492
1965 $100,927,668,584 $884,502,310
1964 $93,424,179,943 $589,247,687
1963 $84,227,606,650 $516,315,231
1962 $75,196,980,365 $449,158,233
1961 $67,158,050,215 $441,667,335
1960 $61,959,085,885 $423,145,605

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

GDP per capita in France vs Uganda by year

France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uganda
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
France Uganda
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $48,986 - $1,206 -
2024 $46,103 $62,557 $1,078 $3,273
2023 $44,700 $60,839 $1,002 $3,098
2022 $40,989 $57,043 $963 $2,919
2021 $43,725 $52,517 $883 $2,685
2020 $39,170 $49,482 $846 $2,532
2019 $40,408 $51,130 $822 $2,441
2018 $41,418 $46,381 $792 $2,312
2017 $38,687 $44,469 $765 $2,158
2016 $37,024 $42,880 $753 $2,165
2015 $36,702 $40,905 $863 $2,190
2014 $43,148 $40,218 $896 $2,134
2013 $42,669 $39,583 $818 $2,045
2012 $40,864 $37,671 $795 $2,032
2011 $43,930 $37,510 $836 $2,268
2010 $40,695 $35,908 $823 $2,092
2009 $41,728 $34,685 $799 $2,015
2008 $45,465 $35,053 $473 $1,931
2007 $41,486 $34,066 $401 $1,795
2006 $36,432 $32,424 $347 $1,660
2005 $34,696 $30,431 $330 $1,497
2004 $33,645 $28,921 $292.4 $1,405
2003 $29,480 $28,024 $250.7 $1,320
2002 $24,145 $28,350 $242 $1,255
2001 $22,332 $27,347 $236 $1,173
2000 $22,341 $26,007 $258.1 $1,124
1999 $24,576 $24,204 $257.9 $1,100
1998 $24,869 $23,263 $292.5 $1,037
1997 $24,169 $22,190 $286.8 $1,007
1996 $26,758 $21,268 $284.7 $969
1995 $26,792 $20,701 $278.5 $897
1994 $23,360 $19,892 $198.4 $809
1993 $22,239 $19,094 $165.6 $770
1992 $23,615 $18,801 $152.1 $719
1991 $21,501 $18,198 $183 $703
1990 $21,586 $17,475 $245 $666
1989 $17,547 - $310 -
1988 $17,550 - $395 -
1987 $16,176 - $393 -
1986 $13,430 - $253.6 -
1985 $9,657 - $234.3 -
1984 $9,312 - $247.5 -
1983 $9,862 - $157.5 -
1982 $10,360 - $157 -
1981 $10,956 - $98.6 -
1980 $12,565 - $93.8 -
1979 $11,063 - $164.5 -
1978 $9,167 - $190.7 -
1977 $7,459 - $237.6 -
1976 $6,792 - $203.3 -
1975 $6,617 - $201.2 -
1974 $5,261 - $183.7 -
1973 $4,907 - $152.7 -
1972 $3,809 - $137 -
1971 $3,137 - $133.5 -
1970 $2,833 - $122 -
1969 $2,729 - $116.7 -
1968 $2,518 - $106.9 -
1967 $2,328 - $102.8 -
1966 $2,173 - $101.4 -
1965 $2,024 - $100 -
1964 $1,891 - $68.6 -
1963 $1,723 - $62 -
1962 $1,554 - $55.5 -
1961 $1,402 - $56.2 -
1960 $1,307 - $55.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

France's GDP per capita is $48,986, ranking 27/197, compared to $1,206 in Uganda, ranking 173/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), France ranks 30th at $62,557, while Uganda ranks 176th at $3,273.

Economic indicators

France Uganda
Gross domestic product
$3.37T
2025
$62B
2025
GDP rank
7/197
2025
89/197
2025
GDP growth
0.84%
2024-2025
6.33%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$48,986
2025
$1,206
2025
GDP per capita rank
27/197
2025
173/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,557
2024
$3,273
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
30/197
2024
176/197
2024
Government debt
$3.9T
2025
$33.6B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
116%
2025
54.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$56,819
2025
$654
2025
Government debt per person rank
8/185
2025
157/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,062
2026
$1,595
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.37T
2018
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,388,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
51
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2023
34.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2023
2.4%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.5%
2025
22.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.94%
2024-2025
3.6%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
9.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
7.7%
2025
3.42%
2021
Population
68871753
53495325

Spending and national debt comparison by year

France
Spending

Debt
Uganda
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
France Uganda
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 57.5% 116% 22.2% 54.2%
2024 57.3% 113.2% 18.4% 51.8%
2023 56.8% 109.6% 19.3% 50.4%
2022 58.4% 111.4% 19.5% 49.9%
2021 59.5% 112.8% 22% 50.3%
2020 61.7% 114.9% 21.4% 46.8%
2019 55.3% 98.2% 18.3% 38%
2018 56.4% 98.5% 16.2% 35%
2017 57.7% 98.8% 16.3% 33.6%
2016 57.4% 98.1% 15.2% 31.3%
2015 57.6% 97% 14.9% 28%
2014 58.4% 96.2% 13.6% 24.8%
2013 58.6% 94.6% 13.3% 22.1%
2012 57.9% 91.7% 13.1% 19.5%
2011 57% 88.7% 13.2% 18%
2010 57.7% 86.3% 15.4% 18.4%
2009 58% 84.1% 11.8% 14.8%
2008 54.3% 69.8% 12.9% 15.7%
2007 53.6% 65.5% 13.2% 17%
2006 53.7% 65.4% 13.7% 27.8%
2005 54.3% 68.2% 14.5% 42.6%
2004 54% 66.9% 15.6% 49%
2003 54.4% 65.4% 16.5% 55.1%
2002 53.9% 61.3% 16.8% 54.7%
2001 52.8% 59.3% 16.2% 51.4%
2000 52.6% 59.7% 15.2% 48.5%
1999 53.7% 61.4% 14.7% 47.7%
1998 54% 62.1% 14% 45.1%
1997 55.6% 62% 13.9% 44.2%
1996 56% 60.6% - -
1995 56% 57.8% - -
1994 55.9% 51.6% - -
1993 56.5% 48.2% - -
1992 54% 41.7% - -
1991 52.7% 37.8% - -
1990 51.6% 36.8% - -
1989 48.9% 34% - -
1988 50.1% 33.3% - -
1987 50.7% 33.4% - -
1986 51.3% 31.1% - -
1985 51.9% 30.6% - -
1984 51.2% 29% - -
1983 50.2% 26.6% - -
1982 49.9% 25.3% - -
1981 48.5% 22% - -
1980 46% 20.7% - -
1979 44.9% 21.1% - -
1978 44.7% 21.2% - -
1977 21.4% 15% - -
1976 21.7% 15.1% - -
1975 22% 16.1% - -
1974 19.9% 15.4% - -
1973 19.7% 15.8% - -
1972 19.8% 17.7% - -
1971 20% 20.1% - -
1970 20.5% 21% - -
1969 21.5% 14.4% - -
1968 22.7% 15.8% - -
1967 21.4% 16.1% - -
1966 21.4% 15.3% - -
1965 21.1% 17.6% - -
1964 21% 19.6% - -
1963 22.6% 22.2% - -
1962 21.7% 23.6% - -
1961 21.9% 26.3% - -
1960 22.2% 28.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

In 2025, France's government spending was $1.93T, accounting for 57.5% of its GDP, while Uganda spent $13.8B, or 22.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 116% in France and 54.2% in Uganda, ranking 13/185 and 93/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
France

Uganda
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
France Uganda
2025 -5.11% -7.13%
2024 -5.79% -3.93%
2023 -5.44% -4.87%
2022 -4.74% -5.44%
2021 -6.58% -7.76%
2020 -8.93% -7.76%
2019 -2.39% -4.82%
2018 -2.32% -3.02%
2017 -3.36% -3.83%
2016 -3.76% -2.64%
2015 -3.89% -2.59%
2014 -4.57% -2.74%
2013 -4.94% -3.19%
2012 -5.17% -2.39%
2011 -5.3% -2.04%
2010 -7.16% -4.64%
2009 -7.38% -1.61%
2008 -3.5% -1.99%
2007 -2.99% -0.82%
2006 -2.66% -0.64%
2005 -3.5% -0.17%
2004 -3.55% 0.34%
2003 -4.09% -0.97%
2002 -3.18% -2.07%
2001 -1.42% -0.99%
2000 -1.32% -0.62%
1999 -1.55% -1.24%
1998 -2.39% -0.7%
1997 -3.71% -0.83%
1996 -3.89% -
1995 -5.11% -
1994 -5.46% -
1993 -6.4% -
1992 -4.64% -
1991 -2.89% -
1990 -2.45% -
1989 -1.9% -
1988 -2.7% -
1987 -2.13% -
1986 -3.3% -
1985 -3.08% -
1984 -2.8% -
1983 -2.58% -
1982 -2.91% -
1981 -2.39% -
1980 -0.27% -
1979 -0.36% -
1978 -1.73% -
1977 0.9% -
1976 1.01% -
1975 -0.28% -
1974 3.05% -
1973 1.97% -
1972 1.94% -
1971 -0.13% -
1970 0.02% -
1969 -0.49% -
1968 -2.54% -
1967 -0.8% -
1966 -0.57% -
1965 -0.07% -
1964 -0.25% -
1963 -2.24% -
1962 -1.53% -
1961 -1.36% -
1960 -1.95% -
1959 0.56% -
1958 0.08% -
1957 -1.99% -
1956 -2.62% -
1955 -1.04% -
1954 -0.78% -
1953 -4.79% -
1952 -6.82% -
1951 -4.42% -
1950 -5.56% -
1949 -7.31% -
1948 -9.11% -
1947 -7.6% -
1946 -8.1% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -6.89% -
1936 -4.76% -
1935 -4.22% -
1934 -4.31% -
1933 -4.96% -
1932 -1.86% -
1931 -2.06% -
1930 -1.65% -
1929 1.48% -
1928 1.13% -
1927 -0.04% -
1926 -0.02% -
1925 -0.87% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.05% -
1912 0.23% -
1911 0.31% -
1910 -0.12% -
1909 -0.11% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.23% -
1906 -0.04% -
1905 0.18% -
1904 0.3% -
1903 0.21% -
1902 -0.37% -
1901 -0.39% -
1900 0.21% -
1899 0.21% -
1898 0.29% -
1897 0.01% -
1896 -0.03% -
1895 -0.07% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 -0.3% -
1892 -0.03% -
1891 0.36% -
1890 0.31% -
1889 0.09% -
1888 0.18% -
1887 -0.07% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 -0.59% -
1884 -0.35% -
1883 -0.23% -
1882 -0.15% -
1881 0.64% -
1880 0.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

In 2025, France's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $172B, equivalent to 5.11% of GDP. This compares to Uganda's deficit of $4.42B, or 7.13% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, France recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Uganda ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, France posted an annual deficit equal to 4.16% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.8% of GDP for Uganda.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
France

Uganda
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
France Uganda
2025 0.94% 3.6%
2024 2% 3.3%
2023 4.88% 5.4%
2022 5.22% 7.2%
2021 1.64% 2.2%
2020 0.48% 2.8%
2019 1.11% 2.1%
2018 1.85% 2.5%
2017 1.03% 5.6%
2016 0.18% 5.2%
2015 0.04% 3.7%
2014 0.51% 4.3%
2013 0.86% 5.5%
2012 1.95% 14%
2011 2.11% 18.7%
2010 1.53% 4%
2009 0.09% 13%
2008 2.81% 12%
2007 1.49% 6.1%
2006 1.68% 7.2%
2005 1.75% 8.6%
2004 2.14% 3.7%
2003 2.1% 8.7%
2002 1.92% -0.3%
2001 1.63% 1.9%
2000 1.68% 3.4%
1999 0.54% 5.8%
1998 0.65% 5.8%
1997 1.2% 7.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, France has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.59%, compared with 5.99% in Uganda. In 2025, inflation was 0.94% in France and 3.6% in Uganda.

Top exports between countries

France
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $22.6M
Chemicals & pharma $10.6M
Raw materials & minerals $6.79M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.38M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.2M
Metals $2.36M
Animal & marine products $889K
Raw agricultural goods $432K
Miscellaneous $265K
Wood & paper products $190K
Uganda
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $11.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.63M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.2M
Machinery & equipment $1.04M
Chemicals & pharma $763K
Miscellaneous $50K
Metals $34K
Animal & marine products $16K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

France Uganda
Current account balance
-$9.24B
2025
-$4.19B
2024
Current account balance ranking
173/190
2025
160/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.27%
2025
-7.78%
2024
Goods imports
$770B
2025
$11.7B
2024
Goods exports
$704B
2025
$8.67B
2024
Service imports
$370B
2025
$4.45B
2024
Service exports
$429B
2025
$2.56B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.8%
2025
28.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.4%
2025
21.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

France Uganda
Economic freedom 64.6 52.4
Economic freedom ranking 72/197 149/197
Property rights 91.2 42.2
Government integrity 73.4 25.1
Judicial effectiveness 84.7 29.4
Tax burden 54.6 73.4
Government spending 0.9 89
Fiscal health 34.8 58.3
Business freedom 78.4 50.2
Labor freedom 59.1 55.9
Monetary freedom 73.2 77.1
Trade freedom 79.4 58
Investment freedom 75 30
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

France
Uganda
1x
Year Economic freedom index
France Uganda
2026 64.6 52.4
2025 64.4 51.3
2024 62.5 50.7
2023 63.6 51.4
2022 65.9 54.2
2021 65.7 58.6
2020 66 59.5
2019 63.8 59.7
2018 63.9 62
2017 63.3 60.9
2016 62.3 59.3
2015 62.5 59.7
2014 63.5 59.9
2013 64.1 61.1
2012 63.2 61.9
2011 64.6 61.7
2010 64.2 62.2
2009 63.3 63.5
2008 64.7 63.8
2007 62.1 63.1
2006 61.1 63.9
2005 60.5 62.9
2004 60.9 64.1
2003 59.2 60.1
2002 58 61
2001 58 60.4
2000 57.4 58.2
1999 59.1 64.8
1998 58.9 64.7
1997 59.1 66.6
1996 63.7 66.2
1995 64.4 62.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for France is 64.6, ranking 72/197, compared to 52.4 for Uganda, ranking 149/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

France Uganda
Services, % of GDP
70.9%
2025
42.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
16.8%
2025
24.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.4%
2025
26.1%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$3.34T
2025
$57.8B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$65,110
2025
$3,410
2025
Total reserves including gold
$428B
2025
$3.48B
2024
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2025
116/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$7.24B
2025
-$3.26B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$52.1B
2024
$3.26B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$41.7B
2024
$400K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.97%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.6%
2021
16.1%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
22.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/uganda | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.