Skip to content

Economy of Mauritius vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Mauritius has a GDP of $14.9B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 143/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Mauritius has $13.6B in government debt (91.1% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Mauritius vs Spain GDP by year

Mauritius
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Mauritius Spain
2024 $14,937,861,786 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $14,072,212,290 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $12,936,444,123 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $11,622,048,697 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $11,566,111,138 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $14,645,235,205 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $14,957,535,716 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $13,896,938,315 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $12,757,680,847 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $12,162,211,503 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $13,230,490,082 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $12,434,596,541 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $11,832,323,837 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $11,677,718,382 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $10,144,716,155 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $9,264,513,545 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $10,127,777,060 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $8,277,442,915 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $7,137,710,413 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $6,576,108,447 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $6,667,418,752 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $5,894,873,920 $907,963,217,058
2002 $4,906,494,249 $708,938,227,244
2001 $4,675,755,867 $627,798,682,379
2000 $4,726,108,622 $598,102,854,756
1999 $4,402,193,195 $634,394,904,387
1998 $4,225,813,976 $618,731,484,575
1997 $4,243,755,308 $589,739,772,727
1996 $4,481,489,762 $642,251,412,058
1995 $4,094,741,652 $614,170,002,669
1994 $3,606,050,873 $530,183,651,720
1993 $3,307,302,126 $524,700,572,624
1992 $3,267,677,814 $630,465,353,486
1991 $2,895,354,736 $576,753,902,322
1990 $2,689,212,760 $536,175,326,477
1989 $2,211,312,823 $414,460,794,097
1988 $2,163,252,449 $375,891,716,898
1987 $1,906,174,438 $318,520,253,335
1986 $1,482,601,552 $251,141,555,186
1985 $1,090,611,325 $180,664,322,896
1984 $1,054,564,759 $171,979,977,230
1983 $1,104,956,573 $170,829,074,246
1982 $1,092,923,636 $195,856,752,991
1981 $1,157,769,444 $202,663,023,968
1980 $1,147,027,924 $232,600,556,974
1979 $1,227,446,632 $214,448,666,336
1978 $1,029,040,323 $160,484,969,618
1977 $834,722,972 $132,354,665,936
1976 $713,510,052 $118,422,534,195
1975 $673,311,287 $114,695,060,870
1974 $669,894,030 $97,204,522,642
1973 $404,285,775 $78,583,355,226
1972 $318,664,900 $59,090,176,029
1971 $251,437,338 $46,586,119,760
1970 $224,125,805 $40,963,715,237
1969 $221,553,613 $37,090,689,288
1968 $206,576,631 $32,394,326,464
1967 $238,439,291 $32,570,905,397
1966 $227,534,083 $29,559,436,183
1965 $230,024,161 $25,479,619,607
1964 $218,914,569 $21,966,876,027
1963 $253,839,558 $19,631,714,760
1962 $197,738,208 $16,609,632,791
1961 $191,757,729 $14,238,126,760
1960 $162,089,564 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Mauritius vs Spain by year

Mauritius
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Mauritius Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $11,991 $31,840 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $11,270 $29,561 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $10,247 $26,874 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $9,178 $23,010 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $9,136 $21,622 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $11,568 $24,375 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $11,819 $23,416 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $10,987 $22,898 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $10,095 $21,952 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $9,631 $20,270 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $10,490 $19,294 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $9,877 $18,435 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $9,422 $17,259 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $9,324 $16,884 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $8,113 $15,920 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $7,427 $15,105 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $8,141 $14,569 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $6,677 $13,612 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $5,784 $12,593 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $5,354 $11,703 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $5,461 $11,216 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $4,858 $10,535 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $4,073 $9,824 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $3,909 $9,586 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $3,982 $9,143 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $3,746 $8,344 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $3,642 $8,121 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $3,696 $7,651 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $3,952 $7,206 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $3,648 $6,771 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $3,240 $6,414 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $3,014 $6,116 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $3,013 $5,753 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $2,705 $5,351 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $2,540 $5,010 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $2,103 - $10,674 -
1988 $2,074 - $9,696 -
1987 $1,840 - $8,234 -
1986 $1,442 - $6,509 -
1985 $1,069 - $4,696 -
1984 $1,042 - $4,487 -
1983 $1,103 - $4,475 -
1982 $1,101 - $5,156 -
1981 $1,181 - $5,367 -
1980 $1,187 - $6,204 -
1979 $1,292 - $5,766 -
1978 $1,102 - $4,353 -
1977 $906 - $3,625 -
1976 $787 - $3,277 -
1975 $755 - $3,208 -
1974 $763 - $2,748 -
1973 $467 - $2,246 -
1972 $374 - $1,708 -
1971 $299.6 - $1,361 -
1970 $271.3 - $1,211 -
1969 $272.7 - $1,109 -
1968 $258.7 - $978 -
1967 $304 - $997 -
1966 $296 - $916 -
1965 $305 - $797 -
1964 $297.3 - $695 -
1963 $353 - $627 -
1962 $282.3 - $535 -
1961 $281.7 - $463 -
1960 $238.3 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

Mauritius' GDP per capita is $11,991, ranking 78/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mauritius ranks 71st at $31,840, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Mauritius Spain
Gross domestic product
$14.9B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
143/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
4.93%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$11,991
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
78/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$31,840
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
71/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$13.6B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
91.1%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$10,929
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
54/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,203
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$9.12B
2024
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.9%
2017
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2017
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.7%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.6%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
5.21%
2024
11.3%
2024
Population
1240121
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Mauritius
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Mauritius Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 33.7% 91.1% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 29.9% 85.6% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 29.4% 86.9% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 30.8% 93.8% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 32.6% 93.4% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 27.8% 74.6% 42% 97.6%
2018 24.3% 64.1% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 24.3% 63% 41% 101.1%
2016 24% 64.3% 42.1% 102%
2015 24.5% 65% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 23% 60.6% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 24.1% 58.2% 46.2% 100%
2012 22.5% 55.9% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 23.7% 56.5% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 24% 56.4% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 25.2% 58.4% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 22.7% 49.4% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 21.5% 51.6% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 22.2% 59.3% 38.4% 39%
2005 23% 61.7% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 22.6% 61.1% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 23.4% 70.8% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 23.3% 66.7% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 22.4% 60.5% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 22.2% 59.7% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 27.5% - 40% 60.9%
1998 26.6% - 41% 62.4%
1997 27.5% - 41.5% 64.3%
1996 27.4% - 42.9% 65.4%
1995 27.3% - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 27.5% - 44.8% 57%
1993 24.5% - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 26.8% - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 27.2% - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 30.2% - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Mauritius' government spending was $5.03B, accounting for 33.7% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 91.1% in Mauritius and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 30/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Mauritius

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Mauritius Spain
2024 -7.47% -3.15%
2023 -4.7% -3.52%
2022 -3.34% -4.63%
2021 -4.45% -6.66%
2020 -10.6% -10%
2019 -7.53% -3.04%
2018 -2.19% -2.58%
2017 -1.66% -3.1%
2016 -2.81% -4.26%
2015 -3.59% -5.26%
2014 -3.13% -6.07%
2013 -3.4% -7.49%
2012 -1.78% -11.5%
2011 -3.09% -9.69%
2010 -3.07% -9.49%
2009 -3.41% -11.2%
2008 -2.66% -4.56%
2007 -3.09% 1.88%
2006 -4.14% 2.12%
2005 -4.44% 1.23%
2004 -4.34% -0.1%
2003 -4.82% -0.37%
2002 -5.18% -0.32%
2001 -5.53% -0.45%
2000 -4.4% -1.16%
1999 - -1.24%
1998 - -2.63%
1997 - -3.86%
1996 - -5.87%
1995 - -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Mauritius' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.12B, equivalent to 7.47% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Mauritius recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Mauritius posted an annual deficit equal to 4.19% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.14% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Mauritius

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Mauritius Spain
2024 3.6% 2.77%
2023 7.05% 3.53%
2022 10.8% 8.39%
2021 4.03% 3.09%
2020 2.58% -0.32%
2019 0.41% 0.7%
2018 3.22% 1.67%
2017 3.67% 1.96%
2016 0.98% -0.2%
2015 1.29% -0.5%
2014 3.22% -0.15%
2013 3.54% 1.41%
2012 3.85% 2.45%
2011 6.52% 3.2%
2010 2.93% 1.8%
2009 2.52% -0.29%
2008 9.73% 4.08%
2007 8.83% 2.79%
2006 8.91% 3.52%
2005 4.94% 3.37%
2004 4.71% 3.04%
2003 3.92% 3.04%
2002 6.42% 3.07%
2001 5.39% 3.59%
2000 4.2% 3.43%
1999 6.91% 2.31%
1998 6.81% 1.83%
1997 6.83% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Mauritius has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.92%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 3.6% in Mauritius and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Mauritius
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $81M
Animal & marine products $36.7M
Chemicals & pharma $2.52M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.47M
Machinery & equipment $570K
Raw materials & minerals $326K
Metals $57K
Raw agricultural goods $23K
Wood & paper products $5K
Precious metals & jewellery $4K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $29.1M
Animal & marine products $24.8M
Chemicals & pharma $23.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $16.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.49M
Metals $5.97M
Miscellaneous $3.92M
Wood & paper products $1.9M
Raw materials & minerals $1.77M
Raw agricultural goods $1.62M

Balance of trade

Mauritius Spain
Current account balance
-$1.05B
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
126/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.03%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$6.35B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$2.37B
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$2.28B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$4.19B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
78.3%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
67.1%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Mauritius Spain
Economic freedom 73 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 26/197 59/197
Property rights 83.9 88
Government integrity 53.4 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 80.7 74.3
Tax burden 89.6 58.2
Government spending 73.8 37.3
Fiscal health 45.5 57.3
Business freedom 81.5 82.6
Labor freedom 69.6 61.7
Monetary freedom 70.7 78.2
Trade freedom 87 79.4
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Mauritius
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Mauritius Spain
2026 73 66.8
2025 75 66.3
2024 71.5 63.3
2023 70.6 65
2022 70.9 68.2
2021 77 69.9
2020 74.9 66.9
2019 73 65.7
2018 75.1 65.1
2017 74.7 63.6
2016 74.7 68.5
2015 76.4 67.6
2014 76.5 67.2
2013 76.9 68
2012 77 69.1
2011 76.2 70.2
2010 76.3 69.6
2009 74.3 70.1
2008 72.6 69.1
2007 69.4 69.2
2006 67.4 68.2
2005 67.2 67
2004 64.3 68.9
2003 64.4 68.8
2002 67.7 68.8
2001 66.4 68.1
2000 67.2 65.9
1999 68.5 65.1
1998 - 62.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Mauritius is 73, ranking 26/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Mauritius Spain
Services, % of GDP
64.4%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.8%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.23%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$16.2B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$35,100
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$8.51B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
83/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$963M
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$681M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$38.3M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
10.1%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
8.4%
2023
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mauritius/spain | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.