Skip to content

Economy of Spain vs Tajikistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Spain has a GDP of $1.73T compared to $14.2B for Tajikistan, ranking 15/197 and 145/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.75T in government debt (101.6% of GDP), compared to $3.54B (24.9% of GDP) in Tajikistan.

Spain vs Tajikistan GDP by year

Spain
Tajikistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Tajikistan
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $14,204,575,549
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $12,244,169,293
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $10,713,525,200
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $8,937,805,347
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $8,133,963,551
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $8,300,813,599
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $7,764,999,999
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $7,536,402,853
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $6,992,416,097
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $8,271,431,485
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $9,112,605,459
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $8,448,411,318
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $7,633,036,903
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $6,522,756,255
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $5,642,221,099
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $4,979,472,364
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $5,161,299,725
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $3,719,524,541
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $2,830,213,849
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $2,312,352,021
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $2,076,176,869
2003 $907,963,217,058 $1,555,318,261
2002 $708,938,227,244 $1,221,106,220
2001 $627,798,682,379 $1,080,772,551
2000 $598,102,854,756 $860,541,842
1999 $634,394,904,387 $1,086,612,290
1998 $618,731,484,575 $1,320,199,582
1997 $589,739,772,727 $921,518,033
1996 $642,251,412,058 $1,043,654,822
1995 $614,170,002,669 $1,231,561,860
1994 $530,183,651,720 $1,522,001,206
1993 $524,700,572,624 $1,646,623,195
1992 $630,465,353,486 $1,908,554,572
1991 $576,753,902,322 $2,536,585,366
1990 $536,175,326,477 $2,629,395,066
1989 $414,460,794,097 -
1988 $375,891,716,898 -
1987 $318,520,253,335 -
1986 $251,141,555,186 -
1985 $180,664,322,896 -
1984 $171,979,977,230 -
1983 $170,829,074,246 -
1982 $195,856,752,991 -
1981 $202,663,023,968 -
1980 $232,600,556,974 -
1979 $214,448,666,336 -
1978 $160,484,969,618 -
1977 $132,354,665,936 -
1976 $118,422,534,195 -
1975 $114,695,060,870 -
1974 $97,204,522,642 -
1973 $78,583,355,226 -
1972 $59,090,176,029 -
1971 $46,586,119,760 -
1970 $40,963,715,237 -
1969 $37,090,689,288 -
1968 $32,394,326,464 -
1967 $32,570,905,397 -
1966 $29,559,436,183 -
1965 $25,479,619,607 -
1964 $21,966,876,027 -
1963 $19,631,714,760 -
1962 $16,609,632,791 -
1961 $14,238,126,760 -
1960 $12,424,514,014 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Tajikistan by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tajikistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Tajikistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $1,341 $5,406
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $1,178 $4,964
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $1,052 $4,514
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $897 $3,986
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $834 $3,654
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $871 $3,460
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $834 $3,069
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $829 $3,017
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $789 $2,914
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $957 $2,975
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $1,082 $3,152
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $1,028 $2,919
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $952 $2,679
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $834 $2,456
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $737 $2,291
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $665 $2,171
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $703 $2,120
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $517 $1,966
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $401 $1,810
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $334 $1,673
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $306 $1,550
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $233.6 $1,396
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $187 $1,257
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $168.7 $1,139
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $136.9 $1,036
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $175 $947
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $213.7 $905
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $150.1 $855
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $172 $836
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $207 $1,006
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $261.3 $1,148
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $287.6 $1,454
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $338 $1,721
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $458 $2,417
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $487 $2,583
1989 $10,674 - - -
1988 $9,696 - - -
1987 $8,234 - - -
1986 $6,509 - - -
1985 $4,696 - - -
1984 $4,487 - - -
1983 $4,475 - - -
1982 $5,156 - - -
1981 $5,367 - - -
1980 $6,204 - - -
1979 $5,766 - - -
1978 $4,353 - - -
1977 $3,625 - - -
1976 $3,277 - - -
1975 $3,208 - - -
1974 $2,748 - - -
1973 $2,246 - - -
1972 $1,708 - - -
1971 $1,361 - - -
1970 $1,211 - - -
1969 $1,109 - - -
1968 $978 - - -
1967 $997 - - -
1966 $916 - - -
1965 $797 - - -
1964 $695 - - -
1963 $627 - - -
1962 $535 - - -
1961 $463 - - -
1960 $408 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $35,327, ranking 32/197, compared to $1,341 in Tajikistan, ranking 166/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Tajikistan ranks 157th at $5,406.

Economic indicators

Spain Tajikistan
Gross domestic product
$1.73T
2024
$14.2B
2024
GDP rank
15/197
2024
145/197
2024
GDP growth
3.46%
2023-2024
8.4%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$35,327
2024
$1,341
2024
GDP per capita rank
32/197
2024
166/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$5,406
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
157/197
2024
Government debt
$1.75T
2024
$3.54B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
101.6%
2024
24.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,909
2024
$335
2024
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2024
175/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$25,470
2026
$2,591
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$754B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,202,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
28.2%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.9%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.3%
2024
27.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.77%
2023-2024
3.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2024
0.08%
2016
Population
48806901
11038274

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Tajikistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Tajikistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.3% 101.6% 27.7% 24.9%
2023 45.5% 105.1% 28% 29.9%
2022 46.4% 109.2% 27.4% 31.8%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 27.6% 42%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 29.2% 50.9%
2019 42% 97.6% 28.8% 43.2%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 30.9% 46.3%
2017 41% 101.1% 33.8% 46.3%
2016 42.1% 102% 32.7% 42.2%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 31.9% 35%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 27.5% 27.9%
2013 46.2% 100% 27.7% 29.3%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 24.7% 32.5%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 24.3% 35.5%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 25.9% 36.8%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 23.6% 36.9%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 20.2% 30.2%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 20.3% 34.3%
2006 38.4% 39% 21.6% 36.8%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 22.9% 45.8%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 20.2% 49.4%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 19.1% 69.8%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 19.1% 98.3%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 17.3% 99.4%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 18.1% 111.4%
1999 40% 60.9% 17.5% 107.8%
1998 41% 62.4% 17.1% 96.6%
1997 41.5% 64.3% - -
1996 42.9% 65.4% - -
1995 44.1% 61.6% - -
1994 44.8% 57% - -
1993 46.3% 54.6% - -
1992 43.9% 44.1% - -
1991 42.6% 41.9% - -
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government spending was $782B, accounting for 45.3% of its GDP, while Tajikistan spent $3.93B, or 27.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 101.6% in Spain and 24.9% in Tajikistan, ranking 21/185 and 166/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Tajikistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Tajikistan
2024 -3.15% 0.28%
2023 -3.52% -0.93%
2022 -4.63% -0.23%
2021 -6.66% -0.64%
2020 -10% -4.34%
2019 -3.04% -2.04%
2018 -2.58% -2.69%
2017 -3.1% -5.65%
2016 -4.26% -2.91%
2015 -5.26% -1.96%
2014 -6.07% 0.92%
2013 -7.49% -0.73%
2012 -11.5% 0.41%
2011 -9.69% 0.6%
2010 -9.49% -2.71%
2009 -11.2% -0.2%
2008 -4.56% 1.94%
2007 1.88% 2.13%
2006 2.12% 2%
2005 1.23% -2.83%
2004 -0.1% -2.32%
2003 -0.37% -1.74%
2002 -0.32% -2.4%
2001 -0.45% -2.11%
2000 -1.16% -4.51%
1999 -1.24% -4.03%
1998 -2.63% -5.09%
1997 -3.86% -
1996 -5.87% -
1995 -6.79% -
1994 -6.31% -
1993 -6.89% -
1992 -4.26% -
1991 -4.58% -
1990 -3.9% -
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $54.3B, equivalent to 3.15% of GDP. This compares to Tajikistan's surplus of $39.2M, or 0.28% of GDP.

Over the past 27 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 24 of those years, while Tajikistan ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 3.97% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.55% of GDP for Tajikistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Tajikistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Tajikistan
2024 2.77% 3.5%
2023 3.53% 3.7%
2022 8.39% 6.6%
2021 3.09% 9%
2020 -0.32% 8.6%
2019 0.7% 7.8%
2018 1.67% 3.8%
2017 1.96% 7.3%
2016 -0.2% 5.9%
2015 -0.5% 5.8%
2014 -0.15% 6.1%
2013 1.41% 5%
2012 2.45% 5.8%
2011 3.2% 12.4%
2010 1.8% 6.5%
2009 -0.29% 6.4%
2008 4.08% 20.4%
2007 2.79% 13.2%
2006 3.52% 10%
2005 3.37% 7.3%
2004 3.04% 7.2%
2003 3.04% 16.4%
2002 3.07% 12.2%
2001 3.59% 38.6%
2000 3.43% 32.9%
1999 2.31% 27.5%
1998 1.83% 43.2%
1997 1.97% 88%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.34%, compared with 15% in Tajikistan. In 2024, inflation was 2.77% in Spain and 3.5% in Tajikistan.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.95M
Raw materials & minerals $826K
Chemicals & pharma $533K
Raw agricultural goods $327K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $237K
Metals $147K
Textiles & consumer goods $140K
Animal & marine products $51K
Precious metals & jewellery $50K
Wood & paper products $6K
Tajikistan
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $449K
Machinery & equipment $60K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $49K
Raw materials & minerals $1K

Balance of trade

Spain Tajikistan
Current account balance
$54.9B
2024
$887M
2024
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
54/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.18%
2024
+6.24%
2024
Goods imports
$456B
2024
$5.94B
2024
Goods exports
$419B
2024
$1.42B
2024
Service imports
$111B
2024
$971M
2024
Service exports
$220B
2024
$195M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
48.4%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.1%
2024
17.2%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Tajikistan
Economic freedom 66.8 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 147/197
Property rights 88 28.4
Government integrity 64.2 18.5
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 10.1
Tax burden 58.2 94.2
Government spending 37.3 77
Fiscal health 57.3 98.6
Business freedom 82.6 60.6
Labor freedom 61.7 43.4
Monetary freedom 78.2 72.6
Trade freedom 79.4 72.2
Investment freedom 60 25
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Tajikistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Tajikistan
2026 66.8 52.5
2025 66.3 51.5
2024 63.3 51.3
2023 65 50.6
2022 68.2 49.7
2021 69.9 55.2
2020 66.9 52.2
2019 65.7 55.6
2018 65.1 58.3
2017 63.6 58.2
2016 68.5 51.3
2015 67.6 52.7
2014 67.2 52
2013 68 53.4
2012 69.1 53.4
2011 70.2 53.5
2010 69.6 53
2009 70.1 54.6
2008 69.1 54.4
2007 69.2 53.6
2006 68.2 52.6
2005 67 50.4
2004 68.9 48.7
2003 68.8 46.5
2002 68.8 47.3
2001 68.1 46.8
2000 65.9 44.8
1999 65.1 41.2
1998 62.6 41.1
1997 59.6 -
1996 59.6 -
1995 62.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 52.5 for Tajikistan, ranking 147/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Tajikistan
Services, % of GDP
68.9%
2024
34.7%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
33.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.75%
2024
22.9%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$1.64T
2024
$17.5B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,670
2024
$7,100
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$3.3B
2023
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2024
117/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$28.7B
2024
-$190M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$291M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$101M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.07%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
19.8%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
31.7%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tajikistan | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.