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Economy of Bangladesh vs France compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bangladesh has a GDP of $456B compared to $3.37T for France, ranking 38/197 and 7/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bangladesh has $192B in government debt (42% of GDP), compared to $3.9T (116% of GDP) in France.

Bangladesh vs France GDP by year

Bangladesh
France
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bangladesh France
2025 $456,319,229,256 $3,366,315,927,447
2024 $450,119,432,069 $3,160,442,622,465
2023 $437,415,333,018 $3,056,250,648,138
2022 $460,131,689,083 $2,794,788,137,067
2021 $416,271,647,911 $2,966,433,692,008
2020 $373,979,442,362 $2,647,926,055,110
2019 $351,231,654,604 $2,722,793,515,172
2018 $321,362,752,442 $2,781,576,320,884
2017 $293,732,446,625 $2,588,868,323,335
2016 $265,224,515,675 $2,470,407,619,777
2015 $195,146,608,978 $2,442,483,452,643
2014 $172,886,611,654 $2,861,236,112,552
2013 $149,998,957,434 $2,816,077,607,875
2012 $133,310,747,603 $2,683,007,095,787
2011 $128,607,482,310 $2,870,408,553,990
2010 $115,275,540,051 $2,646,230,027,988
2009 $102,475,158,191 $2,700,075,882,519
2008 $91,636,997,371 $2,926,802,941,586
2007 $79,611,644,975 $2,655,816,911,867
2006 $71,795,736,172 $2,317,861,544,691
2005 $69,476,001,239 $2,192,146,403,028
2004 $65,108,544,250 $2,109,792,297,237
2003 $60,158,929,188 $1,835,095,983,049
2002 $54,724,081,491 $1,492,427,756,382
2001 $53,991,289,844 $1,370,376,677,299
2000 $53,369,787,319 $1,360,959,069,477
1999 $51,270,569,884 $1,486,915,879,702
1998 $49,984,559,471 $1,496,906,382,032
1997 $48,244,309,133 $1,449,392,222,971
1996 $46,438,484,108 $1,598,889,216,566
1995 $37,939,748,769 $1,595,219,345,512
1994 $33,768,660,883 $1,385,822,778,828
1993 $33,166,519,418 $1,314,383,368,080
1992 $31,708,874,594 $1,389,663,073,110
1991 $30,957,483,950 $1,258,961,748,634
1990 $31,598,340,778 $1,257,649,439,827
1989 $28,781,715,189 $1,016,742,237,302
1988 $26,579,005,558 $1,010,827,662,152
1987 $24,298,032,258 $926,320,855,615
1986 $21,774,033,333 $764,946,585,851
1985 $22,278,423,077 $547,220,981,165
1984 $18,920,840,000 $525,033,325,828
1983 $17,609,048,822 $553,356,312,936
1982 $18,525,399,202 $578,152,310,610
1981 $20,249,694,002 $609,184,791,792
1980 $18,138,049,096 $694,529,183,483
1979 $15,565,480,322 $608,218,624,730
1978 $13,281,767,143 $501,724,418,605
1977 $9,651,149,302 $406,401,711,688
1976 $10,117,113,333 $368,363,152,144
1975 $19,448,348,073 $357,324,307,786
1974 $12,512,460,520 $282,739,225,314
1973 $8,086,725,729 $261,970,536,240
1972 $6,288,245,867 $201,738,881,664
1971 $8,751,843,188 $164,694,210,962
1970 $8,992,722,167 $147,312,861,698
1969 $8,471,006,438 $140,660,914,841
1968 $7,483,685,771 $128,710,572,572
1967 $7,253,575,688 $118,088,635,381
1966 $6,439,687,854 $109,306,730,313
1965 $5,906,636,792 $100,927,668,584
1964 $5,386,054,833 $93,424,179,943
1963 $5,319,458,563 $84,227,606,650
1962 $5,081,413,542 $75,196,980,365
1961 $4,817,580,375 $67,158,050,215
1960 $4,274,894,083 $61,959,085,885

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bangladesh vs France by year

Bangladesh
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bangladesh France
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,597 - $48,986 -
2024 $2,593 $9,647 $46,103 $62,557
2023 $2,551 $9,148 $44,700 $60,839
2022 $2,716 $8,451 $40,989 $57,043
2021 $2,483 $7,441 $43,725 $52,517
2020 $2,249 $6,641 $39,170 $49,482
2019 $2,130 $6,047 $40,408 $51,130
2018 $1,965 $5,490 $41,418 $46,381
2017 $1,811 $4,883 $38,687 $44,469
2016 $1,649 $4,579 $37,024 $42,880
2015 $1,224 $4,212 $36,702 $40,905
2014 $1,094 $3,973 $43,148 $40,218
2013 $958 $3,691 $42,669 $39,583
2012 $860 $3,434 $40,864 $37,671
2011 $837 $3,051 $43,930 $37,510
2010 $757 $2,834 $40,695 $35,908
2009 $679 $2,675 $41,728 $34,685
2008 $613 $2,555 $45,465 $35,053
2007 $538 $2,388 $41,486 $34,066
2006 $490 $2,195 $36,432 $32,424
2005 $480 $2,020 $34,696 $30,431
2004 $456 $1,862 $33,645 $28,921
2003 $427 $1,746 $29,480 $28,024
2002 $394 $1,659 $24,145 $28,350
2001 $395 $1,598 $22,332 $27,347
2000 $397 $1,512 $22,341 $26,007
1999 $388 $1,430 $24,576 $24,204
1998 $386 $1,373 $24,869 $23,263
1997 $379 $1,315 $24,169 $22,190
1996 $372 $1,261 $26,758 $21,268
1995 $309 $1,206 $26,792 $20,701
1994 $280.6 $1,145 $23,360 $19,892
1993 $280.8 $1,099 $22,239 $19,094
1992 $273.5 $1,045 $23,615 $18,801
1991 $272.1 $987 $21,501 $18,198
1990 $283.1 $941 $21,586 $17,475
1989 $263 - $17,547 -
1988 $247.9 - $17,550 -
1987 $231.5 - $16,176 -
1986 $212.1 - $13,430 -
1985 $222.2 - $9,657 -
1984 $193.4 - $9,312 -
1983 $184.7 - $9,862 -
1982 $199.6 - $10,360 -
1981 $224.2 - $10,956 -
1980 $206.1 - $12,565 -
1979 $181.1 - $11,063 -
1978 $158.3 - $9,167 -
1977 $117.9 - $7,459 -
1976 $126.7 - $6,792 -
1975 $249.8 - $6,617 -
1974 $165 - $5,261 -
1973 $109.7 - $4,907 -
1972 $87.8 - $3,809 -
1971 $124.5 - $3,137 -
1970 $130.2 - $2,833 -
1969 $125.9 - $2,729 -
1968 $114.4 - $2,518 -
1967 $114.2 - $2,328 -
1966 $104.4 - $2,173 -
1965 $98.6 - $2,024 -
1964 $92.6 - $1,891 -
1963 $94.1 - $1,723 -
1962 $92.6 - $1,554 -
1961 $90.4 - $1,402 -
1960 $82.5 - $1,307 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

Bangladesh's GDP per capita is $2,597, ranking 151/197, compared to $48,986 in France, ranking 27/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bangladesh ranks 135th at $9,647, while France ranks 30th at $62,557.

Economic indicators

Bangladesh France
Gross domestic product
$456B
2025
$3.37T
2025
GDP rank
38/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP growth
3.49%
2024-2025
0.84%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,597
2025
$48,986
2025
GDP per capita rank
151/197
2025
27/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$9,647
2024
$62,557
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
135/197
2024
30/197
2024
Government debt
$192B
2025
$3.9T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
42%
2025
116%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,092
2025
$56,819
2025
Government debt per person rank
143/185
2025
8/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,829
2026
$35,062
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$26.2B
2025
$2.37T
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
2,388,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
51
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2022
25%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2022
3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
10.9%
2025
57.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
10%
2024-2025
0.94%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
10%
2024
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.64%
2024
7.7%
2025
Population
178936470
68871753

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bangladesh
Spending

Debt
France
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bangladesh France
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 10.9% 42% 57.5% 116%
2024 12% 41% 57.3% 113.2%
2023 12.6% 39.7% 56.8% 109.6%
2022 13% 37.9% 58.4% 111.4%
2021 12.9% 35.6% 59.5% 112.8%
2020 13.3% 34.5% 61.7% 114.9%
2019 13.6% 32% 55.3% 98.2%
2018 13% 29.6% 56.4% 98.5%
2017 12.2% 28.3% 57.7% 98.8%
2016 11.6% 27.7% 57.4% 98.1%
2015 11.5% 28.2% 57.6% 97%
2014 11.7% 28.7% 58.4% 96.2%
2013 12.1% 28.3% 58.6% 94.6%
2012 11.7% 29.1% 57.9% 91.7%
2011 11.5% 29.4% 57% 88.7%
2010 10.6% 29.6% 57.7% 86.3%
2009 10.6% 33% 58% 84.1%
2008 11.5% 33.9% 54.3% 69.8%
2007 9.63% 35% 53.6% 65.5%
2006 10.1% 35.3% 53.7% 65.4%
2005 10.3% 35.6% 54.3% 68.2%
2004 9.88% 36.6% 54% 66.9%
2003 10.2% 37% 54.4% 65.4%
2002 10.4% 38.9% 53.9% 61.3%
2001 10.7% 37.1% 52.8% 59.3%
2000 9.76% 31.2% 52.6% 59.7%
1999 8.66% 32.7% 53.7% 61.4%
1998 9.82% 31.1% 54% 62.1%
1997 9.89% 29.1% 55.6% 62%
1996 9.79% 31% 56% 60.6%
1995 10.5% 32.9% 56% 57.8%
1994 10% 35.5% 55.9% 51.6%
1993 9.74% 34.1% 56.5% 48.2%
1992 8.8% 33.1% 54% 41.7%
1991 8.86% 31.8% 52.7% 37.8%
1990 9.14% 31.5% 51.6% 36.8%
1989 - - 48.9% 34%
1988 - - 50.1% 33.3%
1987 - - 50.7% 33.4%
1986 - - 51.3% 31.1%
1985 - - 51.9% 30.6%
1984 - - 51.2% 29%
1983 - - 50.2% 26.6%
1982 - - 49.9% 25.3%
1981 - - 48.5% 22%
1980 - - 46% 20.7%
1979 - - 44.9% 21.1%
1978 - - 44.7% 21.2%
1977 - - 21.4% 15%
1976 - - 21.7% 15.1%
1975 - - 22% 16.1%
1974 - - 19.9% 15.4%
1973 - - 19.7% 15.8%
1972 - - 19.8% 17.7%
1971 - - 20% 20.1%
1970 - - 20.5% 21%
1969 - - 21.5% 14.4%
1968 - - 22.7% 15.8%
1967 - - 21.4% 16.1%
1966 - - 21.4% 15.3%
1965 - - 21.1% 17.6%
1964 - - 21% 19.6%
1963 - - 22.6% 22.2%
1962 - - 21.7% 23.6%
1961 - - 21.9% 26.3%
1960 - - 22.2% 28.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2002, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

In 2025, Bangladesh's government spending was $49.6B, accounting for 10.9% of its GDP, while France spent $1.93T, or 57.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42% in Bangladesh and 116% in France, ranking 124/185 and 13/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bangladesh

France
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bangladesh France
2025 -2.93% -5.11%
2024 -3.7% -5.79%
2023 -4.39% -5.44%
2022 -4.53% -4.74%
2021 -3.56% -6.58%
2020 -4.84% -8.93%
2019 -5.41% -2.39%
2018 -4.07% -2.32%
2017 -4.17% -3.36%
2016 -3.16% -3.76%
2015 -3.29% -3.89%
2014 -2.62% -4.57%
2013 -2.86% -4.94%
2012 -2.56% -5.17%
2011 -2.96% -5.3%
2010 -2.23% -7.16%
2009 -2.68% -7.38%
2008 -3.36% -3.5%
2007 -1.86% -2.99%
2006 -2.15% -2.66%
2005 -2.4% -3.5%
2004 -2.21% -3.55%
2003 -1.96% -4.09%
2002 -2.3% -3.18%
2001 -3.44% -1.42%
2000 -2.5% -1.32%
1999 -1.35% -1.55%
1998 -2.2% -2.39%
1997 -1.94% -3.71%
1996 -2.01% -3.89%
1995 -0.38% -5.11%
1994 0.03% -5.46%
1993 0.43% -6.4%
1992 0.36% -4.64%
1991 0.44% -2.89%
1990 -0.15% -2.45%
1989 - -1.9%
1988 - -2.7%
1987 - -2.13%
1986 - -3.3%
1985 - -3.08%
1984 - -2.8%
1983 - -2.58%
1982 - -2.91%
1981 - -2.39%
1980 - -0.27%
1979 - -0.36%
1978 - -1.73%
1977 - 0.9%
1976 - 1.01%
1975 - -0.28%
1974 - 3.05%
1973 - 1.97%
1972 - 1.94%
1971 - -0.13%
1970 - 0.02%
1969 - -0.49%
1968 - -2.54%
1967 - -0.8%
1966 - -0.57%
1965 - -0.07%
1964 - -0.25%
1963 - -2.24%
1962 - -1.53%
1961 - -1.36%
1960 - -1.95%
1959 - 0.56%
1958 - 0.08%
1957 - -1.99%
1956 - -2.62%
1955 - -1.04%
1954 - -0.78%
1953 - -4.79%
1952 - -6.82%
1951 - -4.42%
1950 - -5.56%
1949 - -7.31%
1948 - -9.11%
1947 - -7.6%
1946 - -8.1%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -6.89%
1936 - -4.76%
1935 - -4.22%
1934 - -4.31%
1933 - -4.96%
1932 - -1.86%
1931 - -2.06%
1930 - -1.65%
1929 - 1.48%
1928 - 1.13%
1927 - -0.04%
1926 - -0.02%
1925 - -0.87%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.05%
1912 - 0.23%
1911 - 0.31%
1910 - -0.12%
1909 - -0.11%
1908 - -0.15%
1907 - 0.23%
1906 - -0.04%
1905 - 0.18%
1904 - 0.3%
1903 - 0.21%
1902 - -0.37%
1901 - -0.39%
1900 - 0.21%
1899 - 0.21%
1898 - 0.29%
1897 - 0.01%
1896 - -0.03%
1895 - -0.07%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - -0.3%
1892 - -0.03%
1891 - 0.36%
1890 - 0.31%
1889 - 0.09%
1888 - 0.18%
1887 - -0.07%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - -0.59%
1884 - -0.35%
1883 - -0.23%
1882 - -0.15%
1881 - 0.64%
1880 - 0.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

In 2025, Bangladesh's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.4B, equivalent to 2.93% of GDP. This compares to France's deficit of $172B, or 5.11% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Bangladesh recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while France ran a deficit in 36 years. On average, Bangladesh posted an annual deficit equal to 2.47% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.21% of GDP for France.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bangladesh

France
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bangladesh France
2025 10% 0.94%
2024 9.7% 2%
2023 9% 4.88%
2022 6.1% 5.22%
2021 5.6% 1.64%
2020 5.6% 0.48%
2019 5.5% 1.11%
2018 5.8% 1.85%
2017 5.4% 1.03%
2016 5.9% 0.18%
2015 6.4% 0.04%
2014 7.3% 0.51%
2013 6.8% 0.86%
2012 8.9% 1.95%
2011 8.8% 2.11%
2010 7.3% 1.53%
2009 6.7% 0.09%
2008 9.9% 2.81%
2007 7.2% 1.49%
2006 7.2% 1.68%
2005 6.5% 1.75%
2004 8.1% 2.14%
2003 3.9% 2.1%
2002 2.4% 1.92%
2001 1.8% 1.63%
2000 3.6% 1.68%
1999 8.9% 0.54%
1998 6.7% 0.65%
1997 2.7% 1.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bangladesh has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.54%, compared with 1.59% in France. In 2025, inflation was 10% in Bangladesh and 0.94% in France.

Top exports between countries

Bangladesh
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $2.09B
Animal & marine products $27.6M
Machinery & equipment $8.9M
Wood & paper products $1.11M
Chemicals & pharma $995K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $975K
Raw agricultural goods $588K
Metals $200K
Precious metals & jewellery $21K
Miscellaneous $6K
France
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $70.9M
Machinery & equipment $54.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $27.7M
Animal & marine products $15.3M
Raw agricultural goods $14.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.74M
Metals $3.02M
Raw materials & minerals $2.82M
Wood & paper products $1.76M
Miscellaneous $253K

Balance of trade

Bangladesh France
Current account balance
-$239M
2025
-$9.24B
2025
Current account balance ranking
93/190
2025
173/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.05%
2025
-0.27%
2025
Goods imports
$66B
2025
$770B
2025
Goods exports
$43.8B
2025
$704B
2025
Service imports
$14.7B
2025
$370B
2025
Service exports
$8.42B
2025
$429B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.8%
2025
33.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.1%
2025
33.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bangladesh France
Economic freedom 54.8 64.6
Economic freedom ranking 131/197 72/197
Property rights 32.1 91.2
Government integrity 22.7 73.4
Judicial effectiveness 36.7 84.7
Tax burden 79.9 54.6
Government spending 95.3 0.9
Fiscal health 68.4 34.8
Business freedom 52.7 78.4
Labor freedom 50.5 59.1
Monetary freedom 65.8 73.2
Trade freedom 63 79.4
Investment freedom 50 75
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bangladesh
France
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bangladesh France
2026 54.8 64.6
2025 54.7 64.4
2024 54.4 62.5
2023 54.4 63.6
2022 52.7 65.9
2021 56.5 65.7
2020 56.4 66
2019 55.6 63.8
2018 55.1 63.9
2017 55 63.3
2016 53.3 62.3
2015 53.9 62.5
2014 54.1 63.5
2013 52.6 64.1
2012 53.2 63.2
2011 53 64.6
2010 51.1 64.2
2009 47.5 63.3
2008 44.2 64.7
2007 46.7 62.1
2006 52.9 61.1
2005 47.5 60.5
2004 50 60.9
2003 49.3 59.2
2002 51.9 58
2001 51.2 58
2000 48.9 57.4
1999 50 59.1
1998 52 58.9
1997 49.9 59.1
1996 51.1 63.7
1995 40.9 64.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bangladesh/france | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bangladesh is 54.8, ranking 131/197, compared to 64.6 for France, ranking 72/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bangladesh France
Services, % of GDP
52.1%
2025
70.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34%
2025
16.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
11.4%
2025
1.4%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$499B
2025
$3.34T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$10,710
2025
$65,110
2025
Total reserves including gold
$28.6B
2025
$428B
2025
Total reserves ranking
58/177
2025
12/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.84B
2025
$7.24B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.28B
2024
$52.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$34.1M
2024
$41.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.83%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.7%
2022
15.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
21.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2002, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.