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Economy of El Salvador vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

El Salvador has a GDP of $36.7B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 108/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

El Salvador has $32B in government debt (87.2% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

El Salvador vs Spain GDP by year

El Salvador
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
El Salvador Spain
2025 $36,708,110,000 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $34,879,730,000 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $33,565,430,000 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $31,870,110,000 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $29,043,140,000 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $24,921,190,000 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $26,881,140,000 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $26,020,850,000 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $24,979,190,000 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $24,191,430,000 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $23,438,240,000 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $22,593,470,000 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $21,990,960,000 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $21,386,150,000 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $20,283,780,000 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $18,447,920,000 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $17,601,620,000 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $17,986,890,000 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $17,011,750,000 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $15,999,890,000 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $14,698,000,000 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $13,724,810,900 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $13,243,892,200 $907,963,217,058
2002 $12,664,190,300 $708,938,227,244
2001 $12,282,533,600 $627,798,682,379
2000 $11,784,927,700 $598,102,854,756
1999 $11,284,197,000 $634,394,904,387
1998 $10,936,669,900 $618,731,484,575
1997 $10,221,705,900 $589,739,772,727
1996 $9,586,327,800 $642,251,412,058
1995 $8,921,947,100 $614,170,002,669
1994 $7,679,384,000 $530,183,651,720
1993 $6,680,269,200 $524,700,572,624
1992 $5,813,399,300 $630,465,353,486
1991 $5,252,342,400 $576,753,902,322
1990 $4,817,542,204 $536,175,326,477
1989 $4,372,215,300 $414,460,794,097
1988 $4,189,880,000 $375,891,716,898
1987 $3,958,045,800 $318,520,253,335
1986 $3,771,663,200 $251,141,555,186
1985 $3,800,368,600 $180,664,322,896
1984 $3,661,683,400 $171,979,977,230
1983 $3,506,347,800 $170,829,074,246
1982 $3,399,189,100 $195,856,752,991
1981 $3,437,200,200 $202,663,023,968
1980 $3,573,959,900 $232,600,556,974
1979 $3,463,639,900 $214,448,666,336
1978 $3,127,960,000 $160,484,969,618
1977 $2,941,640,100 $132,354,665,936
1976 $2,328,280,100 $118,422,534,195
1975 $1,884,120,100 $114,695,060,870
1974 $1,665,880,000 $97,204,522,642
1973 $1,442,320,000 $78,583,355,226
1972 $1,263,720,000 $59,090,176,029
1971 $1,186,120,000 $46,586,119,760
1970 $1,132,920,000 $40,963,715,237
1969 $1,049,400,000 $37,090,689,288
1968 $1,009,760,100 $32,394,326,464
1967 $976,200,000 $32,570,905,397
1966 $929,520,000 $29,559,436,183
1965 $877,720,000 $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in El Salvador vs Spain by year

El Salvador
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
El Salvador Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,767 - $38,627 -
2024 $5,503 $13,264 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $5,320 $12,680 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $5,075 $11,876 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $4,643 $10,810 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $3,997 $9,393 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $4,320 $9,757 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $4,184 $9,204 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $4,020 $8,965 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $3,901 $8,456 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $3,790 $7,934 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $3,666 $7,504 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $3,582 $7,093 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $3,498 $6,708 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $3,331 $6,594 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $3,040 $6,248 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $2,910 $6,063 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $2,983 $6,175 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $2,831 $5,949 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $2,666 $5,695 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $2,447 $5,292 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $2,286 $4,998 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $2,208 $4,829 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $2,115 $4,672 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $2,058 $4,543 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $1,983 $4,422 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $1,908 $4,298 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $1,860 $4,171 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $1,749 $4,043 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $1,651 $3,880 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $1,548 $3,808 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $1,344 $3,591 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $1,180 $3,390 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $1,041 $3,171 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $956 $2,945 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $892 $2,856 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $825 - $10,674 -
1988 $806 - $9,696 -
1987 $777 - $8,234 -
1986 $755 - $6,509 -
1985 $776 - $4,696 -
1984 $763 - $4,487 -
1983 $745 - $4,475 -
1982 $735 - $5,156 -
1981 $752 - $5,367 -
1980 $787 - $6,204 -
1979 $773 - $5,766 -
1978 $712 - $4,353 -
1977 $684 - $3,625 -
1976 $553 - $3,277 -
1975 $457 - $3,208 -
1974 $413 - $2,748 -
1973 $366 - $2,246 -
1972 $329 - $1,708 -
1971 $316 - $1,361 -
1970 $309 - $1,211 -
1969 $293.4 - $1,109 -
1968 $290.1 - $978 -
1967 $288.4 - $997 -
1966 $282.4 - $916 -
1965 $274.3 - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

El Salvador's GDP per capita is $5,767, ranking 117/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), El Salvador ranks 120th at $13,264, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

El Salvador Spain
Gross domestic product
$36.7B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
108/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
3.91%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,767
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
117/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$13,264
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
120/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$32B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.2%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$5,030
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
86/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,010
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
29.7%
2023
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.2%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.26%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
2.71%
2024
10.5%
2025
Population
6404781
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

El Salvador
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
El Salvador Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 30.2% 87.2% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 31.4% 87.4% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 30.5% 85% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 28.7% 83.7% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 31.1% 88% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 32.7% 95.4% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 27.8% 77.9% 42% 97.6%
2018 27.6% 77% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 28.1% 77.1% 41% 101.1%
2016 27.5% 75.2% 42.1% 102%
2015 27.1% 73.5% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 27.6% 71.8% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 28.5% 69.7% 46.2% 100%
2012 27.4% 70% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 25.3% 65.6% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 25.6% 66.8% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 26% 65.8% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 24.5% 54.2% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 22.8% 52.2% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 23.4% 52.6% 38.4% 39%
2005 22.4% 46.3% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 21.5% 46.8% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 22.6% 46% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 22.5% 43.8% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 21.7% 37.8% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 21% 29.6% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 19.7% 28% 40% 60.9%
1998 19.3% 25.7% 41% 62.4%
1997 18.6% 27.8% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 21% 28.5% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 18.6% 28% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 18.9% 30.5% 44.8% 57%
1993 18.5% 31.9% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 20.8% 36.4% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 18.5% 43.3% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 15.9% - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

In 2025, El Salvador's government spending was $11.1B, accounting for 30.2% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.2% in El Salvador and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 32/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
El Salvador

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
El Salvador Spain
2025 -2.82% -2.5%
2024 -4.55% -3.22%
2023 -4.69% -3.34%
2022 -2.68% -4.59%
2021 -5.53% -6.66%
2020 -8.14% -10%
2019 -3.07% -3.04%
2018 -2.71% -2.58%
2017 -2.53% -3.1%
2016 -3.1% -4.26%
2015 -3.63% -5.26%
2014 -4.02% -6.07%
2013 -4.46% -7.49%
2012 -3.81% -11.5%
2011 -4.47% -9.69%
2010 -4.97% -9.49%
2009 -6.65% -11.2%
2008 -3.8% -4.56%
2007 -2.32% 1.88%
2006 -3.42% 2.12%
2005 -3.47% 1.23%
2004 -2.76% -0.1%
2003 -4.23% -0.37%
2002 -5.5% -0.32%
2001 -4.95% -0.45%
2000 -3.45% -1.16%
1999 -3.08% -1.24%
1998 -2.94% -2.63%
1997 -1.97% -3.86%
1996 -2.7% -5.87%
1995 -0.18% -6.79%
1994 -0.94% -6.31%
1993 -1.42% -6.89%
1992 -4.29% -4.26%
1991 -2.3% -4.58%
1990 -0.61% -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

In 2025, El Salvador's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.03B, equivalent to 2.82% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, El Salvador recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, El Salvador posted an annual deficit equal to 3.5% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.23% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
El Salvador

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
El Salvador Spain
2025 0.26% 2.7%
2024 0.85% 2.75%
2023 4.05% 3.53%
2022 7.2% 8.39%
2021 3.47% 3.09%
2020 -0.37% -0.32%
2019 0.08% 0.7%
2018 1.09% 1.67%
2017 1.01% 1.96%
2016 0.6% -0.2%
2015 -0.73% -0.5%
2014 1.14% -0.15%
2013 0.76% 1.41%
2012 1.73% 2.45%
2011 5.13% 3.2%
2010 1.18% 1.8%
2009 1.06% -0.29%
2008 6.71% 4.08%
2007 4.58% 2.79%
2006 4.04% 3.52%
2005 4.69% 3.37%
2004 4.45% 3.04%
2003 2.12% 3.04%
2002 1.87% 3.07%
2001 3.75% 3.59%
2000 2.27% 3.43%
1999 0.51% 2.31%
1998 2.55% 1.83%
1997 4.49% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, El Salvador has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.43%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 0.26% in El Salvador and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

El Salvador
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $53.4M
Raw materials & minerals $15M
Animal & marine products $3.59M
Raw agricultural goods $1.28M
Textiles & consumer goods $928K
Metals $723K
Machinery & equipment $190K
Chemicals & pharma $126K
Precious metals & jewellery $11K
Miscellaneous $8K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $38.4M
Metals $34.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $29.6M
Chemicals & pharma $27.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $20.7M
Raw materials & minerals $8.71M
Miscellaneous $5.3M
Wood & paper products $3.45M
Animal & marine products $3.37M
Raw agricultural goods $2.92M

Balance of trade

El Salvador Spain
Current account balance
-$1.3B
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
125/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.54%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$16.7B
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$5.55B
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$3.94B
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$6.21B
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
56.1%
2025
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32%
2025
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

El Salvador Spain
Economic freedom 57.7 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 114/197 59/197
Property rights 42.7 88
Government integrity 31.5 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 15.3 74.3
Tax burden 76.8 58.2
Government spending 72.7 37.3
Fiscal health 59.4 57.3
Business freedom 65.7 82.6
Labor freedom 51.6 61.7
Monetary freedom 70.6 78.2
Trade freedom 76.4 79.4
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

El Salvador
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
El Salvador Spain
2026 57.7 66.8
2025 56.6 66.3
2024 54.4 63.3
2023 56 65
2022 59.6 68.2
2021 61 69.9
2020 61.6 66.9
2019 61.8 65.7
2018 63.2 65.1
2017 64.1 63.6
2016 65.1 68.5
2015 65.7 67.6
2014 66.2 67.2
2013 66.7 68
2012 68.7 69.1
2011 68.8 70.2
2010 69.9 69.6
2009 69.8 70.1
2008 68.5 69.1
2007 68.9 69.2
2006 69.6 68.2
2005 71.5 67
2004 71.2 68.9
2003 71.5 68.8
2002 73 68.8
2001 73 68.1
2000 76.3 65.9
1999 75.1 65.1
1998 70.2 62.6
1997 70.5 59.6
1996 70.1 59.6
1995 69.1 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/el-salvador/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for El Salvador is 57.7, ranking 114/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

El Salvador Spain
Services, % of GDP
58.9%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24.5%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.4%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$34.4B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$13,140
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$4.82B
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
107/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$445M
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.05B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$310M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
35.5%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
27.2%
2023
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.3%
2025
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.