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Economy of Finland vs Trinidad and Tobago compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Finland has a GDP of $299B compared to $25.6B for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 47/197 and 115/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $247B in government debt (88% of GDP), compared to $16.5B (69.3% of GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Finland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Finland Trinidad
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,279,481,824 $49,407,156,991 $535,673,252 $3,624,450,730
1961 $5,984,433,774 $53,164,408,474 $584,964,621 $4,133,217,448
1962 $6,407,796,043 $54,749,742,179 $619,322,810 $4,246,569,413
1963 $6,958,916,548 $56,548,325,760 $678,239,329 $4,484,572,525
1964 $7,848,987,793 $59,510,715,323 $711,897,520 $4,826,767,822
1965 $8,680,393,839 $62,666,483,933 $736,573,159 $4,860,258,364
1966 $9,306,142,172 $64,153,448,687 $723,739,857 $5,057,430,373
1967 $9,468,272,357 $65,544,827,212 $761,981,912 $5,160,729,284
1968 $8,916,565,041 $67,054,514,651 $758,899,950 $5,429,868,625
1969 $10,177,524,839 $73,487,247,215 $779,200,000 $5,578,141,212
1970 $11,358,529,162 $78,977,062,520 $821,850,000 $5,775,252,400
1971 $12,528,522,307 $80,838,489,675 $896,765,215 $5,835,334,420
1972 $14,744,499,570 $87,091,738,772 $1,083,391,758 $6,172,636,987
1973 $19,474,098,335 $93,174,076,320 $1,308,785,431 $6,274,881,828
1974 $24,851,036,710 $96,189,686,453 $2,042,001,071 $6,513,804,480
1975 $29,475,251,333 $97,925,812,134 $2,442,669,825 $6,610,076,255
1976 $31,852,352,670 $98,263,052,167 $2,500,424,955 $7,033,461,248
1977 $33,502,784,418 $98,498,402,622 $3,138,666,667 $7,675,038,841
1978 $36,259,392,058 $101,374,267,934 $3,562,333,458 $8,443,807,609
1979 $44,469,218,440 $108,594,068,216 $4,602,416,625 $8,747,731,277
1980 $53,649,984,061 $114,446,254,119 $6,235,833,333 $9,656,691,425
1981 $52,440,066,134 $115,921,906,116 $6,992,083,333 $10,098,698,332
1982 $52,784,013,815 $119,500,085,463 $8,140,416,667 $10,482,380,002
1983 $50,956,447,481 $123,209,187,440 $7,763,750,000 $9,402,660,429
1984 $52,870,993,273 $127,184,572,428 $7,757,083,333 $8,861,922,250
1985 $55,856,676,899 $131,686,975,464 $7,375,918,367 $8,496,862,492
1986 $73,511,611,541 $135,315,082,419 $4,794,444,444 $8,218,236,517
1987 $91,564,993,913 $140,133,697,120 $4,797,777,778 $7,843,338,767
1988 $109,039,090,263 $147,464,248,897 $4,496,910,569 $7,535,901,531
1989 $118,991,270,611 $154,961,227,426 $4,323,058,824 $7,473,360,014
1990 $141,446,120,355 $156,033,016,628 $5,068,000,000 $7,586,145,560
1991 $127,794,441,994 $146,857,345,005 $5,307,905,882 $7,822,257,351
1992 $112,537,828,511 $141,994,349,627 $5,439,552,941 $8,611,756,183
1993 $89,112,105,756 $140,887,056,303 $4,669,491,134 $8,554,133,650
1994 $103,182,697,780 $146,472,344,494 $4,947,181,646 $8,859,275,047
1995 $134,060,457,516 $152,674,521,262 $5,329,217,747 $9,196,805,731
1996 $131,991,975,149 $158,266,465,562 $5,759,570,336 $9,852,949,764
1997 $126,862,902,302 $168,391,880,312 $5,737,771,523 $10,594,172,851
1998 $133,990,876,725 $177,576,428,489 $6,043,686,654 $11,454,903,204
1999 $135,234,241,918 $185,370,756,399 $6,808,982,521 $12,374,138,298
2000 $125,967,821,111 $196,036,503,504 $8,154,342,116 $13,228,122,078
2001 $129,519,672,869 $201,212,380,923 $8,824,849,191 $13,779,539,519
2002 $140,360,963,812 $204,607,490,635 $9,008,298,229 $14,873,181,567
2003 $171,612,867,736 $208,723,783,983 $11,305,459,802 $17,021,016,161
2004 $197,458,297,640 $217,083,963,685 $13,280,291,990 $18,374,195,713
2005 $204,859,368,791 $223,113,056,548 $15,982,389,018 $19,515,038,111
2006 $217,044,068,234 $232,081,249,320 $18,369,361,094 $22,092,595,781
2007 $256,360,251,538 $244,411,266,035 $21,641,620,050 $23,142,924,113
2008 $285,698,662,071 $246,328,504,349 $27,871,587,350 $23,927,871,251
2009 $253,480,783,439 $226,434,937,569 $19,172,165,226 $22,877,023,931
2010 $249,429,613,683 $233,609,048,325 $22,157,920,592 $23,637,278,844
2011 $275,126,915,516 $239,193,226,293 $25,433,007,437 $23,567,701,471
2012 $257,443,384,493 $235,550,695,854 $27,147,349,937 $25,149,270,115
2013 $270,268,036,626 $233,242,909,052 $28,560,537,057 $25,996,346,050
2014 $273,478,528,955 $232,127,848,351 $29,474,180,005 $26,950,637,731
2015 $233,210,733,506 $233,210,733,506 $26,841,141,793 $26,841,141,793
2016 $238,777,818,793 $239,208,760,000 $23,624,322,193 $24,818,295,900
2017 $253,846,138,440 $247,110,710,502 $23,830,750,901 $23,608,962,518
2018 $273,869,255,596 $250,058,685,919 $23,883,058,083 $23,385,751,653
2019 $267,014,821,129 $253,433,824,169 $23,477,745,792 $23,495,134,888
2020 $270,000,311,606 $247,120,696,232 $20,888,515,184 $21,430,194,901
2021 $294,223,210,496 $253,734,502,126 $24,222,963,263 $21,276,595,988
2022 $280,253,099,309 $255,670,602,725 $28,341,164,301 $21,459,842,974
2023 $295,021,982,463 $253,269,616,816 $25,036,993,423 $21,774,542,875
2024 $298,696,961,298 $254,323,653,957 $25,633,544,529 $22,320,911,477

Economic indicators

Finland Trinidad
Gross domestic product
$299B
2024
$25.6B
2024
GDP rank
47/197
2024
115/197
2024
GDP growth
1.25%
2023-2024
2.38%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,150
2024
$18,733
2024
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2024
61/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,289
2024
$36,329
2024
Government debt
$247B
2024
$16.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
88%
2026
69.3%
2026
Government debt per person
$43,865
2024
$12,079
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2024
45/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,252
2026
$11,432
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
$3.89B
2001
Number of billionaires
7
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
29.9%
1992
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.1%
1992
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56.7%
2026
32.8%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
1.57%
2023-2024
0.53%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.5%
2020
Unemployment rate
8.34%
2024
3.36%
2023
Population
5624333
1373327

GDP per capita in Finland vs Trinidad and Tobago

Finland's GDP per capita is $53,150, ranking 23/197, compared to $18,733 in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 61/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 28th at $64,289, while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 62nd at $36,329.

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Finland Trinidad
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,192 - $634 -
1961 $1,341 - $678 -
1962 $1,427 - $704 -
1963 $1,538 - $756 -
1964 $1,726 - $780 -
1965 $1,902 - $793 -
1966 $2,032 - $768 -
1967 $2,056 - $797 -
1968 $1,927 - $783 -
1969 $2,201 - $795 -
1970 $2,466 - $829 -
1971 $2,716 - $894 -
1972 $3,178 - $1,067 -
1973 $4,174 - $1,273 -
1974 $5,298 - $1,962 -
1975 $6,256 - $2,319 -
1976 $6,740 - $2,345 -
1977 $7,070 - $2,907 -
1978 $7,629 - $3,258 -
1979 $9,333 - $4,155 -
1980 $11,225 - $5,559 -
1981 $10,925 - $6,160 -
1982 $10,935 - $7,091 -
1983 $10,494 - $6,690 -
1984 $10,830 - $6,613 -
1985 $11,394 - $6,212 -
1986 $14,947 - $3,985 -
1987 $18,565 - $3,941 -
1988 $22,044 - $3,656 -
1989 $23,969 - $3,482 -
1990 $28,366 $18,135 $4,047 $6,878
1991 $25,489 $17,550 $4,205 $7,274
1992 $22,320 $17,260 $4,277 $8,129
1993 $17,589 $17,446 $3,647 $8,209
1994 $20,278 $18,445 $3,840 $8,631
1995 $26,246 $19,555 $4,115 $9,099
1996 $25,757 $20,060 $4,427 $9,883
1997 $24,682 $21,782 $4,394 $10,769
1998 $26,000 $23,568 $4,613 $11,735
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $5,179 $12,812
2000 $24,336 $26,777 $6,179 $13,953
2001 $24,965 $27,801 $6,657 $14,797
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $6,763 $16,141
2003 $32,920 $29,046 $8,445 $18,743
2004 $37,768 $31,199 $9,871 $20,674
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $12,346 $23,536
2006 $41,214 $34,448 $14,153 $27,393
2007 $48,473 $37,844 $16,607 $29,355
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $21,299 $30,807
2009 $47,478 $37,969 $14,634 $29,602
2010 $46,506 $38,951 $16,815 $30,778
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $19,151 $31,078
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $20,332 $31,883
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $21,305 $31,746
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $21,908 $32,027
2015 $42,560 $42,269 $19,887 $29,825
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $17,449 $28,232
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $17,566 $28,484
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $17,571 $28,673
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $17,213 $29,316
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $15,284 $26,731
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $17,713 $30,482
2022 $50,441 $61,347 $20,751 $32,979
2023 $52,834 $61,613 $18,308 $34,623
2024 $53,150 $64,289 $18,733 $36,329

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Finland's government spending was $172B, accounting for 56.7% of its GDP, while Trinidad and Tobago's spent $8.25B, or 32.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 88% in Finland and 69.3% in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 31/185 and 55/185, respectively.

Finland
Government spending

Government debt
Trinidad and Tobago
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Finland Trinidad
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 22.5% 9.96% - -
1961 22.7% 9.12% - -
1962 23.9% 10.3% - -
1963 21.6% 12.2% - -
1964 22.8% 12.5% - -
1965 23.2% 13% - -
1966 23.3% 13.7% - -
1967 23.5% 14.2% - -
1968 25.5% 13.9% - -
1969 22.2% 10.8% - -
1970 21.9% 9.19% - -
1971 22.8% 7.94% - -
1972 20.4% 6.46% - -
1973 21.8% 4.42% - -
1974 22.9% 2.97% - -
1975 38.6% 6.76% - -
1976 39.8% 7.09% - -
1977 41.7% 8.22% - -
1978 41.3% 10.7% - -
1979 40.3% 11% - -
1980 40.1% 10.9% - -
1981 41% 11.5% - -
1982 42.7% 13.9% - -
1983 44.4% 15.4% - -
1984 44.4% 15.2% - -
1985 46.3% 15.8% - -
1986 46.9% 16.4% - -
1987 47.8% 17.6% - -
1988 46.4% 16.5% 45.3% 65.3%
1989 44.4% 14.3% 30.9% 51.9%
1990 47.1% 13.9% 26.9% 47.7%
1991 55.8% 21.9% 29.6% 49.5%
1992 60.8% 39.3% 28.6% 49.2%
1993 63.7% 54.2% 26.9% 58.8%
1994 62.2% 56.2% 25.4% 52.6%
1995 60% 55.2% 26.2% 50.1%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 27.6% 47%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 27.2% 46.1%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 26.9% 42.8%
1999 49.9% 44% 24.1% 42.2%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 23.1% 38.9%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 24.8% 36.6%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 24.4% 37%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 22.2% 30.2%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 22.5% 24.2%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 26.7% 19.8%
2006 48.3% 38% 31.6% 16.9%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 25.7% 16.2%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 26.7% 13.5%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 37% 20.7%
2010 54% 50.1% 30.4% 16.8%
2011 53.8% 52% 29.4% 26.4%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 29.5% 21.8%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 31.3% 21.6%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 32.8% 23.5%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 35% 27.1%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 31.9% 35.4%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 30.7% 39.8%
2018 52.9% 65.3% 30.2% 41.5%
2019 52.6% 65.2% 31% 46%
2020 56.4% 75.4% 36% 62.2%
2021 55.1% 73.2% 30.4% 58.5%
2022 52.6% 74% 27.1% 51%
2023 55.8% 77.3% 32.9% 61.1%
2024 57.4% 82.5% 32.2% 64.5%
2025 57.5% 86.4% 32.4% 67.2%
2026 56.7% 88% 32.8% 69.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$12.6B, equivalent to -4.21% of GDP. This compares to Trinidad and Tobago's deficit of -$1.52B, or -5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Trinidad and Tobago ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Finland posted an annual deficit equal to -0.23% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.22% of GDP for Trinidad and Tobago.

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Trinidad
1882 0.2% -
1883 0% -
1884 -0.2% -
1885 -1.2% -
1886 0% -
1887 -1.46% -
1888 -0.59% -
1889 0.18% -
1890 0.17% -
1891 0.16% -
1892 0.82% -
1893 0% -
1894 -0.62% -
1895 -1.21% -
1896 -0.56% -
1897 -0.37% -
1898 -4.55% -
1899 -1% -
1900 -0.52% -
1901 -2.13% -
1902 -1.74% -
1903 -0.3% -
1904 -1.63% -
1905 -1.28% -
1906 0.86% -
1907 0.24% -
1908 -1.92% -
1909 -2.64% -
1910 -0.3% -
1911 -0.14% -
1912 0.33% -
1913 -0.25% -
1914 -1.15% -
1915 -0.29% -
1916 1.48% -
1917 -1.27% -
1918 -11.4% -
1919 -7.49% -
1920 -2.6% -
1921 -2.59% -
1922 0.62% -
1923 -2.3% -
1924 0.04% -
1925 -2.92% -
1926 -2.9% -
1927 -0.32% -
1928 -2.07% -
1929 -0.78% -
1930 -1.94% -
1931 -2.32% -
1932 -2.61% -
1933 -1.63% -
1934 -2.81% -
1935 -3.81% -
1936 -3.75% -
1937 -4.44% -
1938 -1.48% -
1939 -9.76% -
1940 -36.9% -
1941 -35.8% -
1942 -16.4% -
1943 -14.2% -
1944 -21.5% -
1945 -6.35% -
1946 -15.3% -
1947 -5.99% -
1948 1.88% -
1949 -2.77% -
1950 -0.26% -
1951 1.1% -
1952 -1.24% -
1953 0.02% -
1954 -0.17% -
1955 -1% -
1956 -1.14% -
1957 0.08% -
1958 -1.73% -
1959 -0.12% -
1960 -0.52% -
1961 -3.03% -
1962 -2.37% -
1963 -2.5% -
1964 -1.35% -
1965 -1.67% -
1966 -1.08% -
1967 -0.26% -
1968 -1.69% -
1969 0.94% -
1970 1.06% -
1971 0.15% -
1972 -0.18% -
1973 1.48% -
1974 -0.03% -
1975 4.96% -
1976 7.65% -
1977 6.27% -
1978 3.83% -
1979 3.41% -
1980 3.7% -
1981 5.11% -
1982 3.06% -
1983 1.52% -
1984 3.23% -
1985 3.33% -
1986 3.83% -
1987 1.63% -
1988 5.09% -9.34%
1989 6.73% -4.46%
1990 6.63% -1.27%
1991 0.3% -0.21%
1992 -4.88% -2.74%
1993 -8.09% 0.23%
1994 -6.41% -0.02%
1995 -5.98% 0.17%
1996 -3.37% -0.45%
1997 -1.33% 0.11%
1998 1.54% -1.8%
1999 1.6% -0.88%
2000 6.73% 0.17%
2001 4.89% 0.61%
2002 3.97% -0.2%
2003 2.34% 1.8%
2004 2.16% 1.84%
2005 2.59% 2.36%
2006 3.93% 1.56%
2007 5.12% 3.12%
2008 4.18% 5.39%
2009 -2.48% -5.42%
2010 -2.57% 0.13%
2011 -1.01% -0.67%
2012 -2.15% -1.26%
2013 -2.52% -2.67%
2014 -2.99% -4.31%
2015 -2.43% -7.56%
2016 -1.68% -10.1%
2017 -0.61% -10.4%
2018 -1.13% -5.89%
2019 -0.93% -3.72%
2020 -5.53% -12.1%
2021 -2.69% -8.1%
2022 -0.17% 0.92%
2023 -3% -1.19%
2024 -4.21% -5.92%
2025 -3.51% -3.39%
2026 -2.94% -4.28%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 4.88% in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2024, inflation was 1.57% in Finland and 0.53% in Trinidad and Tobago.

Inflation
Finland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Inflation
Finland Trinidad
1997 1.19% 3.63%
1998 1.4% 5.61%
1999 1.16% 3.44%
2000 3.04% 3.56%
2001 2.58% 5.54%
2002 1.57% 4.15%
2003 0.88% 3.81%
2004 0.19% 3.72%
2005 0.62% 6.87%
2006 1.57% 8.33%
2007 2.51% 7.89%
2008 4.07% 12%
2009 -0% 6.98%
2010 1.18% 10.5%
2011 3.42% 5.11%
2012 2.81% 9.26%
2013 1.48% 5.2%
2014 1.04% 5.68%
2015 -0.21% 4.66%
2016 0.36% 3.07%
2017 0.75% 1.88%
2018 1.08% 1.02%
2019 1.02% 1%
2020 0.29% 0.6%
2021 2.19% 2.06%
2022 7.12% 5.83%
2023 6.25% 4.63%
2024 1.57% 0.53%

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.26M
Wood & paper products $421K
Textiles & consumer goods $42K
Chemicals & pharma $39K
Metals $25K
Raw materials & minerals $4K
Trinidad
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $18.8M
Chemicals & pharma $9.14M
Metals $57K
Machinery & equipment $49K
Miscellaneous $8K
Raw agricultural goods $5K

Balance of trade

Finland Trinidad
Current account balance
-$1.99B
2024
$645M
2024
Current account balance ranking
143/190
2024
58/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.67%
2024
+2.52%
2024
Goods imports
$76.6B
2024
$7.54B
2024
Goods exports
$83.1B
2024
$10B
2024
Service imports
$47.4B
2024
$2.71B
2024
Service exports
$42B
2024
$1.26B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.6%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.9%
2024
45%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Trinidad
Economic freedom 77 63.6
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 76/197
Property rights 100 58.3
Government integrity 94.8 44.7
Judicial effectiveness 97 58.5
Tax burden 68.2 79.5
Government spending 7.3 74.5
Fiscal health 81.5 80.9
Business freedom 88.3 72.6
Labor freedom 65.6 60.4
Monetary freedom 76.1 76.3
Trade freedom 79.6 67.6
Investment freedom 85 50
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 77, ranking 15/197, compared to 63.6 for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 76/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Finland
Trinidad and Tobago
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Trinidad
1996 63.7 69.2
1997 65.2 71.3
1998 63.5 72
1999 63.9 72.4
2000 64.3 74.5
2001 69.7 71.8
2002 73.6 70.1
2003 73.7 68.8
2004 73.4 71.3
2005 71 71.5
2006 72.9 70.4
2007 74 70.6
2008 74.6 69.5
2009 74.5 68
2010 73.8 65.7
2011 74 66.5
2012 72.3 64.4
2013 74 62.3
2014 73.4 62.7
2015 73.4 64.1
2016 72.6 62.9
2017 74 61.2
2018 74.1 57.7
2019 74.9 57
2020 75.7 58.3
2021 76.1 59
2022 78.3 58.8
2023 77.1 59.5
2024 76.3 60.4
2025 77 63.6

More economic indicators

Finland Trinidad
Services, % of GDP
62.2%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
34.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.47%
2024
0.78%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$290B
2024
$27B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$64,540
2024
$36,580
2024
Total reserves including gold
$18B
2024
$5.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
65/177
2024
94/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$3.28B
2024
$980M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.74B
2024
-$453M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12B
2024
$527M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
20%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
19%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Finland vs Trinidad and Tobago
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.