Grenada has a GDP of $1.37B compared to $25.6B for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 184/197 and 115/197 by economy size, respectively.
Grenada has $997M in government debt (72.7% of GDP), compared to $16.5B (64.2% of GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago.
Grenada vs Trinidad and Tobago GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
| 2024 | $1,371,918,519 | $25,633,544,529 |
| 2023 | $1,336,418,519 | $25,036,993,423 |
| 2022 | $1,224,007,407 | $28,341,164,301 |
| 2021 | $1,122,222,222 | $24,222,963,263 |
| 2020 | $1,043,411,111 | $20,888,515,184 |
| 2019 | $1,213,485,185 | $23,477,745,792 |
| 2018 | $1,166,514,815 | $23,883,058,083 |
| 2017 | $1,125,685,185 | $23,830,750,901 |
| 2016 | $1,061,640,741 | $23,624,322,193 |
| 2015 | $997,007,407 | $26,841,141,793 |
| 2014 | $911,496,296 | $29,474,180,005 |
| 2013 | $842,618,519 | $28,560,537,057 |
| 2012 | $799,881,481 | $27,147,349,937 |
| 2011 | $778,655,556 | $25,433,007,437 |
| 2010 | $771,014,815 | $22,157,920,592 |
| 2009 | $771,275,556 | $19,172,165,226 |
| 2008 | $825,976,037 | $27,871,587,350 |
| 2007 | $758,683,593 | $21,641,620,050 |
| 2006 | $698,700,667 | $18,369,361,094 |
| 2005 | $695,555,556 | $15,982,389,018 |
| 2004 | $599,118,593 | $13,280,291,990 |
| 2003 | $591,018,407 | $11,305,459,802 |
| 2002 | $540,336,926 | $9,008,298,229 |
| 2001 | $520,444,185 | $8,824,849,191 |
| 2000 | $520,044,370 | $8,154,342,116 |
| 1999 | $482,009,370 | $6,808,982,521 |
| 1998 | $445,903,593 | $6,043,686,654 |
| 1997 | $392,190,593 | $5,737,771,523 |
| 1996 | $366,911,444 | $5,759,570,336 |
| 1995 | $342,172,519 | $5,329,217,747 |
| 1994 | $325,111,815 | $4,947,181,646 |
| 1993 | $309,812,185 | $4,669,491,134 |
| 1992 | $310,160,444 | $5,439,552,941 |
| 1991 | $300,757,889 | $5,307,905,882 |
| 1990 | $278,098,763 | $5,068,000,000 |
| 1989 | $267,327,642 | $4,323,058,824 |
| 1988 | $236,357,524 | $4,496,910,569 |
| 1987 | $215,009,570 | $4,797,777,778 |
| 1986 | $187,589,523 | $4,794,444,444 |
| 1985 | $167,728,455 | $7,375,918,367 |
| 1984 | $145,533,311 | $7,757,083,333 |
| 1983 | $131,803,552 | $7,763,750,000 |
| 1982 | $125,435,590 | $8,140,416,667 |
| 1981 | $115,651,919 | $6,992,083,333 |
| 1980 | $110,900,457 | $6,235,833,333 |
| 1979 | $102,244,362 | $4,602,416,625 |
| 1978 | $88,322,386 | $3,562,333,458 |
| 1977 | $71,494,495 | $3,138,666,667 |
| 1976 | - | $2,500,424,955 |
| 1975 | - | $2,442,669,825 |
| 1974 | - | $2,042,001,071 |
| 1973 | - | $1,308,785,431 |
| 1972 | - | $1,083,391,758 |
| 1971 | - | $896,765,215 |
| 1970 | - | $821,850,000 |
| 1969 | - | $779,200,000 |
| 1968 | - | $758,899,950 |
| 1967 | - | $761,981,912 |
| 1966 | - | $723,739,857 |
| 1965 | - | $736,573,159 |
| 1964 | - | $711,897,520 |
| 1963 | - | $678,239,329 |
| 1962 | - | $619,322,810 |
| 1961 | - | $584,964,621 |
| 1960 | - | $535,673,252 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Grenada vs Trinidad and Tobago by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $11,705 | $20,178 | $18,733 | $36,329 |
| 2023 | $11,414 | $18,971 | $18,308 | $34,623 |
| 2022 | $10,469 | $17,544 | $20,751 | $32,979 |
| 2021 | $9,617 | $15,290 | $17,713 | $30,482 |
| 2020 | $8,969 | $14,361 | $15,284 | $26,731 |
| 2019 | $10,463 | $16,446 | $17,213 | $29,316 |
| 2018 | $10,083 | $15,975 | $17,571 | $28,673 |
| 2017 | $9,751 | $15,041 | $17,566 | $28,484 |
| 2016 | $9,221 | $13,978 | $17,449 | $28,232 |
| 2015 | $8,694 | $13,214 | $19,887 | $29,825 |
| 2014 | $7,986 | $12,229 | $21,908 | $32,027 |
| 2013 | $7,425 | $11,199 | $21,305 | $31,746 |
| 2012 | $7,093 | $10,575 | $20,332 | $31,883 |
| 2011 | $6,947 | $10,592 | $19,151 | $31,078 |
| 2010 | $6,910 | $10,344 | $16,815 | $30,778 |
| 2009 | $6,933 | $10,303 | $14,634 | $29,602 |
| 2008 | $7,448 | $11,001 | $21,299 | $30,807 |
| 2007 | $6,865 | $10,728 | $16,607 | $29,355 |
| 2006 | $6,344 | $9,877 | $14,153 | $27,393 |
| 2005 | $6,339 | $10,016 | $12,346 | $23,536 |
| 2004 | $5,480 | $8,606 | $9,871 | $20,674 |
| 2003 | $5,428 | $8,469 | $8,445 | $18,743 |
| 2002 | $4,984 | $7,621 | $6,763 | $16,141 |
| 2001 | $4,820 | $7,283 | $6,657 | $14,797 |
| 2000 | $4,840 | $7,306 | $6,179 | $13,953 |
| 1999 | $4,516 | $6,857 | $5,179 | $12,812 |
| 1998 | $4,206 | $6,368 | $4,613 | $11,735 |
| 1997 | $3,725 | $5,673 | $4,394 | $10,769 |
| 1996 | $3,508 | $5,347 | $4,427 | $9,883 |
| 1995 | $3,294 | $5,062 | $4,115 | $9,099 |
| 1994 | $3,152 | $4,889 | $3,840 | $8,631 |
| 1993 | $3,026 | $4,742 | $3,647 | $8,209 |
| 1992 | $3,053 | $4,761 | $4,277 | $8,129 |
| 1991 | $2,984 | $4,733 | $4,205 | $7,274 |
| 1990 | $2,782 | $4,553 | $4,047 | $6,878 |
| 1989 | $2,697 | - | $3,482 | - |
| 1988 | $2,404 | - | $3,656 | - |
| 1987 | $2,205 | - | $3,941 | - |
| 1986 | $1,938 | - | $3,985 | - |
| 1985 | $1,745 | - | $6,212 | - |
| 1984 | $1,524 | - | $6,613 | - |
| 1983 | $1,388 | - | $6,690 | - |
| 1982 | $1,329 | - | $7,091 | - |
| 1981 | $1,230 | - | $6,160 | - |
| 1980 | $1,173 | - | $5,559 | - |
| 1979 | $1,071 | - | $4,155 | - |
| 1978 | $917 | - | $3,258 | - |
| 1977 | $737 | - | $2,907 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $2,345 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $2,319 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $1,962 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $1,273 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $1,067 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $894 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $829 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $795 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $783 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $797 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $768 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $793 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $780 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $756 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $704 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $678 | - |
| 1960 | - | - | $634 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY
Grenada's GDP per capita is $11,705, ranking 80/197, compared to $18,733 in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 61/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Grenada ranks 96th at $20,178, while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 62nd at $36,329.
Economic indicators
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$1.37B
2024 |
$25.6B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
184/197
2024 |
115/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.96%
2023-2024 |
2.51%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$11,705
2024 |
$18,733
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
80/197
2024 |
61/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$20,178
2024 |
$36,329
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
96/197
2024 |
62/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$997M
2024 |
$16.5B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
72.7%
2024 |
64.2%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$8,510
2024 |
$12,028
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
61/185
2024 |
45/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$11,170
2026 |
$11,007
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$3.89B
2001 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
33.7%
2018 |
29.9%
1992 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.1%
2018 |
2.1%
1992 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
37.1%
2024 |
32.3%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
1.09%
2023-2024 |
0.53%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
3.5%
2020 |
| Unemployment rate |
6.34%
2023 |
4.01%
2024 |
| Population |
117407
|
1374840
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 37.1% | 72.7% | 32.3% | 64.2% |
| 2023 | 28.7% | 74.5% | 33.5% | 62.2% |
| 2022 | 32% | 79.3% | 27.2% | 51.3% |
| 2021 | 31.3% | 86.6% | 30.3% | 58.4% |
| 2020 | 32.7% | 89.5% | 36.2% | 62.5% |
| 2019 | 21.6% | 62.7% | 31.2% | 46.2% |
| 2018 | 22.1% | 68.5% | 30.2% | 41.5% |
| 2017 | 22.6% | 70.3% | 30.7% | 39.8% |
| 2016 | 23.5% | 81.6% | 31.9% | 35.4% |
| 2015 | 25.3% | 90.1% | 35% | 27.1% |
| 2014 | 28.7% | 99.3% | 32.8% | 23.5% |
| 2013 | 28.1% | 105.4% | 31.3% | 21.6% |
| 2012 | 26.2% | 101.5% | 29.5% | 21.8% |
| 2011 | 28.3% | 102.8% | 29.4% | 26.4% |
| 2010 | 28% | 96.2% | 30.4% | 16.8% |
| 2009 | 27.2% | 91.1% | 37% | 20.7% |
| 2008 | 27.9% | 83.9% | 26.7% | 13.5% |
| 2007 | 27.7% | 89.1% | 25.7% | 16.2% |
| 2006 | 32.4% | 92.9% | 31.6% | 16.9% |
| 2005 | 26.6% | 87.3% | 26.7% | 19.8% |
| 2004 | 24.7% | 94.7% | 22.5% | 24.2% |
| 2003 | 28.7% | 79.6% | 22.2% | 30.2% |
| 2002 | 35.7% | 79.1% | 24.4% | 37% |
| 2001 | 29.6% | 44.6% | 24.8% | 36.6% |
| 2000 | 25.6% | 41.6% | 23.1% | 38.9% |
| 1999 | 23.7% | 34.5% | 24.1% | 42.2% |
| 1998 | 25.3% | 40.3% | 26.9% | 42.8% |
| 1997 | 26.6% | 41.4% | 27.2% | 46.1% |
| 1996 | 26.3% | 43.9% | 27.6% | 47% |
| 1995 | 23.2% | 43.1% | 26.2% | 50.1% |
| 1994 | 24.7% | 45.7% | 25.4% | 52.6% |
| 1993 | 23.1% | 45.3% | 26.9% | 58.8% |
| 1992 | 21.8% | 40.1% | 28.6% | 49.2% |
| 1991 | 26.8% | 42% | 29.6% | 49.5% |
| 1990 | 29% | 46.2% | 26.9% | 47.7% |
| 1989 | - | - | 30.9% | 51.9% |
| 1988 | - | - | 45.3% | 65.3% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY
In 2024, Grenada's government spending was $509M, accounting for 37.1% of its GDP, while Trinidad and Tobago spent $8.28B, or 32.3% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 72.7% in Grenada and 64.2% in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 52/185 and 70/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
| 2024 | 6.66% | -5.24% |
| 2023 | 7.94% | -1.24% |
| 2022 | 0.93% | 0.92% |
| 2021 | 0.33% | -8.1% |
| 2020 | -4.55% | -12.2% |
| 2019 | 4.96% | -3.74% |
| 2018 | 4.92% | -5.89% |
| 2017 | 3.02% | -10.4% |
| 2016 | 2.69% | -10.1% |
| 2015 | -0.8% | -7.56% |
| 2014 | -4.2% | -4.31% |
| 2013 | -7.25% | -2.67% |
| 2012 | -5.44% | -1.26% |
| 2011 | -4.86% | -0.67% |
| 2010 | -4.07% | 0.13% |
| 2009 | -4.4% | -5.42% |
| 2008 | -3.72% | 5.39% |
| 2007 | -5.91% | 3.12% |
| 2006 | -5.23% | 1.56% |
| 2005 | 0.9% | 2.36% |
| 2004 | -0.57% | 1.84% |
| 2003 | -2.81% | 1.8% |
| 2002 | -13.9% | -0.2% |
| 2001 | -6.05% | 0.61% |
| 2000 | -2.07% | 0.17% |
| 1999 | -1.7% | -0.88% |
| 1998 | -2.39% | -1.8% |
| 1997 | -4.94% | 0.11% |
| 1996 | -3.02% | -0.45% |
| 1995 | -0.46% | 0.17% |
| 1994 | -2.85% | -0.02% |
| 1993 | -0.16% | 0.23% |
| 1992 | -1.46% | -2.74% |
| 1991 | -4.34% | -0.21% |
| 1990 | -7.78% | -1.27% |
| 1989 | - | -4.46% |
| 1988 | - | -9.34% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY
In 2024, Grenada's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $91.4M, equivalent to 6.66% of GDP. This compares to Trinidad and Tobago's deficit of $1.34B, or 5.24% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, Grenada recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Trinidad and Tobago ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Grenada posted an annual deficit equal to 2.07% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.94% of GDP for Trinidad and Tobago.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
| 2024 | 1.09% | 0.53% |
| 2023 | 2.7% | 4.63% |
| 2022 | 2.58% | 5.83% |
| 2021 | 1.22% | 2.06% |
| 2020 | -0.74% | 0.6% |
| 2019 | 0.6% | 1% |
| 2018 | 0.8% | 1.02% |
| 2017 | 0.91% | 1.88% |
| 2016 | 1.65% | 3.07% |
| 2015 | -0.52% | 4.66% |
| 2014 | -0.98% | 5.68% |
| 2013 | -0.04% | 5.2% |
| 2012 | 2.41% | 9.26% |
| 2011 | 3.03% | 5.11% |
| 2010 | 3.44% | 10.5% |
| 2009 | -0.31% | 6.98% |
| 2008 | 8.03% | 12% |
| 2007 | 3.86% | 7.89% |
| 2006 | 4.25% | 8.33% |
| 2005 | 3.48% | 6.87% |
| 2004 | 2.31% | 3.72% |
| 2003 | 2.15% | 3.81% |
| 2002 | 1.07% | 4.15% |
| 2001 | 3.14% | 5.54% |
| 2000 | 2.18% | 3.56% |
| 1999 | 0.58% | 3.44% |
| 1998 | 1.38% | 5.61% |
| 1997 | 1.24% | 3.63% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Grenada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.84%, compared with 4.88% in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2024, inflation was 1.09% in Grenada and 0.53% in Trinidad and Tobago.
Top exports between countries
|
Grenada
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $2.67M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $257K |
| Metals | $127K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $101K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $77K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $34K |
| Wood & paper products | $8K |
| Miscellaneous | $7K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $6K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $4K |
|
Trinidad
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $28.4M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $23.3M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $9.75M |
| Machinery & equipment | $9.61M |
| Metals | $7.52M |
| Wood & paper products | $5.63M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $4.52M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $2.12M |
| Animal & marine products | $1.05M |
| Miscellaneous | $922K |
Balance of trade
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$271M
2024 |
$645M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
99/190
2024 |
58/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-19.7%
2024 |
+2.52%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$562M
2024 |
$7.54B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$70.4M
2024 |
$10B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$429M
2024 |
$2.71B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$789M
2024 |
$1.26B
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
16%
2025 |
45%
2025 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 63 | 62.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 84/197 | 87/197 |
| Property rights | n/a | 47.3 |
| Government integrity | n/a | 45.5 |
| Judicial effectiveness | n/a | 58.8 |
| Tax burden | n/a | 76.1 |
| Government spending | n/a | 71.1 |
| Fiscal health | n/a | 86.3 |
| Business freedom | n/a | 67.1 |
| Labor freedom | n/a | 57.2 |
| Monetary freedom | n/a | 81 |
| Trade freedom | n/a | 68.8 |
| Investment freedom | n/a | 50 |
| Financial freedom | n/a | 40 |
Other economic metrics
|
Grenada
|
Trinidad
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
65.7%
2024 |
59.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
15.2%
2024 |
34.6%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.95%
2024 |
0.78%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.23B
2024 |
$27B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$18,220
2024 |
$36,580
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$423M
2024 |
$5.6B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
161/177
2024 |
94/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$223M
2024 |
$980M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$164M
2024 |
-$453M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$4.02M
2024 |
$527M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
3.49%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
38%
2020 |
20%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
n/a |
19%
2023 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/grenada/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.