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Economy of Comoros vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Comoros has a GDP of $1.44B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 183/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Comoros has $463M in government debt (32.2% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Comoros vs Spain GDP by year

Comoros
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Comoros Spain
2024 $1,440,991,455 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $1,326,836,543 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $1,222,485,532 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $1,272,238,391 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $1,218,763,671 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $1,187,915,409 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $1,178,530,633 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $1,077,439,757 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $1,012,835,493 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $966,029,601 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $1,149,587,661 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $1,116,224,107 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $1,015,843,491 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $1,023,086,274 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $907,978,731 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $905,341,173 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $915,659,108 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $795,673,153 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $688,498,642 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $655,375,096 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $622,679,660 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $546,830,041 $907,963,217,058
2002 $427,360,070 $708,938,227,244
2001 $372,746,486 $627,798,682,379
2000 $339,504,306 $598,102,854,756
1999 $371,921,712 $634,394,904,387
1998 $363,932,160 $618,731,484,575
1997 $362,816,806 $589,739,772,727
1996 $392,488,149 $642,251,412,058
1995 $392,774,714 $614,170,002,669
1994 $314,789,556 $530,183,651,720
1993 $427,750,823 $524,700,572,624
1992 $436,552,922 $630,465,353,486
1991 $400,592,663 $576,753,902,322
1990 $401,561,022 $536,175,326,477
1989 $328,665,081 $414,460,794,097
1988 $336,422,522 $375,891,716,898
1987 $313,292,323 $318,520,253,335
1986 $258,143,903 $251,141,555,186
1985 $191,944,892 $180,664,322,896
1984 $189,102,734 $171,979,977,230
1983 $196,193,380 $170,829,074,246
1982 $202,152,462 $195,856,752,991
1981 $212,958,382 $202,663,023,968
1980 $243,390,496 $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Comoros vs Spain by year

Comoros
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Comoros Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,663 $3,959 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $1,560 $3,812 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $1,465 $3,642 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $1,555 $3,378 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $1,519 $3,245 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $1,510 $3,293 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $1,527 $3,276 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $1,424 $3,347 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $1,365 $3,139 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $1,329 $2,949 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $1,616 $2,938 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $1,603 $2,833 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $1,490 $2,679 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $1,531 $2,472 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $1,387 $2,372 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $1,410 $2,304 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $1,455 $2,262 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $1,290 $2,178 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $1,138 $2,146 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $1,106 $2,162 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $1,072 $2,025 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $960 $1,949 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $765 $1,912 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $681 $1,838 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $633 $1,741 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $707 $1,753 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $704 $1,713 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $715 $1,723 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $786 $1,651 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $801 $1,657 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $653 $1,564 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $903 $1,623 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $939 $1,575 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $879 $1,464 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $903 $1,546 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $759 - $10,674 -
1988 $798 - $9,696 -
1987 $763 - $8,234 -
1986 $646 - $6,509 -
1985 $494 - $4,696 -
1984 $501 - $4,487 -
1983 $534 - $4,475 -
1982 $566 - $5,156 -
1981 $613 - $5,367 -
1980 $721 - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

Comoros' GDP per capita is $1,663, ranking 161/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Comoros ranks 167th at $3,959, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Comoros Spain
Gross domestic product
$1.44B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
183/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
3.34%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,663
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
161/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,959
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
167/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$463M
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
32.2%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$535
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
166/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,192
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
33.6%
2014
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.6%
2014
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.1%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
4.39%
2021
11.3%
2024
Population
903776
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Comoros
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Comoros Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.1% 32.2% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 17.9% 28.7% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 18.4% 28.2% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 20% 26.3% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 18.8% 24.3% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 20.1% 21.2% 42% 97.6%
2018 19.2% 17% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 18.8% 18.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 18.9% 16.2% 42.1% 102%
2015 19.1% 14.3% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 14.5% 11.8% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 14.8% 10.3% 46.2% 100%
2012 14.9% 25.1% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 13.2% 27.7% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 13.3% 30.5% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 13.7% 31.7% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 15.1% 33.2% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 13.1% 35.6% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 12.5% 38.5% 38.4% 39%
2005 12.8% 39.9% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 11.7% 42.4% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 12.8% 44.4% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 14.3% 48.2% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 13% 53% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 9.74% 60.7% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 11.5% 64.5% 40% 60.9%
1998 13.1% 69.4% 41% 62.4%
1997 14.5% 70.9% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 15.5% 75.4% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 18.4% 77.7% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 21.8% 87.8% 44.8% 57%
1993 16.3% 95.7% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 20.4% 101% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 19.9% 103.9% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 20.3% 108.1% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 19.7% 113.7% 32.1% 39.2%
1988 20.2% 119.9% 28.6% 38.2%
1987 22.4% 128.8% 31.1% 42.1%
1986 25.6% 136.6% 28.4% 36.5%
1985 24.8% 142.8% 27.6% 31.5%
1984 23.3% 150.1% 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Comoros' government spending was $276M, accounting for 19.1% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.2% in Comoros and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 153/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Comoros

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Comoros Spain
2024 -2.92% -3.15%
2023 -1.34% -3.52%
2022 -3.93% -4.63%
2021 -2.81% -6.66%
2020 -0.52% -10%
2019 -4.3% -3.04%
2018 -1.35% -2.58%
2017 -0.1% -3.1%
2016 -5.52% -4.26%
2015 2.6% -5.26%
2014 -0.33% -6.07%
2013 10.5% -7.49%
2012 1.96% -11.5%
2011 0.86% -9.69%
2010 4.2% -9.49%
2009 0.36% -11.2%
2008 -1.46% -4.56%
2007 -1.18% 1.88%
2006 -1.51% 2.12%
2005 -1.41% 1.23%
2004 -0.98% -0.1%
2003 -2.05% -0.37%
2002 -2.15% -0.32%
2001 -2.13% -0.45%
2000 -1.14% -1.16%
1999 -0.46% -1.24%
1998 -2% -2.63%
1997 -1.3% -3.86%
1996 -3.43% -5.87%
1995 -4.13% -6.79%
1994 -3.7% -6.31%
1993 1.27% -6.89%
1992 -1.99% -4.26%
1991 -2.26% -4.58%
1990 -1.03% -3.9%
1989 -1.31% -3.24%
1988 -2.69% -2.95%
1987 -3.11% -3.52%
1986 -4.83% -5.18%
1985 -5.02% -6.04%
1984 -5.7% -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Comoros' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $42.1M, equivalent to 2.92% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Comoros recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 38 years. On average, Comoros posted an annual deficit equal to 1.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.29% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Comoros

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Comoros Spain
2024 5% 2.77%
2023 8.5% 3.53%
2022 12.4% 8.39%
2021 0% 3.09%
2020 0.8% -0.32%
2019 3.7% 0.7%
2018 1.7% 1.67%
2017 0.1% 1.96%
2016 0.8% -0.2%
2015 0.9% -0.5%
2014 0% -0.15%
2013 0.4% 1.41%
2012 5.9% 2.45%
2011 2.2% 3.2%
2010 3.9% 1.8%
2009 4.8% -0.29%
2008 4.8% 4.08%
2007 4.5% 2.79%
2006 3.4% 3.52%
2005 3% 3.37%
2004 4.5% 3.04%
2003 3.7% 3.04%
2002 3.6% 3.07%
2001 5.6% 3.59%
2000 5.9% 3.43%
1999 1.1% 2.31%
1998 1.2% 1.83%
1997 1.5% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Comoros has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.35%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 5% in Comoros and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Comoros
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $71K
Spain
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $5.76M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $335K
Textiles & consumer goods $213K
Machinery & equipment $151K
Chemicals & pharma $119K
Raw materials & minerals $63K
Miscellaneous $20K
Metals $3K

Balance of trade

Comoros Spain
Current account balance
-$24.6M
2023
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
80/190
2023
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.86%
2023
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$299M
2023
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$32.1M
2023
$419B
2024
Service imports
$205M
2023
$111B
2024
Service exports
$116M
2023
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.5%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
9.91%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Comoros Spain
Economic freedom 52.7 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 145/197 59/197
Property rights 25.3 88
Government integrity 17.9 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 23.1 74.3
Tax burden 65.3 58.2
Government spending 89.8 37.3
Fiscal health 86 57.3
Business freedom 55.3 82.6
Labor freedom 56.2 61.7
Monetary freedom 73.8 78.2
Trade freedom 64.2 79.4
Investment freedom 45 60
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Comoros
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Comoros Spain
2026 52.7 66.8
2025 51.4 66.3
2024 52 63.3
2023 53.5 65
2022 50.4 68.2
2021 55.7 69.9
2020 53.7 66.9
2019 55.4 65.7
2018 56.2 65.1
2017 55.8 63.6
2016 52.4 68.5
2015 52.1 67.6
2014 51.4 67.2
2013 47.5 68
2012 45.7 69.1
2011 43.8 70.2
2010 44.9 69.6
2009 43.3 70.1
2008 - 69.1
2007 - 69.2
2006 - 68.2
2005 - 67
2004 - 68.9
2003 - 68.8
2002 - 68.8
2001 - 68.1
2000 - 65.9
1999 - 65.1
1998 - 62.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Comoros is 52.7, ranking 145/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Comoros Spain
Services, % of GDP
50.1%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.56%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
36.6%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.38B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,980
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$324M
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
166/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.35M
2023
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$7.1M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.7%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
44.8%
2020
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
11.7%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.