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Economy of Spain vs Vanuatu compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Spain has a GDP of $1.91T compared to $1.35B for Vanuatu, ranking 12/197 and 185/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.91T in government debt (100.4% of GDP), compared to $554M (40.9% of GDP) in Vanuatu.

Spain vs Vanuatu GDP by year

Spain
Vanuatu
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Vanuatu
2025 $1,906,453,309,986 $1,353,658,841
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $1,297,956,615
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $1,188,137,265
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $1,151,863,790
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $1,093,826,089
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $1,017,403,363
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $1,061,547,513
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $1,034,402,941
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $998,536,155
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $908,725,513
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $855,360,240
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $879,185,478
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $863,347,172
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $747,839,698
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $770,153,588
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $670,712,980
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $592,622,319
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $590,748,429
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $516,392,923
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $439,358,587
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $394,962,433
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $364,996,869
2003 $907,963,217,058 $314,471,413
2002 $708,938,227,244 $262,596,536
2001 $627,798,682,379 $257,926,882
2000 $598,102,854,756 $272,014,628
1999 $634,394,904,387 $268,006,973
1998 $618,731,484,575 $262,293,411
1997 $589,739,772,727 $272,771,209
1996 $642,251,412,058 $261,370,044
1995 $614,170,002,669 $249,333,250
1994 $530,183,651,720 $233,701,301
1993 $524,700,572,624 $200,491,853
1992 $630,465,353,486 $209,088,825
1991 $576,753,902,322 $201,334,169
1990 $536,175,326,477 $168,879,207
1989 $414,460,794,097 $154,013,202
1988 $375,891,716,898 $158,351,368
1987 $318,520,253,335 $139,464,174
1986 $251,141,555,186 $126,498,935
1985 $180,664,322,896 $131,856,421
1984 $171,979,977,230 $144,482,515
1983 $170,829,074,246 $117,389,554
1982 $195,856,752,991 $114,501,913
1981 $202,663,023,968 $113,781,796
1980 $232,600,556,974 $121,185,498
1979 $214,448,666,336 $119,258,835
1978 $160,484,969,618 -
1977 $132,354,665,936 -
1976 $118,422,534,195 -
1975 $114,695,060,870 -
1974 $97,204,522,642 -
1973 $78,583,355,226 -
1972 $59,090,176,029 -
1971 $46,586,119,760 -
1970 $40,963,715,237 -
1969 $37,090,689,288 -
1968 $32,394,326,464 -
1967 $32,570,905,397 -
1966 $29,559,436,183 -
1965 $25,479,619,607 -
1964 $21,966,876,027 -
1963 $19,631,714,760 -
1962 $16,609,632,791 -
1961 $14,238,126,760 -
1960 $12,424,514,014 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Vanuatu by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Vanuatu
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Vanuatu
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $38,627 - $4,039 -
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $3,960 $3,606
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $3,708 $3,568
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $3,680 $3,453
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $3,576 $3,136
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $3,404 $3,118
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $3,636 $3,315
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $3,626 $3,233
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $3,585 $3,146
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $3,340 $3,030
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $3,214 $2,966
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $3,378 $2,890
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $3,393 $2,832
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $3,005 $2,834
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $3,163 $2,816
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $2,815 $2,733
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $2,546 $2,730
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $2,604 $2,701
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $2,334 $2,573
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $2,035 $2,496
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $1,874 $2,287
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $1,774 $2,157
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $1,567 $2,070
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $1,341 $1,995
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $1,350 $2,125
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $1,460 $2,206
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $1,472 $2,084
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $1,471 $2,091
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $1,562 $2,087
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $1,529 $1,998
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $1,492 $1,961
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $1,431 $1,946
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $1,257 $1,789
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $1,344 $1,777
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $1,326 $1,737
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $1,141 $1,670
1989 $10,674 - $1,067 -
1988 $9,696 - $1,125 -
1987 $8,234 - $1,017 -
1986 $6,509 - $946 -
1985 $4,696 - $1,012 -
1984 $4,487 - $1,137 -
1983 $4,475 - $947 -
1982 $5,156 - $946 -
1981 $5,367 - $962 -
1980 $6,204 - $1,048 -
1979 $5,766 - $1,055 -
1978 $4,353 - - -
1977 $3,625 - - -
1976 $3,277 - - -
1975 $3,208 - - -
1974 $2,748 - - -
1973 $2,246 - - -
1972 $1,708 - - -
1971 $1,361 - - -
1970 $1,211 - - -
1969 $1,109 - - -
1968 $978 - - -
1967 $997 - - -
1966 $916 - - -
1965 $797 - - -
1964 $695 - - -
1963 $627 - - -
1962 $535 - - -
1961 $463 - - -
1960 $408 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $38,627, ranking 31/197, compared to $4,039 in Vanuatu, ranking 133/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Vanuatu ranks 170th at $3,606.

Economic indicators

Spain Vanuatu
Gross domestic product
$1.91T
2025
$1.35B
2025
GDP rank
12/197
2025
185/197
2025
GDP growth
2.82%
2024-2025
3.05%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$38,627
2025
$4,039
2025
GDP per capita rank
31/197
2025
133/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$3,606
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
170/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2025
$554M
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.4%
2025
40.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,794
2025
$1,654
2025
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2025
125/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,910
2026
$2,801
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.3T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,077,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
24.7%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
3%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2025
35.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.7%
2024-2025
0.66%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
10.5%
2025
1.41%
2025
Population
49323658
346488

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Vanuatu
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Vanuatu
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44.7% 100.4% 35.5% 40.9%
2024 45.5% 101.6% 33.1% 39.1%
2023 45.4% 105.1% 38.9% 39.2%
2022 46.3% 109.2% 38.5% 39.2%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 38.6% 42.2%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 38.8% 42.9%
2019 42% 97.6% 35.1% 39.8%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 29.4% 40%
2017 41% 101.1% 32.7% 46.4%
2016 42.1% 102% 31.2% 37.6%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 38.1% 32.2%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 20.5% 17.8%
2013 46.2% 100% 20.1% 16.4%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 22.1% 17.4%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 22.7% 19.3%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 25.6% 18.3%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 24.9% 19.1%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 25.1% 19.2%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 20.3% 17.6%
2006 38.4% 39% 18.2% 20%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 16.5% 23.8%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 16.7% 27.5%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 17% 34.6%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 20.2% 35.1%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 20.2% 33.5%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 23% 32.6%
1999 40% 60.9% 21.6% 27.7%
1998 41% 62.4% 25.2% 25.4%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 20.1% 20.7%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 22.1% 20.8%
1995 44.1% 61.6% 25.3% 21.8%
1994 44.8% 57% 22% 19.5%
1993 46.3% 54.6% 23.7% 18.3%
1992 43.9% 44.1% 28.8% 19%
1991 42.6% 41.9% 30% 14.4%
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government spending was $852B, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Vanuatu spent $480M, or 35.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.4% in Spain and 40.9% in Vanuatu, ranking 25/185 and 131/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Vanuatu
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Vanuatu
2025 -2.5% -3.88%
2024 -3.22% -2.46%
2023 -3.34% -0.78%
2022 -4.59% -5.96%
2021 -6.66% 2.07%
2020 -10% -1.74%
2019 -3.04% 2.48%
2018 -2.58% 5.53%
2017 -3.1% -1.06%
2016 -4.26% -0.64%
2015 -5.26% -8.13%
2014 -6.07% 1.26%
2013 -7.49% -0.22%
2012 -11.5% -1.54%
2011 -9.69% -1.98%
2010 -9.49% -2.38%
2009 -11.2% -0.76%
2008 -4.56% -0.04%
2007 1.88% 0.25%
2006 2.12% 0.44%
2005 1.23% 1.68%
2004 -0.1% 0.72%
2003 -0.37% -1.22%
2002 -0.32% -3.29%
2001 -0.45% -3.01%
2000 -1.16% -5.67%
1999 -1.24% -0.5%
1998 -2.63% -6.01%
1997 -3.86% -0.46%
1996 -5.87% -1.61%
1995 -6.79% -2.34%
1994 -6.31% -1.35%
1993 -6.89% -3.32%
1992 -4.26% -2.1%
1991 -4.58% -2.54%
1990 -3.9% -
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $47.6B, equivalent to 2.5% of GDP. This compares to Vanuatu's deficit of $52.6M, or 3.88% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Vanuatu ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 4.23% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.44% of GDP for Vanuatu.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Vanuatu
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Vanuatu
2025 2.7% 0.66%
2024 2.75% 1.14%
2023 3.53% 11.2%
2022 8.39% 6.68%
2021 3.09% 2.34%
2020 -0.32% 5.33%
2019 0.7% 2.76%
2018 1.67% 2.33%
2017 1.96% 3.08%
2016 -0.2% 0.84%
2015 -0.5% 2.48%
2014 -0.15% 0.8%
2013 1.41% 1.46%
2012 2.45% 1.35%
2011 3.2% 0.87%
2010 1.8% 2.76%
2009 -0.29% 4.3%
2008 4.08% 4.84%
2007 2.79% 3.94%
2006 3.52% 2.04%
2005 3.37% 1.2%
2004 3.04% 1.42%
2003 3.04% 3.02%
2002 3.07% 1.96%
2001 3.59% 3.58%
2000 3.43% 2.54%
1999 2.31% 2%
1998 1.83% 3.28%
1997 1.97% 2.83%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.86% in Vanuatu. In 2025, inflation was 2.7% in Spain and 0.66% in Vanuatu.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $367K
Machinery & equipment $154K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $149K
Miscellaneous $42K
Wood & paper products $24K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Raw materials & minerals $5K
Metals $4K
Vanuatu
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Spain Vanuatu
Current account balance
$56B
2025
-$127M
2022
Current account balance ranking
12/190
2025
83/190
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.94%
2025
-11.1%
2022
Goods imports
$499B
2025
$350M
2022
Goods exports
$443B
2025
$73.6M
2022
Service imports
$127B
2025
$230M
2022
Service exports
$256B
2025
$78.5M
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.8%
2025
48%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.6%
2025
25.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Vanuatu
Economic freedom 66.8 61.1
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 92/197
Property rights 88 62.1
Government integrity 64.2 48.3
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 67.9
Tax burden 58.2 96.9
Government spending 37.3 48.1
Fiscal health 57.3 78.8
Business freedom 82.6 50.3
Labor freedom 61.7 41
Monetary freedom 78.2 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 62
Investment freedom 60 65
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Vanuatu
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Vanuatu
2026 66.8 61.1
2025 66.3 61.8
2024 63.3 62.2
2023 65 62.1
2022 68.2 62.9
2021 69.9 60.5
2020 66.9 60.7
2019 65.7 56.4
2018 65.1 69.5
2017 63.6 67.4
2016 68.5 60.8
2015 67.6 61.1
2014 67.2 59.5
2013 68 56.6
2012 69.1 56.6
2011 70.2 56.7
2010 69.6 56.4
2009 70.1 58.4
2008 69.1 -
2007 69.2 -
2006 68.2 -
2005 67 -
2004 68.9 -
2003 68.8 -
2002 68.8 -
2001 68.1 -
2000 65.9 -
1999 65.1 -
1998 62.6 -
1997 59.6 -
1996 59.6 -
1995 62.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 61.1 for Vanuatu, ranking 92/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Vanuatu
Services, % of GDP
68.4%
2025
56.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2025
10.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.68%
2025
26.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.83T
2025
$1.48B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$59,830
2025
$4,970
2025
Total reserves including gold
$129B
2025
$615M
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2025
152/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$18.3B
2025
-$9.21M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$28.9M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$2.79M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
15.9%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.4%
2025
26.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/vanuatu | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.