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Economy of Angola vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Angola has a GDP of $122B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 68/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $62.7B in government debt (51.3% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Angola vs Spain GDP by year

Angola
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Angola Spain
2025 $122,174,889,424 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $103,080,538,044 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $106,042,349,567 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $128,233,959,333 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $78,283,923,544 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $58,512,033,806 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $81,193,813,808 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $90,506,061,877 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $85,629,598,654 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $60,770,049,747 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $102,543,067,841 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $153,449,860,496 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $148,845,200,696 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $143,572,907,528 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $125,551,634,705 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $95,546,919,754 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $81,705,175,409 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $98,790,432,989 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $73,037,821,926 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $58,653,659,980 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $41,396,636,384 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $26,997,977,896 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $20,342,128,112 $907,963,217,058
2002 $17,311,512,433 $708,938,227,244
2001 $8,936,079,118 $627,798,682,379
2000 $9,129,594,970 $598,102,854,756
1999 $6,152,923,310 $634,394,904,387
1998 $6,506,221,616 $618,731,484,575
1997 $7,648,380,196 $589,739,772,727
1996 $7,526,421,519 $642,251,412,058
1995 $5,538,749,260 $614,170,002,669
1994 $4,438,321,017 $530,183,651,720
1993 $5,768,720,422 $524,700,572,624
1992 $8,307,810,974 $630,465,353,486
1991 $10,603,784,541 $576,753,902,322
1990 $11,229,515,599 $536,175,326,477
1989 $10,201,780,977 $414,460,794,097
1988 $8,769,836,769 $375,891,716,898
1987 $8,084,412,414 $318,520,253,335
1986 $7,072,536,109 $251,141,555,186
1985 $7,554,065,410 $180,664,322,896
1984 $6,131,475,065 $171,979,977,230
1983 $5,784,341,596 $170,829,074,246
1982 $5,550,483,036 $195,856,752,991
1981 $5,550,483,036 $202,663,023,968
1980 $5,930,503,401 $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Angola vs Spain by year

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Angola Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $3,129 - $38,627 -
2024 $2,721 $10,119 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $2,886 $9,754 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $3,599 $9,588 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $2,267 $8,862 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $1,749 $7,827 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $2,508 $8,573 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $2,892 $8,278 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $2,832 $8,007 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $2,082 $7,767 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $3,642 $8,067 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $5,650 $9,018 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $5,689 $8,504 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $5,702 $8,246 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $5,184 $7,538 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $4,102 $7,412 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $3,645 $7,228 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $4,578 $7,316 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $3,515 $6,728 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $2,930 $6,018 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $2,146 $5,416 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $1,451 $4,771 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $1,134 $4,322 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $999 $4,241 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $534 $3,802 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $564 $3,690 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $393 $3,619 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $429 $3,609 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $522 $3,525 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $531 $3,342 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $404 $2,990 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $335 $2,633 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $450 $2,628 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $669 $3,486 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $882 $3,740 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $966 $3,705 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $908 - $10,674 -
1988 $807 - $9,696 -
1987 $770 - $8,234 -
1986 $698 - $6,509 -
1985 $772 - $4,696 -
1984 $650 - $4,487 -
1983 $637 - $4,475 -
1982 $634 - $5,156 -
1981 $658 - $5,367 -
1980 $729 - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

Angola's GDP per capita is $3,129, ranking 142/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 133rd at $10,119, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Angola Spain
Gross domestic product
$122B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
68/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
3.13%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$3,129
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
142/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,119
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
133/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$62.7B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51.3%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,606
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
127/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,550
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.9%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
20.2%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
17.5%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
10.4%
2025
10.5%
2025
Population
40839390
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Angola
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Angola Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 18.9% 51.3% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 19% 57.1% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 23.3% 75.7% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 24.8% 57.4% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 22.8% 75.5% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 24.4% 119.8% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 20.9% 100.8% 42% 97.6%
2018 17.8% 81.6% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 20.7% 59.6% 41% 101.1%
2016 19.1% 65.7% 42.1% 102%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 46.2% 100%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 38.4% 39%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 26% 41.6% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 45.7% 104.8% 40% 60.9%
1998 30.3% 96.3% 41% 62.4%
1997 31.1% 73.5% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 29.3% 92% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 - - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Angola's government spending was $23B, accounting for 18.9% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.3% in Angola and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 103/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Angola

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola Spain
2025 -4.07% -2.5%
2024 -1.19% -3.22%
2023 -2.49% -3.34%
2022 1.78% -4.59%
2021 1.35% -6.66%
2020 -3.05% -10%
2019 -0.2% -3.04%
2018 2% -2.58%
2017 -5.68% -3.1%
2016 -3.93% -4.26%
2015 -2.58% -5.26%
2014 -5.08% -6.07%
2013 -0.28% -7.49%
2012 3.67% -11.5%
2011 7.17% -9.69%
2010 2.96% -9.49%
2009 -6.83% -11.2%
2008 -3.82% -4.56%
2007 3.81% 1.88%
2006 8.42% 2.12%
2005 6.4% 1.23%
2004 1.03% -0.1%
2003 -4.1% -0.37%
2002 -2.24% -0.32%
2001 2.8% -0.45%
2000 2.02% -1.16%
1999 -9.4% -1.24%
1998 -5.92% -2.63%
1997 -0.27% -3.86%
1996 5.22% -5.87%
1995 - -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.97B, equivalent to 4.07% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to 0.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.98% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Angola

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Angola Spain
2025 20.2% 2.7%
2024 28.2% 2.75%
2023 13.6% 3.53%
2022 21.4% 8.39%
2021 25.8% 3.09%
2020 22.3% -0.32%
2019 17.1% 0.7%
2018 19.6% 1.67%
2017 29.8% 1.96%
2016 30.7% -0.2%
2015 9.2% -0.5%
2014 7.3% -0.15%
2013 8.8% 1.41%
2012 10.3% 2.45%
2011 13.5% 3.2%
2010 14.5% 1.8%
2009 13.7% -0.29%
2008 12.5% 4.08%
2007 12.2% 2.79%
2006 13.3% 3.52%
2005 23% 3.37%
2004 43.5% 3.04%
2003 98.2% 3.04%
2002 108.9% 3.07%
2001 152.6% 3.59%
2000 325% 3.43%
1999 248.2% 2.31%
1998 107.4% 1.83%
1997 221.5% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 57.7%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 20.2% in Angola and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $2.11B
Machinery & equipment $416M
Animal & marine products $22.2M
Wood & paper products $539K
Metals $515K
Raw agricultural goods $301K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $262K
Textiles & consumer goods $38K
Chemicals & pharma $4K
Miscellaneous $1K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $149M
Chemicals & pharma $26.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $18.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.5M
Metals $8.24M
Wood & paper products $6.79M
Raw materials & minerals $5.65M
Animal & marine products $5.3M
Miscellaneous $5.07M
Weapons & explosives $1.22M

Balance of trade

Angola Spain
Current account balance
$536M
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
57/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.44%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$15.5B
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$30.6B
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$8.51B
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$118M
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.7%
2025
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23%
2025
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola Spain
Economic freedom 54.4 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 133/197 59/197
Property rights 36.9 88
Government integrity 28.3 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 26.3 74.3
Tax burden 86.9 58.2
Government spending 89.3 37.3
Fiscal health 91.9 57.3
Business freedom 42.8 82.6
Labor freedom 50.8 61.7
Monetary freedom 59 78.2
Trade freedom 70.4 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Angola
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Angola Spain
2026 54.4 66.8
2025 55 66.3
2024 54.3 63.3
2023 53 65
2022 52.6 68.2
2021 54.2 69.9
2020 52.2 66.9
2019 50.6 65.7
2018 48.6 65.1
2017 48.5 63.6
2016 48.9 68.5
2015 47.9 67.6
2014 47.7 67.2
2013 47.3 68
2012 46.7 69.1
2011 46.2 70.2
2010 48.4 69.6
2009 47 70.1
2008 46.9 69.1
2007 44.7 69.2
2006 43.5 68.2
2005 - 67
2004 - 68.9
2003 - 68.8
2002 - 68.8
2001 - 68.1
2000 24.3 65.9
1999 23.7 65.1
1998 24.9 62.6
1997 24.2 59.6
1996 24.4 59.6
1995 27.4 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 54.4, ranking 133/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Angola Spain
Services, % of GDP
46.8%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.1%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$112B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,840
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
75/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.02B
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
11.3%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
10.6%
2024
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.