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Economy of Congo vs France compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Congo has a GDP of $16.3B compared to $3.37T for France, ranking 143/197 and 7/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Congo has $15.8B in government debt (96.8% of GDP), compared to $3.9T (116% of GDP) in France.

Congo vs France GDP by year

Congo
France
1x
Year GDP, current $
Congo France
2025 $16,306,633,779 $3,366,315,927,447
2024 $15,719,986,077 $3,160,442,622,465
2023 $15,321,055,823 $3,056,250,648,138
2022 $15,817,030,155 $2,794,788,137,067
2021 $14,825,690,211 $2,966,433,692,008
2020 $11,468,687,464 $2,647,926,055,110
2019 $13,976,637,780 $2,722,793,515,172
2018 $14,773,900,289 $2,781,576,320,884
2017 $11,834,473,039 $2,588,868,323,335
2016 $10,931,328,151 $2,470,407,619,777
2015 $12,434,793,867 $2,442,483,452,643
2014 $17,919,321,078 $2,861,236,112,552
2013 $17,958,720,699 $2,816,077,607,875
2012 $17,692,911,296 $2,683,007,095,787
2011 $15,655,383,577 $2,870,408,553,990
2010 $13,148,396,212 $2,646,230,027,988
2009 $9,723,299,915 $2,700,075,882,519
2008 $11,649,857,673 $2,926,802,941,586
2007 $8,782,703,437 $2,655,816,911,867
2006 $8,072,305,029 $2,317,861,544,691
2005 $6,650,001,680 $2,192,146,403,028
2004 $4,656,974,940 $2,109,792,297,237
2003 $3,503,723,088 $1,835,095,983,049
2002 $3,034,250,924 $1,492,427,756,382
2001 $2,796,704,604 $1,370,376,677,299
2000 $3,227,927,698 $1,360,959,069,477
1999 $2,354,772,960 $1,486,915,879,702
1998 $1,949,481,379 $1,496,906,382,032
1997 $2,322,719,103 $1,449,392,222,971
1996 $2,540,697,539 $1,598,889,216,566
1995 $2,116,003,868 $1,595,219,345,512
1994 $1,769,365,438 $1,385,822,778,828
1993 $2,684,323,623 $1,314,383,368,080
1992 $2,933,222,703 $1,389,663,073,110
1991 $2,724,853,506 $1,258,961,748,634
1990 $2,798,746,050 $1,257,649,439,827
1989 $2,389,593,026 $1,016,742,237,302
1988 $2,212,536,312 $1,010,827,662,152
1987 $2,297,753,652 $926,320,855,615
1986 $1,849,268,212 $764,946,585,851
1985 $2,160,872,540 $547,220,981,165
1984 $2,193,581,365 $525,033,325,828
1983 $2,097,274,290 $553,356,312,936
1982 $2,160,640,565 $578,152,310,610
1981 $1,993,512,323 $609,184,791,792
1980 $1,705,796,853 $694,529,183,483
1979 $1,198,749,667 $608,218,624,730
1978 $878,771,772 $501,724,418,605
1977 $765,224,029 $406,401,711,688
1976 $754,549,601 $368,363,152,144
1975 $767,102,680 $357,324,307,786
1974 $585,364,634 $282,739,225,314
1973 $541,973,363 $261,970,536,240
1972 $410,669,264 $201,738,881,664
1971 $322,128,019 $164,694,210,962
1970 $274,960,700 $147,312,861,698
1969 $265,040,036 $140,660,914,841
1968 $251,247,458 $128,710,572,572
1967 $237,397,428 $118,088,635,381
1966 $220,613,582 $109,306,730,313
1965 $198,318,064 $100,927,668,584
1964 $185,693,725 $93,424,179,943
1963 $172,233,431 $84,227,606,650
1962 $166,521,240 $75,196,980,365
1961 $151,675,739 $67,158,050,215
1960 $131,731,863 $61,959,085,885

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

GDP per capita in Congo vs France by year

Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Congo France
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,515 - $48,986 -
2024 $2,482 $7,026 $46,103 $62,557
2023 $2,478 $6,850 $44,700 $60,839
2022 $2,621 $6,647 $40,989 $57,043
2021 $2,516 $6,263 $43,725 $52,517
2020 $1,994 $4,771 $39,170 $49,482
2019 $2,488 $5,720 $40,408 $51,130
2018 $2,694 $5,593 $41,418 $46,381
2017 $2,212 $4,445 $38,687 $44,469
2016 $2,093 $4,016 $37,024 $42,880
2015 $2,439 $4,715 $36,702 $40,905
2014 $3,601 $5,733 $43,148 $40,218
2013 $3,697 $5,834 $42,669 $39,583
2012 $3,732 $6,058 $40,864 $37,671
2011 $3,396 $5,175 $43,930 $37,510
2010 $2,947 $5,125 $40,695 $35,908
2009 $2,271 $4,801 $41,728 $34,685
2008 $2,832 $4,448 $45,465 $35,053
2007 $2,206 $4,243 $41,486 $34,066
2006 $2,104 $4,588 $36,432 $32,424
2005 $1,799 $4,279 $34,696 $30,431
2004 $1,306 $3,992 $33,645 $28,921
2003 $1,017 $3,887 $29,480 $28,024
2002 $906 $3,888 $24,145 $28,350
2001 $855 $3,748 $22,332 $27,347
2000 $1,024 $3,667 $22,341 $26,007
1999 $776 $3,464 $24,576 $24,204
1998 $660 $3,602 $24,869 $23,263
1997 $804 $3,510 $24,169 $22,190
1996 $899 $3,547 $26,758 $21,268
1995 $770 $3,434 $26,792 $20,701
1994 $662 $3,327 $23,360 $19,892
1993 $1,034 $3,550 $22,239 $19,094
1992 $1,164 $3,608 $23,615 $18,801
1991 $1,113 $3,536 $21,501 $18,198
1990 $1,176 $3,437 $21,586 $17,475
1989 $1,033 - $17,547 -
1988 $984 - $17,550 -
1987 $1,052 - $16,176 -
1986 $872 - $13,430 -
1985 $1,049 - $9,657 -
1984 $1,097 - $9,312 -
1983 $1,075 - $9,862 -
1982 $1,131 - $10,360 -
1981 $1,066 - $10,956 -
1980 $933 - $12,565 -
1979 $670 - $11,063 -
1978 $503 - $9,167 -
1977 $448 - $7,459 -
1976 $453 - $6,792 -
1975 $471 - $6,617 -
1974 $370 - $5,261 -
1973 $353 - $4,907 -
1972 $276.3 - $3,809 -
1971 $223.5 - $3,137 -
1970 $196.7 - $2,833 -
1969 $195.4 - $2,729 -
1968 $190.8 - $2,518 -
1967 $185.7 - $2,328 -
1966 $177.6 - $2,173 -
1965 $164.2 - $2,024 -
1964 $158.1 - $1,891 -
1963 $150.7 - $1,723 -
1962 $149.6 - $1,554 -
1961 $139.9 - $1,402 -
1960 $124.7 - $1,307 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

The Congo's GDP per capita is $2,515, ranking 153/197, compared to $48,986 in France, ranking 27/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Congo ranks 148th at $7,026, while France ranks 30th at $62,557.

Economic indicators

Congo France
Gross domestic product
$16.3B
2025
$3.37T
2025
GDP rank
143/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP growth
3.08%
2024-2025
0.84%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,515
2025
$48,986
2025
GDP per capita rank
153/197
2025
27/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,026
2024
$62,557
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
148/197
2024
30/197
2024
Government debt
$15.8B
2025
$3.9T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
96.8%
2025
116%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,435
2025
$56,819
2025
Government debt per person rank
114/185
2025
8/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,494
2026
$35,062
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.37T
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
2,388,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
51
2026
Income share by richest 10%
37.9%
2011
25%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.6%
2011
3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
23.9%
2025
57.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.6%
2024-2025
0.94%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
10%
2012
7.7%
2025
Population
6718789
68871753

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Congo
Spending

Debt
France
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Congo France
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 23.9% 96.8% 57.5% 116%
2024 21.7% 98% 57.3% 113.2%
2023 20.7% 102.9% 56.8% 109.6%
2022 22.8% 93.5% 58.4% 111.4%
2021 20.9% 97.8% 59.5% 112.8%
2020 21.1% 102.5% 61.7% 114.9%
2019 20.2% 77.6% 55.3% 98.2%
2018 17.8% 71.2% 56.4% 98.5%
2017 26.6% 88.5% 57.7% 98.8%
2016 38.8% 84.5% 57.4% 98.1%
2015 41.3% 74.2% 57.6% 97%
2014 48.6% 42.3% 58.4% 96.2%
2013 42.4% 33.9% 58.6% 94.6%
2012 30.7% 30.2% 57.9% 91.7%
2011 27.9% 34.4% 57% 88.7%
2010 23% 43.5% 57.7% 86.3%
2009 24.4% 83.8% 58% 84.1%
2008 24.2% 69.6% 54.3% 69.8%
2007 28.6% 93.8% 53.6% 65.5%
2006 26.6% 94.7% 53.7% 65.4%
2005 22.1% 99.8% 54.3% 68.2%
2004 24.4% 122.6% 54% 66.9%
2003 27% 185.3% 54.4% 65.4%
2002 32.1% 163.5% 53.9% 61.3%
2001 29.1% 180.1% 52.8% 59.3%
2000 22.6% 145% 52.6% 59.7%
1999 28.8% 0% 53.7% 61.4%
1998 25.1% 0% 54% 62.1%
1997 22.2% 0% 55.6% 62%
1996 15.7% 0% 56% 60.6%
1995 27.6% 0% 56% 57.8%
1994 30.7% 0% 55.9% 51.6%
1993 32.8% 0% 56.5% 48.2%
1992 32.8% 0% 54% 41.7%
1991 34.1% 0% 52.7% 37.8%
1990 30.4% 0% 51.6% 36.8%
1989 20.3% 151.7% 48.9% 34%
1988 - - 50.1% 33.3%
1987 - - 50.7% 33.4%
1986 - - 51.3% 31.1%
1985 - - 51.9% 30.6%
1984 - - 51.2% 29%
1983 - - 50.2% 26.6%
1982 - - 49.9% 25.3%
1981 - - 48.5% 22%
1980 - - 46% 20.7%
1979 - - 44.9% 21.1%
1978 - - 44.7% 21.2%
1977 - - 21.4% 15%
1976 - - 21.7% 15.1%
1975 - - 22% 16.1%
1974 - - 19.9% 15.4%
1973 - - 19.7% 15.8%
1972 - - 19.8% 17.7%
1971 - - 20% 20.1%
1970 - - 20.5% 21%
1969 - - 21.5% 14.4%
1968 - - 22.7% 15.8%
1967 - - 21.4% 16.1%
1966 - - 21.4% 15.3%
1965 - - 21.1% 17.6%
1964 - - 21% 19.6%
1963 - - 22.6% 22.2%
1962 - - 21.7% 23.6%
1961 - - 21.9% 26.3%
1960 - - 22.2% 28.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

In 2025, the Congo's government spending was $3.9B, accounting for 23.9% of its GDP, while France spent $1.93T, or 57.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 96.8% in the Congo and 116% in France, ranking 27/185 and 13/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Congo

France
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Congo France
2025 0.28% -5.11%
2024 3.62% -5.79%
2023 5.81% -5.44%
2022 8.94% -4.74%
2021 1.63% -6.58%
2020 -1.1% -8.93%
2019 4.3% -2.39%
2018 5.22% -2.32%
2017 -5.57% -3.36%
2016 -14.5% -3.76%
2015 -17.8% -3.89%
2014 -10.7% -4.57%
2013 -2.85% -4.94%
2012 7.24% -5.17%
2011 16.1% -5.3%
2010 15.5% -7.16%
2009 4.76% -7.38%
2008 23.9% -3.5%
2007 8.99% -2.99%
2006 16% -2.66%
2005 13.4% -3.5%
2004 3.33% -3.55%
2003 0.37% -4.09%
2002 -7.34% -3.18%
2001 -0.71% -1.42%
2000 1.05% -1.32%
1999 -4.75% -1.55%
1998 -5.16% -2.39%
1997 3.67% -3.71%
1996 9.2% -3.89%
1995 -6.38% -5.11%
1994 -10.6% -5.46%
1993 -11.3% -6.4%
1992 -12.7% -4.64%
1991 -11.2% -2.89%
1990 -4.1% -2.45%
1989 0.78% -1.9%
1988 - -2.7%
1987 - -2.13%
1986 - -3.3%
1985 - -3.08%
1984 - -2.8%
1983 - -2.58%
1982 - -2.91%
1981 - -2.39%
1980 - -0.27%
1979 - -0.36%
1978 - -1.73%
1977 - 0.9%
1976 - 1.01%
1975 - -0.28%
1974 - 3.05%
1973 - 1.97%
1972 - 1.94%
1971 - -0.13%
1970 - 0.02%
1969 - -0.49%
1968 - -2.54%
1967 - -0.8%
1966 - -0.57%
1965 - -0.07%
1964 - -0.25%
1963 - -2.24%
1962 - -1.53%
1961 - -1.36%
1960 - -1.95%
1959 - 0.56%
1958 - 0.08%
1957 - -1.99%
1956 - -2.62%
1955 - -1.04%
1954 - -0.78%
1953 - -4.79%
1952 - -6.82%
1951 - -4.42%
1950 - -5.56%
1949 - -7.31%
1948 - -9.11%
1947 - -7.6%
1946 - -8.1%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -6.89%
1936 - -4.76%
1935 - -4.22%
1934 - -4.31%
1933 - -4.96%
1932 - -1.86%
1931 - -2.06%
1930 - -1.65%
1929 - 1.48%
1928 - 1.13%
1927 - -0.04%
1926 - -0.02%
1925 - -0.87%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.05%
1912 - 0.23%
1911 - 0.31%
1910 - -0.12%
1909 - -0.11%
1908 - -0.15%
1907 - 0.23%
1906 - -0.04%
1905 - 0.18%
1904 - 0.3%
1903 - 0.21%
1902 - -0.37%
1901 - -0.39%
1900 - 0.21%
1899 - 0.21%
1898 - 0.29%
1897 - 0.01%
1896 - -0.03%
1895 - -0.07%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - -0.3%
1892 - -0.03%
1891 - 0.36%
1890 - 0.31%
1889 - 0.09%
1888 - 0.18%
1887 - -0.07%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - -0.59%
1884 - -0.35%
1883 - -0.23%
1882 - -0.15%
1881 - 0.64%
1880 - 0.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

In 2025, the Congo's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.6M, equivalent to 0.28% of GDP. This compares to France's deficit of $172B, or 5.11% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, the Congo recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while France ran a deficit in 37 years. On average, the Congo posted an annual surplus equal to 0.73% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.15% of GDP for France.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Congo

France
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Congo France
2025 2.6% 0.94%
2024 3.1% 2%
2023 4.3% 4.88%
2022 3% 5.22%
2021 2% 1.64%
2020 1.4% 0.48%
2019 0.4% 1.11%
2018 1.2% 1.85%
2017 0.4% 1.03%
2016 3.2% 0.18%
2015 3.2% 0.04%
2014 0.9% 0.51%
2013 4.6% 0.86%
2012 5% 1.95%
2011 1.8% 2.11%
2010 0.4% 1.53%
2009 4.3% 0.09%
2008 6% 2.81%
2007 2.6% 1.49%
2006 4.7% 1.68%
2005 2.5% 1.75%
2004 3.7% 2.14%
2003 1.7% 2.1%
2002 3% 1.92%
2001 0.8% 1.63%
2000 0.5% 1.68%
1999 3% 0.54%
1998 2.2% 0.65%
1997 12.7% 1.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Congo has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.94%, compared with 1.59% in France. In 2025, inflation was 2.6% in the Congo and 0.94% in France.

Top exports between countries

Congo
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $13.6M
Machinery & equipment $4.94M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.64M
Chemicals & pharma $1.19M
Miscellaneous $658K
Precious metals & jewellery $554K
Metals $388K
Textiles & consumer goods $134K
Raw agricultural goods $70K
Animal & marine products $5K
France
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $143M
Metals $77.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $67.3M
Chemicals & pharma $62.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $25.8M
Animal & marine products $20M
Raw materials & minerals $15.3M
Raw agricultural goods $10.5M
Precious metals & jewellery $6.88M
Wood & paper products $6.38M

Balance of trade

Congo France
Current account balance
$1.72B
2021
-$9.24B
2025
Current account balance ranking
46/190
2021
173/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+11.6%
2021
-0.27%
2025
Goods imports
$2.78B
2021
$770B
2025
Goods exports
$7.51B
2021
$704B
2025
Service imports
$1.71B
2021
$370B
2025
Service exports
$240M
2021
$429B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.6%
2025
33.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48%
2025
33.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Congo France
Economic freedom 48.6 64.6
Economic freedom ranking 169/197 72/197
Property rights 28.7 91.2
Government integrity 13.9 73.4
Judicial effectiveness 15.4 84.7
Tax burden 73.7 54.6
Government spending 85.8 0.9
Fiscal health 80.8 34.8
Business freedom 35.8 78.4
Labor freedom 52.4 59.1
Monetary freedom 78.4 73.2
Trade freedom 52.8 79.4
Investment freedom 35 75
Financial freedom 30 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Congo
France
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Congo France
2026 48.6 64.6
2025 48.6 64.4
2024 47.8 62.5
2023 48.1 63.6
2022 48.5 65.9
2021 50.7 65.7
2020 41.8 66
2019 39.7 63.8
2018 38.9 63.9
2017 40 63.3
2016 42.8 62.3
2015 42.7 62.5
2014 43.7 63.5
2013 43.5 64.1
2012 43.8 63.2
2011 43.6 64.6
2010 43.2 64.2
2009 45.4 63.3
2008 45.3 64.7
2007 44.4 62.1
2006 43.8 61.1
2005 46.2 60.5
2004 45.9 60.9
2003 47.7 59.2
2002 45.3 58
2001 44.3 58
2000 40.6 57.4
1999 41.6 59.1
1998 33.8 58.9
1997 42.2 59.1
1996 40.3 63.7
1995 - 64.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Congo is 48.6, ranking 169/197, compared to 64.6 for France, ranking 72/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Congo France
Services, % of GDP
54.3%
2025
70.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
35.6%
2025
16.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
10.1%
2025
1.4%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$14.8B
2025
$3.34T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$6,490
2025
$65,110
2025
Total reserves including gold
$759M
2024
$428B
2025
Total reserves ranking
147/177
2024
12/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$330M
2021
$7.24B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$604M
2024
$52.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$25.4M
2024
$41.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.67%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
40.9%
2011
15.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.4%
2025
21.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/congo/france | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.