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Economy of Spain vs Uruguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Spain has a GDP of $1.91T compared to $85.3B for Uruguay, ranking 12/197 and 84/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.91T in government debt (100.4% of GDP), compared to $56B (65.7% of GDP) in Uruguay.

Spain vs Uruguay GDP by year

Spain
Uruguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Uruguay
2025 $1,906,453,309,986 $85,347,696,278
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $82,322,859,144
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $79,208,725,900
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $71,240,669,088
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $60,739,061,281
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $53,559,354,501
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $62,222,324,965
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $65,344,577,416
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $65,006,039,810
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $57,480,787,465
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $57,680,327,999
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $61,496,186,974
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $61,337,621,934
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $54,232,266,359
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $50,342,406,067
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $41,950,361,212
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $32,708,319,078
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $31,119,602,539
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $23,797,773,024
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $19,741,420,740
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $17,362,857,684
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $13,686,329,890
2003 $907,963,217,058 $12,045,638,352
2002 $708,938,227,244 $13,606,515,723
2001 $627,798,682,379 $20,898,761,742
2000 $598,102,854,756 $22,823,270,892
1999 $634,394,904,387 $23,983,945,191
1998 $618,731,484,575 $25,385,886,978
1997 $589,739,772,727 $23,969,739,234
1996 $642,251,412,058 $20,515,458,114
1995 $614,170,002,669 $19,297,663,097
1994 $530,183,651,720 $17,474,588,896
1993 $524,700,572,624 $15,002,136,971
1992 $630,465,353,486 $12,878,148,791
1991 $576,753,902,322 $11,206,176,651
1990 $536,175,326,477 $9,298,807,850
1989 $414,460,794,097 $8,438,951,476
1988 $375,891,716,898 $8,213,538,369
1987 $318,520,253,335 $7,367,494,080
1986 $251,141,555,186 $5,880,112,788
1985 $180,664,322,896 $4,732,017,873
1984 $171,979,977,230 $4,850,238,550
1983 $170,829,074,246 $5,102,276,308
1982 $195,856,752,991 $9,178,780,077
1981 $202,663,023,968 $11,048,301,421
1980 $232,600,556,974 $10,163,020,116
1979 $214,448,666,336 $7,181,182,224
1978 $160,484,969,618 $4,910,254,566
1977 $132,354,665,936 $4,114,670,014
1976 $118,422,534,195 $3,667,161,241
1975 $114,695,060,870 $3,538,278,047
1974 $97,204,522,642 $4,090,209,682
1973 $78,583,355,226 $3,964,296,443
1972 $59,090,176,029 $2,189,418,689
1971 $46,586,119,760 $2,807,258,065
1970 $40,963,715,237 $2,137,096,774
1969 $37,090,689,288 $2,004,435,484
1968 $32,394,326,464 $1,593,674,185
1967 $32,570,905,397 $1,597,713,469
1966 $29,559,436,183 $1,809,185,094
1965 $25,479,619,607 $1,890,767,156
1964 $21,966,876,027 $1,975,701,816
1963 $19,631,714,760 $1,539,681,491
1962 $16,609,632,791 $1,710,004,407
1961 $14,238,126,760 $1,547,388,781
1960 $12,424,514,014 $1,242,289,239

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Uruguay by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uruguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Uruguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $38,627 - $25,216 -
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $24,308 $36,418
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $23,379 $34,471
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $21,009 $33,001
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $17,882 $29,432
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $15,758 $25,725
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $18,316 $25,783
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $19,250 $24,386
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $19,185 $23,607
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $17,010 $22,841
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $17,126 $22,169
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $18,322 $21,868
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $18,335 $20,661
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $16,260 $19,495
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $15,132 $19,135
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $12,641 $17,873
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $9,881 $16,422
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $9,424 $15,694
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $7,222 $14,397
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $6,001 $13,179
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $5,284 $12,296
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $4,169 $11,103
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $3,671 $10,303
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $4,150 $10,030
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $6,383 $10,719
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $6,988 $10,929
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $7,371 $10,938
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $7,837 $11,002
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $7,436 $10,461
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $6,398 $9,524
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $6,050 $8,906
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $5,508 $8,897
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $4,753 $8,162
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $4,102 $7,808
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $3,589 $7,112
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $2,995 $6,683
1989 $10,674 - $2,734 -
1988 $9,696 - $2,677 -
1987 $8,234 - $2,416 -
1986 $6,509 - $1,939 -
1985 $4,696 - $1,568 -
1984 $4,487 - $1,615 -
1983 $4,475 - $1,707 -
1982 $5,156 - $3,085 -
1981 $5,367 - $3,728 -
1980 $6,204 - $3,443 -
1979 $5,766 - $2,443 -
1978 $4,353 - $1,678 -
1977 $3,625 - $1,414 -
1976 $3,277 - $1,268 -
1975 $3,208 - $1,232 -
1974 $2,748 - $1,433 -
1973 $2,246 - $1,397 -
1972 $1,708 - $776 -
1971 $1,361 - $1,000 -
1970 $1,211 - $766 -
1969 $1,109 - $723 -
1968 $978 - $579 -
1967 $997 - $585 -
1966 $916 - $668 -
1965 $797 - $705 -
1964 $695 - $745 -
1963 $627 - $587 -
1962 $535 - $659 -
1961 $463 - $604 -
1960 $408 - $491 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $38,627, ranking 31/197, compared to $25,216 in Uruguay, ranking 54/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Uruguay ranks 61st at $36,418.

Economic indicators

Spain Uruguay
Gross domestic product
$1.91T
2025
$85.3B
2025
GDP rank
12/197
2025
84/197
2025
GDP growth
2.82%
2024-2025
1.78%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$38,627
2025
$25,216
2025
GDP per capita rank
31/197
2025
54/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$36,418
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
61/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2025
$56B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.4%
2025
65.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,794
2025
$16,559
2025
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2025
41/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,910
2026
$14,046
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.3T
2025
$284M
1996
Number of millionaires
1,077,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
30%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2025
31.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.7%
2024-2025
4.65%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2026
Unemployment rate
10.5%
2025
8.21%
2024
Population
49323658
3382672

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Uruguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Uruguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44.7% 100.4% 31.5% 65.7%
2024 45.5% 101.6% 30.6% 67.6%
2023 45.4% 105.1% 30.1% 63%
2022 46.3% 109.2% 29.7% 59.4%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 30.2% 64.1%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 32.8% 68.2%
2019 42% 97.6% 30.6% 59.6%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 30.3% 57.9%
2017 41% 101.1% 29.7% 55.8%
2016 42.1% 102% 29.7% 56.4%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 28.4% 57.8%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 29.1% 51.1%
2013 46.2% 100% 28.8% 50%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 27.7% 49.8%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 26.3% 41.3%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 27.4% 40.9%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 27.2% 46.2%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 26.3% 46.2%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 26.8% 52.8%
2006 38.4% 39% 26.8% 61.1%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 26.3% 66.2%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 26.6% 73.7%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 27.7% 91.9%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 27.6% 90.1%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 27.8% 39.4%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 26.6% 30.5%
1999 40% 60.9% 27.2% 24.1%
1998 41% 62.4% 27.3% 19.4%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 27.6% 18.8%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 26.5% 18.3%
1995 44.1% 61.6% 26.2% 18.5%
1994 44.8% 57% 29.5% 19.3%
1993 46.3% 54.6% 27.7% 20%
1992 43.9% 44.1% 23.6% 22.2%
1991 42.6% 41.9% 22.2% 20.4%
1990 41.1% 41.3% 21.1% 26.2%
1989 32.1% 39.2% 37% -
1988 28.6% 38.2% 26% 34.8%
1987 31.1% 42.1% 24.4% 37.3%
1986 28.4% 36.5% 25.1% 34.6%
1985 27.6% 31.5% 24.6% 29%
1984 27% 18.3% 25.6% 39.5%
1983 26% 13.4% 26.5% 21.2%
1982 21.5% 12% 29.5% 13.5%
1981 18.1% 10.9% 25% 4.32%
1980 16.3% 10.2% 21.8% 4.59%
1979 14.3% 9.88% 20.2% 3.98%
1978 14.3% 9.93% 22.9% 5.64%
1977 12.8% 8.75% 23.5% 7.26%
1976 11.5% 8.21% 24.2% 8.67%
1975 11.4% 11.9% 23% 8.13%
1974 11.4% 13.6% 23.8% 7.61%
1973 9.88% 16.3% 22.6% 7%
1972 12.5% 17.6% 24.6% 9.12%
1971 14% 17.9% 20.1% 9.3%
1970 12.3% 19.2% 15.1% 6.11%
1969 12.3% 18.8% 14.6% -
1968 12.8% 18.3% 14.1% -
1967 12.5% 17.6% 14.7% -
1966 11.8% 17.7% 14.1% -
1965 14% 18.1% 15.6% -
1964 12.7% 19.5% 14.3% -
1963 12.4% 21% 14.6% -
1962 10.6% 24.4% 16% -
1961 9.97% 26.7% 13% -
1960 11% 29.4% 9.9% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government spending was $852B, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Uruguay spent $26.9B, or 31.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.4% in Spain and 65.7% in Uruguay, ranking 25/185 and 66/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Uruguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Uruguay
2025 -2.5% -3.36%
2024 -3.22% -3.16%
2023 -3.34% -3.09%
2022 -4.59% -2.5%
2021 -6.66% -2.61%
2020 -10% -4.64%
2019 -3.04% -2.71%
2018 -2.58% -1.89%
2017 -3.1% -2.51%
2016 -4.26% -2.68%
2015 -5.26% -1.86%
2014 -6.07% -2.6%
2013 -7.49% -1.72%
2012 -11.5% -2.17%
2011 -9.69% -0.33%
2010 -9.49% -0.39%
2009 -11.2% -1.39%
2008 -4.56% -1.31%
2007 1.88% -0.16%
2006 2.12% -0.64%
2005 1.23% -0.28%
2004 -0.1% -0.87%
2003 -0.37% -2.19%
2002 -0.32% -3.19%
2001 -0.45% -2.85%
2000 -1.16% -2.76%
1999 -1.24% -2.76%
1998 -2.63% -0.76%
1997 -3.86% -0.97%
1996 -5.87% -1.32%
1995 -6.79% -1.08%
1994 -6.31% -2.37%
1993 -6.89% -0.47%
1992 -4.26% 0.6%
1991 -4.58% 0.88%
1990 -3.9% 0.49%
1989 -3.24% -13.1%
1988 -2.95% -1.47%
1987 -3.52% -0.66%
1986 -5.18% -0.34%
1985 -6.04% -1.88%
1984 -5.25% -4.94%
1983 -4.77% -3.54%
1982 -5.76% -8.22%
1981 -2.88% -1.15%
1980 -2.55% 0.43%
1979 -1.51% 0.99%
1978 -1.63% -0.47%
1977 -0.24% -0.69%
1976 0.43% -2.01%
1975 0.26% -4.38%
1974 0.11% -3.74%
1973 1.09% -1.09%
1972 0.24% -2.25%
1971 -0.96% -5.86%
1970 0.09% -1.33%
1969 -0.06% -2.37%
1968 -0.55% -2.93%
1967 -0.32% -4.12%
1966 0.07% -2.01%
1965 -0.04% -5.14%
1964 0.18% -3.61%
1963 -0.54% -4.4%
1962 1.27% -5.02%
1961 1.9% -0.86%
1960 0.69% 0.79%
1959 0.54% 0.64%
1958 0.23% -1.38%
1957 1.13% -0.72%
1956 -0.05% 0.04%
1955 0.6% -1.24%
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $47.6B, equivalent to 2.5% of GDP. This compares to Uruguay's deficit of $2.86B, or 3.36% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 52 of those years, while Uruguay ran a deficit in 60 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 2.94% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.23% of GDP for Uruguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Uruguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Uruguay
2025 2.7% 4.65%
2024 2.75% 4.85%
2023 3.53% 5.87%
2022 8.39% 9.1%
2021 3.09% 7.75%
2020 -0.32% 9.76%
2019 0.7% 7.88%
2018 1.67% 7.61%
2017 1.96% 6.22%
2016 -0.2% 9.64%
2015 -0.5% 8.67%
2014 -0.15% 8.88%
2013 1.41% 8.58%
2012 2.45% 8.1%
2011 3.2% 8.09%
2010 1.8% 6.7%
2009 -0.29% 7.06%
2008 4.08% 7.88%
2007 2.79% 8.11%
2006 3.52% 6.4%
2005 3.37% 4.7%
2004 3.04% 9.16%
2003 3.04% 19.4%
2002 3.07% 14%
2001 3.59% 4.36%
2000 3.43% 4.76%
1999 2.31% 5.66%
1998 1.83% 10.8%
1997 1.97% 19.8%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 8.43% in Uruguay. In 2025, inflation was 2.7% in Spain and 4.65% in Uruguay.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $182M
Transport & tourism services $161M
Business & finance services $98.6M
Machinery & equipment $90.3M
Chemicals & pharma $83.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $38.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $32.2M
Raw materials & minerals $23.8M
Metals $21.5M
Wood & paper products $11.1M
Uruguay
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $56.4M
Raw agricultural goods $35.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25.2M
Wood & paper products $6.97M
Chemicals & pharma $5.22M
Machinery & equipment $3.04M
Metals $1.33M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.16M
Raw materials & minerals $180K
Precious metals & jewellery $141K

Balance of trade

Spain Uruguay
Current account balance
$56B
2025
-$374M
2025
Current account balance ranking
12/190
2025
100/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.94%
2025
-0.44%
2025
Goods imports
$499B
2025
$13.6B
2025
Goods exports
$443B
2025
$16.1B
2025
Service imports
$127B
2025
$5.96B
2025
Service exports
$256B
2025
$7.39B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.8%
2025
22.6%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.6%
2025
27.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Uruguay
Economic freedom 66.8 69.8
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 39/197
Property rights 88 87.4
Government integrity 64.2 79
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 80.9
Tax burden 58.2 73.3
Government spending 37.3 72
Fiscal health 57.3 76.6
Business freedom 82.6 83.8
Labor freedom 61.7 61.7
Monetary freedom 78.2 70.2
Trade freedom 79.4 73.2
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Uruguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Uruguay
2026 66.8 69.8
2025 66.3 70.2
2024 63.3 69.8
2023 65 70.2
2022 68.2 70
2021 69.9 69.3
2020 66.9 69.1
2019 65.7 68.6
2018 65.1 69.2
2017 63.6 69.7
2016 68.5 68.8
2015 67.6 68.6
2014 67.2 69.3
2013 68 69.7
2012 69.1 69.9
2011 70.2 70
2010 69.6 69.8
2009 70.1 69.1
2008 69.1 67.9
2007 69.2 68.4
2006 68.2 65.3
2005 67 66.9
2004 68.9 66.7
2003 68.8 69.8
2002 68.8 68.7
2001 68.1 70.7
2000 65.9 69.3
1999 65.1 68.5
1998 62.6 68.6
1997 59.6 67.5
1996 59.6 63.7
1995 62.8 62.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 69.8 for Uruguay, ranking 39/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Uruguay
Services, % of GDP
68.4%
2025
65.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2025
16.9%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.68%
2025
6.38%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.83T
2025
$81.3B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$59,830
2025
$36,330
2025
Total reserves including gold
$129B
2025
$19B
2025
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2025
67/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$18.3B
2025
-$457M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
-$3.94B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
-$1.37B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
17.3%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.4%
2025
16.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/uruguay | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.