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Economy of Spain vs Uganda compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Spain has a GDP of $1.72T compared to $53.7B for Uganda, ranking 14/197 and 89/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.75T in government debt (100.6% of GDP), compared to $27.8B (54% of GDP) in Uganda.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Spain
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Uganda
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Spain Uganda
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $12,424,514,014 $191,405,167,020 $423,145,605 -
1961 $14,238,126,760 $214,065,001,135 $441,667,335 -
1962 $16,609,632,791 $235,371,828,523 $449,158,233 -
1963 $19,631,714,760 $257,959,283,398 $516,315,231 -
1964 $21,966,876,027 $271,653,078,386 $589,247,687 -
1965 $25,479,619,607 $288,639,911,835 $884,502,310 -
1966 $29,559,436,183 $309,554,933,924 $925,381,492 -
1967 $32,570,905,397 $322,990,665,643 $967,240,655 -
1968 $32,394,326,464 $344,298,424,898 $1,037,379,252 -
1969 $37,090,689,288 $374,965,139,160 $1,168,556,629 -
1970 $40,963,715,237 $390,882,299,705 $1,259,554,809 -
1971 $46,586,119,760 $409,056,269,215 $1,417,191,656 -
1972 $59,090,176,029 $442,393,315,596 $1,490,970,181 -
1973 $78,583,355,226 $476,848,965,658 $1,701,829,789 -
1974 $97,204,522,642 $503,642,086,899 $2,098,944,967 -
1975 $114,695,060,870 $506,372,851,132 $2,359,555,556 -
1976 $118,422,534,195 $523,102,353,883 $2,447,300,000 -
1977 $132,354,665,936 $537,951,003,183 $2,936,470,588 -
1978 $160,484,969,618 $545,821,244,290 $2,420,260,870 -
1979 $214,448,666,336 $546,048,014,004 $2,139,025,000 -
1980 $232,600,556,974 $558,108,729,943 $1,244,610,000 -
1981 $202,663,023,968 $557,369,411,138 $1,337,300,000 -
1982 $195,856,752,991 $564,316,807,889 $2,177,500,000 $4,983,495,459
1983 $170,829,074,246 $574,305,868,927 $2,240,333,333 $5,269,775,231
1984 $171,979,977,230 $584,555,434,060 $3,615,647,477 $5,251,611,545
1985 $180,664,322,896 $598,125,512,979 $3,519,695,444 $5,077,973,311
1986 $251,141,555,186 $617,584,460,037 $3,923,244,050 $5,097,781,822
1987 $318,520,253,335 $651,842,628,032 $6,269,522,042 $5,299,750,982
1988 $375,891,716,898 $685,049,604,315 $6,508,931,652 $5,737,885,293
1989 $414,460,794,097 $718,117,156,374 $5,276,480,799 $6,102,926,184
1990 $536,175,326,477 $745,271,992,216 $4,304,399,310 $6,498,038,179
1991 $576,753,902,322 $764,246,620,838 $3,321,729,160 $6,858,945,425
1992 $630,465,353,486 $771,348,118,767 $2,857,457,762 $7,093,408,658
1993 $524,700,572,624 $763,391,725,887 $3,220,439,044 $7,684,026,613
1994 $530,183,651,720 $781,584,842,223 $3,990,430,447 $8,176,083,687
1995 $614,170,002,669 $803,136,997,375 $5,755,818,842 $9,118,233,745
1996 $642,251,412,058 $824,078,081,164 $6,044,585,327 $9,945,450,358
1997 $589,739,772,727 $853,640,231,891 $6,269,333,313 $10,452,668,512
1998 $618,731,484,575 $890,363,642,200 $6,584,815,847 $10,965,399,652
1999 $634,394,904,387 $929,618,577,228 $5,998,563,258 $11,848,547,280
2000 $598,102,854,756 $977,964,704,474 $6,193,246,837 $12,220,817,656
2001 $627,798,682,379 $1,016,292,009,754 $5,840,503,869 $12,854,303,430
2002 $708,938,227,244 $1,044,295,490,090 $6,178,563,591 $13,976,829,356
2003 $907,963,217,058 $1,074,990,358,774 $6,606,884,275 $14,881,585,674
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $1,108,471,271,904 $7,939,487,548 $15,894,609,936
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $1,147,835,587,310 $9,239,221,763 $16,901,146,461
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $1,194,247,574,981 $9,977,647,683 $18,723,891,905
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $1,236,446,314,615 $11,902,564,495 $20,299,025,449
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $1,245,931,907,237 $14,440,404,132 $22,066,817,214
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $1,198,983,535,018 $25,127,805,567 $23,567,695,615
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $1,200,112,046,038 $26,673,441,431 $24,896,350,765
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $1,192,432,281,394 $27,871,725,241 $27,234,530,260
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $1,158,267,740,899 $27,305,915,911 $28,279,643,268
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $1,141,735,527,746 $28,915,786,517 $29,294,007,440
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $1,159,095,455,877 $32,612,397,257 $30,789,849,488
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $1,206,164,777,553 $32,387,183,730 $32,387,183,730
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $1,241,326,362,266 $29,203,988,696 $33,935,615,079
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $1,277,275,696,051 $30,744,473,841 $34,998,276,802
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $1,307,871,701,701 $32,927,025,620 $37,204,541,497
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $1,333,521,400,433 $35,353,061,008 $39,600,047,064
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $1,187,633,217,292 $37,600,368,240 $40,768,765,796
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $1,267,004,457,827 $40,529,788,744 $42,210,585,953
2022 $1,446,498,147,749 $1,345,296,618,860 $45,565,333,216 $44,147,216,890
2023 $1,620,090,734,957 $1,381,292,228,958 $48,768,955,859 $46,503,341,915
2024 $1,722,745,978,335 $1,424,805,636,602 $53,651,874,314 $49,356,997,179

Economic indicators

Spain Uganda
Gross domestic product
$1.72T
2024
$53.7B
2024
GDP rank
14/197
2024
89/197
2024
GDP growth
6.34%
2023-2024
10%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$35,297
2024
$1,073
2024
GDP per capita rank
31/197
2024
173/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$56,926
2024
$3,276
2024
Government debt
$1.75T
2024
$27.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.6%
2025
54%
2025
Government debt per person
$35,940
2024
$556
2024
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2024
162/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,195
2025
$1,648
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$754B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,180,703
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
34.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.4%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.1%
2025
21.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.77%
2023-2024
3.8%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
9.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2024
3.42%
2021
Population
48786181
52490669

GDP per capita in Spain vs Uganda

Spain's GDP per capita is $35,297, ranking 31/197, compared to $1,073 in Uganda, ranking 173/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 33rd at $56,926, while Uganda ranks 175th at $3,276.

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uganda
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Spain Uganda
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $408 - $55.4 -
1961 $463 - $56.2 -
1962 $535 - $55.5 -
1963 $627 - $62 -
1964 $695 - $68.6 -
1965 $797 - $100 -
1966 $916 - $101.4 -
1967 $997 - $102.8 -
1968 $978 - $106.9 -
1969 $1,109 - $116.7 -
1970 $1,211 - $122 -
1971 $1,361 - $133.5 -
1972 $1,708 - $137 -
1973 $2,246 - $152.7 -
1974 $2,748 - $183.7 -
1975 $3,208 - $201.2 -
1976 $3,277 - $203.3 -
1977 $3,625 - $237.6 -
1978 $4,353 - $190.7 -
1979 $5,766 - $164.5 -
1980 $6,204 - $93.8 -
1981 $5,367 - $98.6 -
1982 $5,156 - $157 -
1983 $4,475 - $157.5 -
1984 $4,487 - $247.5 -
1985 $4,696 - $234.3 -
1986 $6,509 - $253.6 -
1987 $8,234 - $393 -
1988 $9,696 - $395 -
1989 $10,674 - $310 -
1990 $13,795 $13,667 $245 $666
1991 $14,801 $14,452 $183 $703
1992 $16,101 $14,845 $152.1 $719
1993 $13,330 $14,963 $165.6 $770
1994 $13,406 $15,572 $198.4 $809
1995 $15,461 $16,265 $278.5 $897
1996 $16,101 $16,965 $284.7 $969
1997 $14,722 $17,899 $286.8 $1,007
1998 $15,382 $19,082 $292.5 $1,037
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $257.9 $1,100
2000 $14,743 $21,578 $258.1 $1,124
2001 $15,368 $22,955 $236 $1,173
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $242 $1,255
2003 $21,522 $25,061 $250.7 $1,320
2004 $24,925 $26,163 $292.4 $1,405
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $330 $1,497
2006 $28,422 $30,755 $347 $1,660
2007 $32,652 $32,537 $401 $1,795
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $473 $1,931
2009 $32,280 $32,201 $799 $2,015
2010 $30,659 $31,808 $823 $2,092
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $836 $2,268
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $795 $2,032
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $818 $2,045
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $896 $2,134
2015 $25,982 $35,238 $863 $2,190
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $753 $2,165
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $765 $2,158
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $792 $2,312
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $822 $2,441
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $846 $2,532
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $883 $2,685
2022 $30,270 $50,468 $963 $2,919
2023 $33,509 $53,230 $1,002 $3,098
2024 $35,297 $56,926 $1,073 $3,276

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Spain's government spending was $782B, accounting for 45.1% of its GDP, while Uganda's spent $11B, or 21.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.6% in Spain and 54% in Uganda, ranking 22/185 and 100/185, respectively.

Spain
Government spending

Government debt
Uganda
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Spain Uganda
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 11% 29.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1991 42.6% 41.9% - -
1992 43.9% 44.1% - -
1993 46.3% 54.6% - -
1994 44.8% 57% - -
1995 44.1% 61.6% - -
1996 42.9% 65.4% - -
1997 41.5% 64.3% 13.9% 44.2%
1998 41% 62.4% 14% 45.1%
1999 40% 60.9% 14.7% 47.7%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 15.2% 48.5%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 16.2% 51.4%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 16.8% 54.7%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 16.5% 55.1%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 15.6% 49%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 14.5% 42.6%
2006 38.4% 39% 13.7% 27.8%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 13.2% 17%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 12.9% 15.7%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 11.8% 14.8%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 15.4% 18.4%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 13.2% 18%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 13.1% 19.5%
2013 46.2% 100% 13.3% 22.1%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 13.6% 24.8%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 14.9% 28%
2016 42.1% 102% 15.2% 31.3%
2017 41% 101.1% 16.3% 33.6%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 16.2% 34.9%
2019 42% 97.6% 18.3% 37.5%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 21.4% 46.3%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 21.4% 50.3%
2022 46.4% 109.4% 20.2% 50.2%
2023 45.4% 105% 19% 50.2%
2024 45.4% 101.8% 20.5% 51.8%
2025 45.1% 100.6% 21.4% 54%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$54.3B, equivalent to -3.15% of GDP. This compares to Uganda's deficit of -$3.14B, or -5.85% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Uganda ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to -3.97% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.72% of GDP for Uganda.

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Uganda
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Uganda
1850 0.31% -
1851 -0.25% -
1852 -0.11% -
1853 -0.02% -
1854 -0.32% -
1855 -0.76% -
1856 -0.46% -
1857 -0.41% -
1858 -0.44% -
1859 0.39% -
1860 -0.94% -
1861 -1.77% -
1862 -1.76% -
1863 -1.55% -
1864 -2.48% -
1865 -1.84% -
1866 -0.83% -
1867 -0.79% -
1868 -1.46% -
1869 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1871 -2.64% -
1872 -2.27% -
1873 2.22% -
1874 -0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1876 0.1% -
1877 0.11% -
1878 -0.08% -
1879 -0.52% -
1880 -0.02% -
1881 0.08% -
1882 0.38% -
1883 -0.38% -
1884 -0.23% -
1885 -0.78% -
1886 -0.08% -
1887 -0.73% -
1888 -0.97% -
1889 -0.38% -
1890 -0.4% -
1891 -0.41% -
1892 -0.67% -
1893 0.87% -
1894 -0.08% -
1895 0.83% -
1896 0.46% -
1897 -0.64% -
1898 0.13% -
1899 2.75% -
1900 1.04% -
1901 0.69% -
1902 0.74% -
1903 0.28% -
1904 0.52% -
1905 0.71% -
1906 0.91% -
1907 0.66% -
1908 0.59% -
1909 -0.29% -
1910 0.09% -
1911 0.19% -
1912 -0.33% -
1913 -0.09% -
1914 -1.04% -
1915 -2.97% -
1916 -1.15% -
1917 -1.49% -
1918 -1.8% -
1919 -1.82% -
1920 -2.4% -
1921 -3.33% -
1922 -2.26% -
1923 -1.89% -
1924 -1.76% -
1925 -1.19% -
1926 -0.65% -
1927 -0.54% -
1928 -0.31% -
1929 -0.07% -
1930 0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1932 -0.3% -
1933 -0.72% -
1934 -1.17% -
1935 -0.49% -
1936 -0.49% -
1937 -0.49% -
1938 -0.49% -
1939 -0.49% -
1940 -3.54% -
1941 -4.34% -
1942 -2.48% -
1943 -7.73% -
1944 -5.44% -
1945 -4.56% -
1946 -2.24% -
1947 -1.09% -
1948 -1.21% -
1949 -0.35% -
1950 -0.44% -
1951 -0.24% -
1952 0.81% -
1953 1.02% -
1954 0.7% -
1955 0.6% -
1956 -0.05% -
1957 1.13% -
1958 0.23% -
1959 0.54% -
1960 0.69% -
1961 1.9% -
1962 1.27% -
1963 -0.54% -
1964 0.18% -
1965 -0.04% -
1966 0.07% -
1967 -0.32% -
1968 -0.55% -
1969 -0.06% -
1970 0.09% -
1971 -0.96% -
1972 0.24% -
1973 1.09% -
1974 0.11% -
1975 0.26% -
1976 0.43% -
1977 -0.24% -
1978 -1.63% -
1979 -1.51% -
1980 -2.55% -
1981 -2.88% -
1982 -5.76% -
1983 -4.77% -
1984 -5.25% -
1985 -6.04% -
1986 -5.18% -
1987 -3.52% -
1988 -2.95% -
1989 -3.24% -
1990 -3.9% -
1991 -4.58% -
1992 -4.26% -
1993 -6.89% -
1994 -6.31% -
1995 -6.79% -
1996 -5.87% -
1997 -3.86% -0.83%
1998 -2.63% -0.7%
1999 -1.24% -1.24%
2000 -1.16% -0.62%
2001 -0.45% -0.99%
2002 -0.32% -2.07%
2003 -0.37% -0.97%
2004 -0.1% 0.34%
2005 1.23% -0.17%
2006 2.12% -0.64%
2007 1.88% -0.82%
2008 -4.56% -1.99%
2009 -11.2% -1.61%
2010 -9.49% -4.64%
2011 -9.69% -2.04%
2012 -11.5% -2.39%
2013 -7.49% -3.19%
2014 -6.07% -2.74%
2015 -5.26% -2.59%
2016 -4.26% -2.64%
2017 -3.1% -3.83%
2018 -2.58% -3.02%
2019 -3.04% -4.82%
2020 -10% -7.76%
2021 -6.66% -7.44%
2022 -4.64% -5.96%
2023 -3.52% -4.86%
2024 -3.15% -5.85%
2025 -2.69% -6.7%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.38%, compared with 6.12% in Uganda. In 2024, inflation was 2.77% in Spain and 3.8% in Uganda.

Inflation
Spain

Uganda
Year Inflation
Spain Uganda Spain Uganda
1996 3.56% 7.5%
1997 1.97% 7.7%
1998 1.83% 5.8%
1999 2.31% 5.8%
2000 3.43% 3.4%
2001 3.59% 1.9%
2002 3.07% -0.3%
2003 3.04% 8.7%
2004 3.04% 3.7%
2005 3.37% 8.6%
2006 3.52% 7.2%
2007 2.79% 6.1%
2008 4.08% 12%
2009 -0.29% 13%
2010 1.8% 4%
2011 3.2% 18.7%
2012 2.45% 14%
2013 1.41% 5.5%
2014 -0.15% 4.3%
2015 -0.5% 3.7%
2016 -0.2% 5.2%
2017 1.96% 5.6%
2018 1.67% 2.5%
2019 0.7% 2.1%
2020 -0.32% 2.8%
2021 3.09% 2.2%
2022 8.39% 7.2%
2023 3.53% 5.4%
2024 2.77% 3.3%
2025 - 3.8%

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $4.87M
Wood & paper products $3.56M
Machinery & equipment $3.32M
Chemicals & pharma $3M
Metals $2.88M
Raw materials & minerals $1.22M
Animal & marine products $798K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $607K
Raw agricultural goods $85K
Miscellaneous $53K
Uganda
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $74.4M
Chemicals & pharma $3.55M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.29M
Animal & marine products $2.95M
Raw materials & minerals $2.16M
Textiles & consumer goods $249K
Machinery & equipment $26K
Wood & paper products $24K
Metals $2K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Spain Uganda
Current account balance
$52.8B
2024
-$4.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
10/189
2024
161/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.07%
2024
-7.83%
2024
Goods imports
$457B
2024
$11.7B
2024
Goods exports
$422B
2024
$8.67B
2024
Service imports
$111B
2024
$4.31B
2024
Service exports
$221B
2024
$2.39B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33%
2024
24.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.3%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Uganda
Economic freedom 66.3 51.3
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 154/197
Property rights 87.2 47.4
Government integrity 64.7 24.1
Judicial effectiveness 74 29.2
Tax burden 57.7 73.6
Government spending 33.5 87.7
Fiscal health 40.8 35.5
Business freedom 83.6 50.3
Labor freedom 63.1 54.8
Monetary freedom 76.5 75.1
Trade freedom 84.6 57.4
Investment freedom 70 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.3, ranking 59/197, compared to 51.3 for Uganda, ranking 154/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Spain
Uganda
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Uganda
1995 62.8 62.9
1996 59.6 66.2
1997 59.6 66.6
1998 62.6 64.7
1999 65.1 64.8
2000 65.9 58.2
2001 68.1 60.4
2002 68.8 61
2003 68.8 60.1
2004 68.9 64.1
2005 67 62.9
2006 68.2 63.9
2007 69.2 63.1
2008 69.1 63.8
2009 70.1 63.5
2010 69.6 62.2
2011 70.2 61.7
2012 69.1 61.9
2013 68 61.1
2014 67.2 59.9
2015 67.6 59.7
2016 68.5 59.3
2017 63.6 60.9
2018 65.1 62
2019 65.7 59.7
2020 66.9 59.5
2021 69.9 58.6
2022 68.2 54.2
2023 65 51.4
2024 63.3 50.7
2025 66.3 51.3

More economic indicators

Spain Uganda
Services, % of GDP
69.1%
2024
43.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
24.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.54%
2024
24.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.63T
2024
$50.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$56,630
2024
$3,200
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$3.36B
2018
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2024
114/177
2018
Net foreign direct investment
$22.6B
2024
-$3.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$34.1B
2024
$3.3B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$56.7B
2024
$400K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
4.99%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
20.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.5%
2024
22.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Spain vs Uganda
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.