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Economy of Slovenia vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Slovenia has a GDP of $73B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 86/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Slovenia has $48.6B in government debt (66.6% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Slovenia vs Spain GDP by year

Slovenia
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Slovenia Spain
2024 $72,972,015,197 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $69,255,264,238 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $59,899,117,741 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $61,540,813,362 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $53,384,760,135 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $53,909,922,736 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $53,689,067,640 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $48,153,200,135 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $44,290,685,824 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $42,709,468,275 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $49,514,466,380 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $47,867,056,859 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $46,167,053,954 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $51,199,194,599 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $47,793,117,241 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $49,975,540,955 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $55,509,332,322 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $47,880,266,543 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $39,260,368,837 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $35,947,936,824 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $34,156,553,313 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $29,360,575,032 $907,963,217,058
2002 $23,214,593,516 $708,938,227,244
2001 $20,668,868,707 $627,798,682,379
2000 $20,159,190,702 $598,102,854,756
1999 $22,609,669,084 $634,394,904,387
1998 $22,058,635,314 $618,731,484,575
1997 $20,726,878,752 $589,739,772,727
1996 $21,470,699,363 $642,251,412,058
1995 $21,367,422,159 $614,170,002,669
1994 $16,400,767,070 $530,183,651,720
1993 $14,449,298,372 $524,700,572,624
1992 $14,277,261,541 $630,465,353,486
1991 $14,454,495,059 $576,753,902,322
1990 $19,832,029,087 $536,175,326,477
1989 - $414,460,794,097
1988 - $375,891,716,898
1987 - $318,520,253,335
1986 - $251,141,555,186
1985 - $180,664,322,896
1984 - $171,979,977,230
1983 - $170,829,074,246
1982 - $195,856,752,991
1981 - $202,663,023,968
1980 - $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Slovenia vs Spain by year

Slovenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Slovenia Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $34,301 $57,186 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $32,660 $56,064 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $28,360 $52,347 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $29,193 $45,914 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $25,392 $41,767 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $25,814 $42,373 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $25,888 $38,620 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $23,303 $36,180 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $21,448 $33,575 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $20,697 $31,336 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $24,013 $30,572 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $23,237 $29,634 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $22,442 $28,787 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $24,941 $28,716 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $23,330 $27,579 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $24,502 $27,229 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $27,462 $29,461 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $23,725 $27,468 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $19,563 $25,571 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $17,970 $23,682 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $17,104 $22,588 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $14,712 $20,916 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $11,639 $20,004 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $10,376 $18,763 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $10,136 $17,892 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $11,401 $17,007 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $11,132 $15,994 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $10,437 $15,257 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $10,797 $14,284 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $10,738 $13,637 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $8,244 $13,975 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $7,255 $12,976 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $7,151 $12,296 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $7,229 $12,698 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $9,925 $13,491 $13,795 $13,676
1989 - - $10,674 -
1988 - - $9,696 -
1987 - - $8,234 -
1986 - - $6,509 -
1985 - - $4,696 -
1984 - - $4,487 -
1983 - - $4,475 -
1982 - - $5,156 -
1981 - - $5,367 -
1980 - - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

Slovenia's GDP per capita is $34,301, ranking 34/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Slovenia ranks 37th at $57,186, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Slovenia Spain
Gross domestic product
$73B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
86/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
1.73%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$34,301
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
34/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,186
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
37/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$48.6B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
66.6%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,842
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
29/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,215
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$11.4B
2024
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
20.6%
2023
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.1%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
46.5%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.97%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
3.7%
2024
11.3%
2024
Population
2124138
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Slovenia
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Slovenia Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 46.5% 66.6% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 46.4% 68.3% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 47.7% 72.8% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 49.9% 74.8% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 51.8% 80.2% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 43.8% 66% 42% 97.6%
2018 44.1% 71% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 44.6% 74.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 46.9% 79.4% 42.1% 102%
2015 49.5% 83.4% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 50.6% 81.1% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 57.7% 70.8% 46.2% 100%
2012 50% 54.1% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 51.4% 46.8% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 50.7% 38.6% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 50% 34.9% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 45.2% 21.9% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 43.5% 22.9% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 45.7% 26.2% 38.4% 39%
2005 46.7% 26.6% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 46.9% 27.1% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 47.6% 27% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 47.8% 27.7% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 49.2% 26.3% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 47.8% 26.1% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 47.2% 23.8% 40% 60.9%
1998 46.4% 22.8% 41% 62.4%
1997 45.4% 22.1% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 45.2% 21.6% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 53% 18.2% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Slovenia's government spending was $33.9B, accounting for 46.5% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 66.6% in Slovenia and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 66/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Slovenia

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Slovenia Spain
2024 -0.93% -3.15%
2023 -2.59% -3.52%
2022 -3.02% -4.63%
2021 -4.61% -6.66%
2020 -7.68% -10%
2019 0.68% -3.04%
2018 0.9% -2.58%
2017 0.05% -3.1%
2016 -2% -4.26%
2015 -2.84% -5.26%
2014 -4.53% -6.07%
2013 -11.2% -7.49%
2012 -4.2% -11.5%
2011 -6.69% -9.69%
2010 -5.56% -9.49%
2009 -5.87% -11.2%
2008 -1.44% -4.56%
2007 -0.08% 1.88%
2006 -1.26% 2.12%
2005 -1.38% 1.23%
2004 -1.98% -0.1%
2003 -2.66% -0.37%
2002 -2.47% -0.32%
2001 -4.58% -0.45%
2000 -3.77% -1.16%
1999 -3.04% -1.24%
1998 -2.39% -2.63%
1997 -2.37% -3.86%
1996 -1.16% -5.87%
1995 -8.19% -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Slovenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $681M, equivalent to 0.93% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Slovenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Slovenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.23% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.13% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Slovenia

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Slovenia Spain
2024 1.97% 2.77%
2023 7.45% 3.53%
2022 8.83% 8.39%
2021 1.92% 3.09%
2020 -0.05% -0.32%
2019 1.63% 0.7%
2018 1.74% 1.67%
2017 1.43% 1.96%
2016 -0.05% -0.2%
2015 -0.53% -0.5%
2014 0.2% -0.15%
2013 1.77% 1.41%
2012 2.6% 2.45%
2011 1.8% 3.2%
2010 1.8% 1.8%
2009 0.84% -0.29%
2008 5.65% 4.08%
2007 3.66% 2.79%
2006 2.46% 3.52%
2005 2.45% 3.37%
2004 3.59% 3.04%
2003 5.54% 3.04%
2002 7.48% 3.07%
2001 8.38% 3.59%
2000 8.91% 3.43%
1999 6.16% 2.31%
1998 7.89% 1.83%
1997 8.36% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Slovenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.71%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 1.97% in Slovenia and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Slovenia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $445M
Chemicals & pharma $148M
Metals $100M
Raw materials & minerals $84.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $67.4M
Transport & tourism services $25.4M
Wood & paper products $22.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $22.5M
Business & finance services $6.27M
Manufacturing & construction services $2.86M
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $373M
Raw materials & minerals $110M
Chemicals & pharma $92M
Animal & marine products $85.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $73.3M
Metals $55.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $28.7M
Raw agricultural goods $24.2M
Weapons & explosives $14.5M
Wood & paper products $10.1M

Balance of trade

Slovenia Spain
Current account balance
$3.32B
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
37/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.55%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$45.2B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$45.6B
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$9.52B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$13.6B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
74.7%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
80.9%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Slovenia Spain
Economic freedom 69.7 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 40/197 59/197
Property rights 87.6 88
Government integrity 66.1 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 74.3
Tax burden 55.5 58.2
Government spending 34.1 37.3
Fiscal health 83.5 57.3
Business freedom 78.7 82.6
Labor freedom 62.7 61.7
Monetary freedom 77.5 78.2
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Slovenia
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Slovenia Spain
2026 69.7 66.8
2025 68.3 66.3
2024 65.9 63.3
2023 68.5 65
2022 70.5 68.2
2021 68.3 69.9
2020 67.8 66.9
2019 65.5 65.7
2018 64.8 65.1
2017 59.2 63.6
2016 60.6 68.5
2015 60.3 67.6
2014 62.7 67.2
2013 61.7 68
2012 62.9 69.1
2011 64.6 70.2
2010 64.7 69.6
2009 62.9 70.1
2008 60.2 69.1
2007 59.6 69.2
2006 61.9 68.2
2005 59.6 67
2004 59.2 68.9
2003 57.7 68.8
2002 57.8 68.8
2001 61.8 68.1
2000 58.3 65.9
1999 61.3 65.1
1998 60.7 62.6
1997 55.6 59.6
1996 50.4 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Slovenia is 69.7, ranking 40/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Slovenia Spain
Services, % of GDP
57.9%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.1%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.54%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$67.6B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$56,520
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.83B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
118/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$405M
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.87B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$1.46B
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.7%
2022
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.