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Economy of Spain vs Sri Lanka compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Spain has a GDP of $1.73T compared to $99B for Sri Lanka, ranking 15/197 and 72/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.75T in government debt (101.6% of GDP), compared to $99.8B (100.8% of GDP) in Sri Lanka.

Spain vs Sri Lanka GDP by year

Spain
Sri Lanka
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Sri Lanka
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $98,963,185,510
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $83,716,142,582
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $74,143,020,263
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $88,556,698,938
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $84,335,574,582
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $88,998,706,297
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $94,450,015,983
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $94,369,350,286
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $88,000,211,172
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $85,090,301,052
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $82,531,125,191
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $76,976,203,829
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $70,447,217,164
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $67,753,285,897
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $58,636,049,434
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $42,066,224,093
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $40,713,826,215
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $32,350,238,760
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $28,267,410,543
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $24,405,791,045
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $20,662,525,941
2003 $907,963,217,058 $18,881,765,437
2002 $708,938,227,244 $16,536,535,647
2001 $627,798,682,379 $15,749,753,805
2000 $598,102,854,756 $16,595,882,819
1999 $634,394,904,387 $15,711,933,513
1998 $618,731,484,575 $15,760,736,956
1997 $589,739,772,727 $15,091,913,884
1996 $642,251,412,058 $13,897,738,375
1995 $614,170,002,669 $13,029,697,561
1994 $530,183,651,720 $11,717,604,209
1993 $524,700,572,624 $10,338,679,636
1992 $630,465,353,486 $9,703,011,636
1991 $576,753,902,322 $9,000,362,582
1990 $536,175,326,477 $8,032,551,173
1989 $414,460,794,097 $6,987,267,684
1988 $375,891,716,898 $6,978,371,581
1987 $318,520,253,335 $6,682,167,120
1986 $251,141,555,186 $6,405,210,564
1985 $180,664,322,896 $5,978,460,972
1984 $171,979,977,230 $6,043,474,843
1983 $170,829,074,246 $5,167,913,302
1982 $195,856,752,991 $4,768,765,017
1981 $202,663,023,968 $4,415,844,156
1980 $232,600,556,974 $4,024,621,900
1979 $214,448,666,336 $3,364,611,432
1978 $160,484,969,618 $2,733,183,857
1977 $132,354,665,936 $4,104,509,583
1976 $118,422,534,195 $3,591,319,857
1975 $114,695,060,870 $3,791,298,146
1974 $97,204,522,642 $3,574,586,466
1973 $78,583,355,226 $2,875,625,000
1972 $59,090,176,029 $2,553,936,348
1971 $46,586,119,760 $2,369,308,600
1970 $40,963,715,237 $2,296,470,588
1969 $37,090,689,288 $1,965,546,218
1968 $32,394,326,464 $1,801,344,538
1967 $32,570,905,397 $1,859,465,021
1966 $29,559,436,183 $1,751,470,588
1965 $25,479,619,607 $1,698,319,328
1964 $21,966,876,027 $1,309,747,899
1963 $19,631,714,760 $1,240,672,269
1962 $16,609,632,791 $1,434,156,379
1961 $14,238,126,760 $1,444,327,731
1960 $12,424,514,014 $1,409,873,950

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Sri Lanka by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sri Lanka
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Sri Lanka
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $4,516 $15,633
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $3,799 $14,456
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $3,343 $14,194
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $3,997 $14,316
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $3,848 $12,941
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $4,082 $14,113
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $4,359 $14,178
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $4,399 $13,610
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $4,149 $13,079
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $4,058 $12,227
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $3,972 $11,721
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $3,739 $11,253
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $3,328 $10,249
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $3,225 $9,076
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $2,808 $8,234
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $2,027 $7,576
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $1,974 $7,317
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $1,579 $6,820
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $1,389 $6,261
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $1,207 $5,679
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $1,029 $5,216
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $946 $4,850
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $835 $4,522
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $804 $4,328
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $860 $4,368
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $829 $4,103
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $848 $3,952
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $827 $3,804
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $776 $3,582
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $742 $3,454
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $678 $3,260
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $607 $3,067
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $580 $2,851
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $546 $2,713
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $491 $2,527
1989 $10,674 - $430 -
1988 $9,696 - $434 -
1987 $8,234 - $420 -
1986 $6,509 - $407 -
1985 $4,696 - $385 -
1984 $4,487 - $391 -
1983 $4,475 - $336 -
1982 $5,156 - $312 -
1981 $5,367 - $292.5 -
1980 $6,204 - $271.1 -
1979 $5,766 - $230.8 -
1978 $4,353 - $191 -
1977 $3,625 - $292.1 -
1976 $3,277 - $260.3 -
1975 $3,208 - $279.8 -
1974 $2,748 - $268.7 -
1973 $2,246 - $220.2 -
1972 $1,708 - $199.4 -
1971 $1,361 - $188.8 -
1970 $1,211 - $186.9 -
1969 $1,109 - $163.6 -
1968 $978 - $153.5 -
1967 $997 - $162.3 -
1966 $916 - $156.6 -
1965 $797 - $155.6 -
1964 $695 - $122.9 -
1963 $627 - $119.4 -
1962 $535 - $141.4 -
1961 $463 - $145.9 -
1960 $408 - $145.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $35,327, ranking 32/197, compared to $4,516 in Sri Lanka, ranking 124/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Sri Lanka ranks 111th at $15,633.

Economic indicators

Spain Sri Lanka
Gross domestic product
$1.73T
2024
$99B
2024
GDP rank
15/197
2024
72/197
2024
GDP growth
3.46%
2023-2024
5.01%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$35,327
2024
$4,516
2024
GDP per capita rank
32/197
2024
124/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$15,633
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
111/197
2024
Government debt
$1.75T
2024
$99.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
101.6%
2024
100.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,909
2024
$4,554
2024
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2024
85/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$25,470
2026
$2,874
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$754B
2024
$19.5B
2024
Number of millionaires
1,202,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
30.8%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
3.1%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.3%
2024
19.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.77%
2023-2024
-0.43%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2024
4.67%
2023
Population
48806901
22185425

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Sri Lanka
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Sri Lanka
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.3% 101.6% 19.3% 100.8%
2023 45.5% 105.1% 19.5% 110.4%
2022 46.4% 109.2% 18.6% 115.9%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 20% 102.7%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 22.1% 96.9%
2019 42% 97.6% 19.5% 82.6%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 17.5% 83.6%
2017 41% 101.1% 17.9% 72.3%
2016 42.1% 102% 18.2% 75%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 19.3% 76.3%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 17.2% 69.6%
2013 46.2% 100% 16.6% 69.5%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 17.3% 67.5%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 19.1% 69.4%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 19.3% 68.7%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 21% 72.8%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 19.1% 68.8%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 19.9% 71.8%
2006 38.4% 39% 20.5% 74.3%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 20.1% 76.6%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 19.3% 86.5%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 19.3% 86.5%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 20.8% 96.3%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 22.4% 84.4%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 21.7% 79.2%
1999 40% 60.9% 20.5% 77.7%
1998 41% 62.4% 21.4% 74.2%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 21.4% 70.1%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 23.1% 76.2%
1995 44.1% 61.6% 24.8% 77.8%
1994 44.8% 57% 24.1% 77.9%
1993 46.3% 54.6% 23.2% 79.2%
1992 43.9% 44.1% 23% 77.9%
1991 42.6% 41.9% 26.4% 80.5%
1990 41.1% 41.3% 25.4% 78.9%
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government spending was $782B, accounting for 45.3% of its GDP, while Sri Lanka spent $19.1B, or 19.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 101.6% in Spain and 100.8% in Sri Lanka, ranking 21/185 and 23/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Sri Lanka
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Sri Lanka
2024 -3.15% -5.64%
2023 -3.52% -8.32%
2022 -4.63% -10.2%
2021 -6.66% -11.7%
2020 -10% -13.4%
2019 -3.04% -7.52%
2018 -2.58% -4.96%
2017 -3.1% -5.1%
2016 -4.26% -5%
2015 -5.26% -6.64%
2014 -6.07% -5.99%
2013 -7.49% -5%
2012 -11.5% -5.44%
2011 -9.69% -6.01%
2010 -9.49% -6.73%
2009 -11.2% -8.33%
2008 -4.56% -5.93%
2007 1.88% -5.81%
2006 2.12% -5.91%
2005 1.23% -5.93%
2004 -0.1% -6.32%
2003 -0.37% -6.15%
2002 -0.32% -6.9%
2001 -0.45% -8.48%
2000 -1.16% -7.78%
1999 -1.24% -5.58%
1998 -2.63% -6.79%
1997 -3.86% -5.71%
1996 -5.87% -6.89%
1995 -6.79% -7.11%
1994 -6.31% -7.41%
1993 -6.89% -5.77%
1992 -4.26% -4.95%
1991 -4.58% -7.97%
1990 -3.9% -6.39%
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

In 2024, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $54.3B, equivalent to 3.15% of GDP. This compares to Sri Lanka's deficit of $5.58B, or 5.64% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Sri Lanka ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 4.28% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.85% of GDP for Sri Lanka.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Sri Lanka
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Sri Lanka
2024 2.77% -0.43%
2023 3.53% 16.5%
2022 8.39% 49.7%
2021 3.09% 7.01%
2020 -0.32% 6.15%
2019 0.7% 3.53%
2018 1.67% 2.14%
2017 1.96% 7.7%
2016 -0.2% 3.96%
2015 -0.5% 3.77%
2014 -0.15% 3.18%
2013 1.41% 6.91%
2012 2.45% 7.54%
2011 3.2% 6.72%
2010 1.8% 6.22%
2009 -0.29% 3.46%
2008 4.08% 22.6%
2007 2.79% 15.8%
2006 3.52% 10%
2005 3.37% 11.6%
2004 3.04% 7.58%
2003 3.04% 6.31%
2002 3.07% 9.55%
2001 3.59% 14.2%
2000 3.43% 6.18%
1999 2.31% 4.69%
1998 1.83% 9.36%
1997 1.97% 9.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.34%, compared with 9.34% in Sri Lanka. In 2024, inflation was 2.77% in Spain and -0.43% in Sri Lanka.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $21.4M
Machinery & equipment $17.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.3M
Metals $5.27M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.18M
Wood & paper products $2.34M
Raw materials & minerals $792K
Animal & marine products $727K
Miscellaneous $585K
Raw agricultural goods $564K
Sri Lanka
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $34.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25.6M
Raw materials & minerals $20.5M
Raw agricultural goods $13.2M
Machinery & equipment $7.37M
Animal & marine products $4.79M
Chemicals & pharma $1.62M
Precious metals & jewellery $252K
Miscellaneous $197K
Wood & paper products $102K

Balance of trade

Spain Sri Lanka
Current account balance
$54.9B
2024
$1.21B
2024
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
53/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.18%
2024
+1.22%
2024
Goods imports
$456B
2024
$18.8B
2024
Goods exports
$419B
2024
$12.8B
2024
Service imports
$111B
2024
$3.48B
2024
Service exports
$220B
2024
$6.91B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
22.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.1%
2024
19.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Sri Lanka
Economic freedom 66.8 50.3
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 162/197
Property rights 88 47.3
Government integrity 64.2 37.3
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 47.2
Tax burden 58.2 77
Government spending 37.3 89
Fiscal health 57.3 0
Business freedom 82.6 60.1
Labor freedom 61.7 54.3
Monetary freedom 78.2 65.9
Trade freedom 79.4 65.6
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Sri Lanka
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Sri Lanka
2026 66.8 50.3
2025 66.3 49.4
2024 63.3 49.2
2023 65 52.2
2022 68.2 53.3
2021 69.9 55.7
2020 66.9 57.4
2019 65.7 56.4
2018 65.1 57.8
2017 63.6 57.4
2016 68.5 59.9
2015 67.6 58.6
2014 67.2 60
2013 68 60.7
2012 69.1 58.3
2011 70.2 57.1
2010 69.6 54.6
2009 70.1 56
2008 69.1 58.4
2007 69.2 59.4
2006 68.2 58.7
2005 67 61
2004 68.9 61.6
2003 68.8 62.5
2002 68.8 64
2001 68.1 66
2000 65.9 63.2
1999 65.1 64
1998 62.6 64.6
1997 59.6 65.5
1996 59.6 62.5
1995 62.8 60.6

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/sri-lanka | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 50.3 for Sri Lanka, ranking 162/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Sri Lanka
Services, % of GDP
68.9%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
25.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.75%
2024
8.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.64T
2024
$84.6B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,670
2024
$15,240
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$6.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2024
92/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$28.7B
2024
-$651M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$761M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$110M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.98%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
14.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.