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Economy of Slovenia vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Slovenia has a GDP of $79.6B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 86/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Slovenia has $52.5B in government debt (65.9% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Slovenia vs Spain GDP by year

Slovenia
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Slovenia Spain
2025 $79,648,204,979 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $72,972,015,197 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $69,255,264,238 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $59,899,117,741 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $61,540,813,362 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $53,384,760,135 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $53,909,922,736 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $53,689,067,640 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $48,153,200,135 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $44,290,685,824 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $42,709,468,275 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $49,514,466,380 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $47,867,056,859 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $46,167,053,954 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $51,199,194,599 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $47,793,117,241 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $49,975,540,955 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $55,509,332,322 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $47,880,266,543 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $39,260,368,837 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $35,947,936,824 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $34,156,553,313 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $29,360,575,032 $907,963,217,058
2002 $23,214,593,516 $708,938,227,244
2001 $20,668,868,707 $627,798,682,379
2000 $20,159,190,702 $598,102,854,756
1999 $22,609,669,084 $634,394,904,387
1998 $22,058,635,314 $618,731,484,575
1997 $20,726,878,752 $589,739,772,727
1996 $21,470,699,363 $642,251,412,058
1995 $21,367,422,159 $614,170,002,669
1994 $16,400,767,070 $530,183,651,720
1993 $14,449,298,372 $524,700,572,624
1992 $14,277,261,541 $630,465,353,486
1991 $14,454,495,059 $576,753,902,322
1990 $19,832,029,087 $536,175,326,477
1989 - $414,460,794,097
1988 - $375,891,716,898
1987 - $318,520,253,335
1986 - $251,141,555,186
1985 - $180,664,322,896
1984 - $171,979,977,230
1983 - $170,829,074,246
1982 - $195,856,752,991
1981 - $202,663,023,968
1980 - $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Slovenia vs Spain by year

Slovenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Slovenia Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $37,376 - $38,627 -
2024 $34,301 $57,186 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $32,660 $56,064 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $28,360 $52,347 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $29,193 $45,914 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $25,392 $41,767 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $25,814 $42,373 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $25,888 $38,620 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $23,303 $36,180 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $21,448 $33,575 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $20,697 $31,336 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $24,013 $30,572 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $23,237 $29,634 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $22,442 $28,787 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $24,941 $28,716 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $23,330 $27,579 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $24,502 $27,229 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $27,462 $29,461 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $23,725 $27,468 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $19,563 $25,571 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $17,970 $23,682 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $17,104 $22,588 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $14,712 $20,916 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $11,639 $20,004 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $10,376 $18,763 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $10,136 $17,892 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $11,401 $17,007 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $11,132 $15,994 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $10,437 $15,257 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $10,797 $14,284 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $10,738 $13,637 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $8,244 $13,975 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $7,255 $12,976 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $7,151 $12,296 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $7,229 $12,698 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $9,925 $13,491 $13,795 $13,676
1989 - - $10,674 -
1988 - - $9,696 -
1987 - - $8,234 -
1986 - - $6,509 -
1985 - - $4,696 -
1984 - - $4,487 -
1983 - - $4,475 -
1982 - - $5,156 -
1981 - - $5,367 -
1980 - - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

Slovenia's GDP per capita is $37,376, ranking 32/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Slovenia ranks 37th at $57,186, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Slovenia Spain
Gross domestic product
$79.6B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
86/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
1.06%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$37,376
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
32/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,186
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
37/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$52.5B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
65.9%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$24,627
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
29/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,481
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.7B
2025
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
20.6%
2023
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.1%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48.5%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.37%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
3.9%
2025
10.5%
2025
Population
2128778
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Slovenia
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Slovenia Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 48.5% 65.9% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 46.5% 66.6% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 46.5% 68.3% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 47.7% 72.8% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 49.9% 74.8% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 51.8% 80.2% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 43.8% 66% 42% 97.6%
2018 44.1% 71% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 44.6% 74.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 46.9% 79.4% 42.1% 102%
2015 49.5% 83.4% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 50.6% 81.1% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 57.7% 70.8% 46.2% 100%
2012 50% 54.1% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 51.4% 46.8% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 50.7% 38.6% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 50% 34.9% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 45.2% 21.9% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 43.5% 22.9% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 45.7% 26.2% 38.4% 39%
2005 46.7% 26.6% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 46.9% 27.1% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 47.6% 27% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 47.8% 27.7% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 49.2% 26.3% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 47.8% 26.1% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 47.2% 23.8% 40% 60.9%
1998 46.4% 22.8% 41% 62.4%
1997 45.4% 22.1% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 45.2% 21.6% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 53% 18.2% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Slovenia's government spending was $38.6B, accounting for 48.5% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 65.9% in Slovenia and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 65/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Slovenia

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Slovenia Spain
2025 -2.35% -2.5%
2024 -0.94% -3.22%
2023 -2.58% -3.34%
2022 -3.01% -4.59%
2021 -4.61% -6.66%
2020 -7.68% -10%
2019 0.68% -3.04%
2018 0.9% -2.58%
2017 0.05% -3.1%
2016 -2% -4.26%
2015 -2.84% -5.26%
2014 -4.53% -6.07%
2013 -11.2% -7.49%
2012 -4.2% -11.5%
2011 -6.69% -9.69%
2010 -5.56% -9.49%
2009 -5.87% -11.2%
2008 -1.44% -4.56%
2007 -0.08% 1.88%
2006 -1.26% 2.12%
2005 -1.38% 1.23%
2004 -1.98% -0.1%
2003 -2.66% -0.37%
2002 -2.47% -0.32%
2001 -4.58% -0.45%
2000 -3.77% -1.16%
1999 -3.04% -1.24%
1998 -2.39% -2.63%
1997 -2.37% -3.86%
1996 -1.16% -5.87%
1995 -8.19% -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Slovenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.87B, equivalent to 2.35% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Slovenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Slovenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.2% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.07% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Slovenia

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Slovenia Spain
2025 2.37% 2.7%
2024 1.97% 2.75%
2023 7.45% 3.53%
2022 8.83% 8.39%
2021 1.92% 3.09%
2020 -0.05% -0.32%
2019 1.63% 0.7%
2018 1.74% 1.67%
2017 1.43% 1.96%
2016 -0.05% -0.2%
2015 -0.53% -0.5%
2014 0.2% -0.15%
2013 1.77% 1.41%
2012 2.6% 2.45%
2011 1.8% 3.2%
2010 1.8% 1.8%
2009 0.84% -0.29%
2008 5.65% 4.08%
2007 3.66% 2.79%
2006 2.46% 3.52%
2005 2.45% 3.37%
2004 3.59% 3.04%
2003 5.54% 3.04%
2002 7.48% 3.07%
2001 8.38% 3.59%
2000 8.91% 3.43%
1999 6.16% 2.31%
1998 7.89% 1.83%
1997 8.36% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Slovenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.66%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 2.37% in Slovenia and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Slovenia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $524M
Chemicals & pharma $170M
Metals $114M
Raw materials & minerals $98M
Textiles & consumer goods $85.6M
Transport & tourism services $73.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $29.7M
Wood & paper products $25.4M
Business & finance services $18.6M
Manufacturing & construction services $13.7M
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $452M
Chemicals & pharma $198M
Raw materials & minerals $136M
Animal & marine products $94.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $88M
Metals $67.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $37.1M
Raw agricultural goods $31.4M
Business & finance services $23.6M
Wood & paper products $10.6M

Balance of trade

Slovenia Spain
Current account balance
$2.83B
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
39/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.55%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$47.9B
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$47.7B
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$10.8B
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$15.3B
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
73.3%
2025
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
78.6%
2025
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Slovenia Spain
Economic freedom 69.7 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 40/197 59/197
Property rights 87.6 88
Government integrity 66.1 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 74.3
Tax burden 55.5 58.2
Government spending 34.1 37.3
Fiscal health 83.5 57.3
Business freedom 78.7 82.6
Labor freedom 62.7 61.7
Monetary freedom 77.5 78.2
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Slovenia
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Slovenia Spain
2026 69.7 66.8
2025 68.3 66.3
2024 65.9 63.3
2023 68.5 65
2022 70.5 68.2
2021 68.3 69.9
2020 67.8 66.9
2019 65.5 65.7
2018 64.8 65.1
2017 59.2 63.6
2016 60.6 68.5
2015 60.3 67.6
2014 62.7 67.2
2013 61.7 68
2012 62.9 69.1
2011 64.6 70.2
2010 64.7 69.6
2009 62.9 70.1
2008 60.2 69.1
2007 59.6 69.2
2006 61.9 68.2
2005 59.6 67
2004 59.2 68.9
2003 57.7 68.8
2002 57.8 68.8
2001 61.8 68.1
2000 58.3 65.9
1999 61.3 65.1
1998 60.7 62.6
1997 55.6 59.6
1996 50.4 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Slovenia is 69.7, ranking 40/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Slovenia Spain
Services, % of GDP
58.6%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
28.3%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.63%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$75.7B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$58,880
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$3.55B
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
115/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$738M
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.87B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$1.46B
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.7%
2022
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22%
2025
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.