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Economy of Seychelles vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Seychelles has a GDP of $2.17B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 178/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Seychelles has $1.25B in government debt (57.6% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Seychelles vs Spain GDP by year

Seychelles
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Seychelles Spain
2024 $2,167,239,562 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $2,187,379,755 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $2,018,346,589 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $1,487,173,795 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $1,382,551,752 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $1,868,690,097 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $1,784,313,927 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $1,675,370,641 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $1,568,513,348 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $1,432,403,352 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $1,387,577,870 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $1,333,160,407 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $1,089,407,839 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $1,058,918,707 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $981,616,542 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $850,901,620 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $979,597,394 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $1,077,308,814 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $1,081,441,283 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $977,899,382 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $893,012,218 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $750,847,230 $907,963,217,058
2002 $742,134,838 $708,938,227,244
2001 $662,064,156 $627,798,682,379
2000 $654,212,394 $598,102,854,756
1999 $662,838,615 $634,394,904,387
1998 $647,287,376 $618,731,484,575
1997 $598,966,982 $589,739,772,727
1996 $535,250,347 $642,251,412,058
1995 $540,733,048 $614,170,002,669
1994 $517,570,058 $530,183,651,720
1993 $504,230,621 $524,700,572,624
1992 $461,409,399 $630,465,353,486
1991 $398,307,170 $576,753,902,322
1990 $392,163,561 $536,175,326,477
1989 $324,333,367 $414,460,794,097
1988 $301,985,618 $375,891,716,898
1987 $265,212,957 $318,520,253,335
1986 $221,147,061 $251,141,555,186
1985 $179,691,483 $180,664,322,896
1984 $160,992,921 $171,979,977,230
1983 $156,098,237 $170,829,074,246
1982 $157,211,790 $195,856,752,991
1981 $163,750,728 $202,663,023,968
1980 $156,783,830 $232,600,556,974
1979 $127,261,099 $214,448,666,336
1978 $85,552,366 $160,484,969,618
1977 $64,526,401 $132,354,665,936
1976 $49,278,982 $118,422,534,195
1975 $47,803,146 $114,695,060,870
1974 $43,134,496 $97,204,522,642
1973 $36,896,280 $78,583,355,226
1972 $30,645,123 $59,090,176,029
1971 $21,965,951 $46,586,119,760
1970 $18,432,032 $40,963,715,237
1969 $16,452,028 $37,090,689,288
1968 $16,074,028 $32,394,326,464
1967 $16,632,032 $32,570,905,397
1966 $16,443,034 $29,559,436,183
1965 $15,603,032 $25,479,619,607
1964 $15,393,032 $21,966,876,027
1963 $13,923,029 $19,631,714,760
1962 $12,642,026 $16,609,632,791
1961 $11,592,024 $14,238,126,760
1960 $12,012,025 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Seychelles vs Spain by year

Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Seychelles Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $17,859 $33,239 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $18,263 $31,781 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $16,837 $29,973 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $14,983 $29,980 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $14,041 $31,056 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $19,142 $34,219 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $18,440 $32,091 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $17,480 $30,675 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $16,567 $28,811 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $15,333 $25,435 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $15,188 $24,985 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $14,821 $22,487 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $12,337 $22,264 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $12,110 $21,781 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $10,935 $18,982 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $9,747 $18,453 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $11,265 $18,881 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $12,669 $19,473 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $12,783 $17,503 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $11,802 $15,846 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $10,828 $14,160 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $9,070 $14,142 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $8,864 $14,570 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $8,153 $14,615 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $8,064 $14,638 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $8,243 $13,853 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $8,210 $13,675 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $7,747 $13,458 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $7,004 $11,931 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $7,181 $10,809 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $6,975 $10,692 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $6,979 $11,020 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $6,520 $10,243 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $5,655 $9,387 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $5,642 $8,955 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $4,689 - $10,674 -
1988 $4,392 - $9,696 -
1987 $3,872 - $8,234 -
1986 $3,368 - $6,509 -
1985 $2,754 - $4,696 -
1984 $2,488 - $4,487 -
1983 $2,426 - $4,475 -
1982 $2,441 - $5,156 -
1981 $2,557 - $5,367 -
1980 $2,478 - $6,204 -
1979 $2,030 - $5,766 -
1978 $1,377 - $4,353 -
1977 $1,044 - $3,625 -
1976 $814 - $3,277 -
1975 $806 - $3,208 -
1974 $745 - $2,748 -
1973 $649 - $2,246 -
1972 $547 - $1,708 -
1971 $402 - $1,361 -
1970 $344 - $1,211 -
1969 $314 - $1,109 -
1968 $314 - $978 -
1967 $333 - $997 -
1966 $338 - $916 -
1965 $328 - $797 -
1964 $332 - $695 -
1963 $308 - $627 -
1962 $287 - $535 -
1961 $270.3 - $463 -
1960 $288.1 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

The Seychelles' GDP per capita is $17,859, ranking 63/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Seychelles Spain
Gross domestic product
$2.17B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
178/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
3.47%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$17,859
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
63/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$33,239
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
67/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$1.25B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
57.6%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$10,288
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
57/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,944
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$811M
2024
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2018
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2018
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.8%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.31%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.75%
2024
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.59%
2024
11.3%
2024
Population
126311
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Seychelles
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Seychelles Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 33.8% 57.6% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 32.9% 55.3% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 31.3% 60% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 38.8% 71% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 46.7% 77.4% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 31.7% 48.9% 42% 97.6%
2018 33% 51.3% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 34.3% 56.7% 41% 101.1%
2016 34.5% 62.8% 42.1% 102%
2015 31.5% 64.7% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 33.4% 70.4% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 37.8% 68.2% 46.2% 100%
2012 38.6% 80.1% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 36.4% 82.5% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 34.6% 82.2% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 32.1% 106.1% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 27% 192.1% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 41.9% 144% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 43.6% 135.1% 38.4% 39%
2005 39% 144.1% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 39.9% 163.2% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 44.6% 177% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 56.3% 195.9% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 46.8% 199.8% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 55.4% 177.8% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 56.1% 159.8% 40% 60.9%
1998 60.7% 161.2% 41% 62.4%
1997 54.7% 143% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 59.1% 146.7% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 53.1% 133.5% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 63.6% 123.5% 44.8% 57%
1993 60.4% 82.2% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 50.7% 79.9% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 52.1% 89.2% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 46.1% 80.4% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 51.7% 39.9% 32.1% 39.2%
1988 46.7% 41.3% 28.6% 38.2%
1987 49.7% 37% 31.1% 42.1%
1986 58% 31.5% 28.4% 36.5%
1985 53% 26.5% 27.6% 31.5%
1984 50.5% 15.3% 27% 18.3%
1983 47.9% 12.4% 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

In 2024, the Seychelles' government spending was $732M, accounting for 33.8% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 57.6% in the Seychelles and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 85/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Seychelles

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Seychelles Spain
2024 -0.69% -3.15%
2023 -1.14% -3.52%
2022 -0.76% -4.63%
2021 -5.76% -6.66%
2020 -15.7% -10%
2019 0.42% -3.04%
2018 -0.8% -2.58%
2017 -1.67% -3.1%
2016 0.02% -4.26%
2015 1.39% -5.26%
2014 2.87% -6.07%
2013 0.33% -7.49%
2012 2.93% -11.5%
2011 3.36% -9.69%
2010 0.52% -9.49%
2009 4.84% -11.2%
2008 7.88% -4.56%
2007 -9.93% 1.88%
2006 -2.54% 2.12%
2005 0.42% 1.23%
2004 0.44% -0.1%
2003 3.4% -0.37%
2002 -16.3% -0.32%
2001 -8.93% -0.45%
2000 -14.7% -1.16%
1999 -10.3% -1.24%
1998 -16.7% -2.63%
1997 -5.91% -3.86%
1996 -9.69% -5.87%
1995 -2.58% -6.79%
1994 -6.95% -6.31%
1993 -3.62% -6.89%
1992 6.44% -4.26%
1991 3.15% -4.58%
1990 11.9% -3.9%
1989 8.26% -3.24%
1988 11.8% -2.95%
1987 2.77% -3.52%
1986 -10.1% -5.18%
1985 -4.86% -6.04%
1984 -6.09% -5.25%
1983 -3.13% -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

In 2024, the Seychelles' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $15M, equivalent to 0.69% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, the Seychelles recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, the Seychelles posted an annual deficit equal to 2.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.3% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Seychelles

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Seychelles Spain
2024 0.31% 2.77%
2023 -1.04% 3.53%
2022 2.63% 8.39%
2021 9.77% 3.09%
2020 1.2% -0.32%
2019 1.81% 0.7%
2018 3.7% 1.67%
2017 2.86% 1.96%
2016 -1.02% -0.2%
2015 4.04% -0.5%
2014 1.39% -0.15%
2013 4.34% 1.41%
2012 7.11% 2.45%
2011 2.56% 3.2%
2010 -2.4% 1.8%
2009 31.8% -0.29%
2008 37% 4.08%
2007 5.32% 2.79%
2006 -0.35% 3.52%
2005 0.91% 3.37%
2004 3.86% 3.04%
2003 3.3% 3.04%
2002 0.18% 3.07%
2001 5.97% 3.59%
2000 6.27% 3.43%
1999 6.35% 2.31%
1998 2.58% 1.83%
1997 0.62% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Seychelles has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.03%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 0.31% in the Seychelles and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Seychelles
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $1.19M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $290K
Machinery & equipment $243K
Metals $87K
Chemicals & pharma $43K
Raw agricultural goods $24K
Wood & paper products $18K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Raw materials & minerals $5K
Miscellaneous $1K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $26.6M
Animal & marine products $23.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $12M
Metals $8.36M
Miscellaneous $6.97M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.44M
Raw agricultural goods $715K
Chemicals & pharma $300K
Raw materials & minerals $229K
Wood & paper products $117K

Balance of trade

Seychelles Spain
Current account balance
-$176M
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
97/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-8.11%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$1.39B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$595M
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$1B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$1.71B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
103.2%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
85.2%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Seychelles Spain
Economic freedom 66.5 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 60/197 59/197
Property rights 82.6 88
Government integrity 71.7 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 61.7 74.3
Tax burden 77.3 58.2
Government spending 68 37.3
Fiscal health 92.2 57.3
Business freedom 71.3 82.6
Labor freedom 52 61.7
Monetary freedom 79.8 78.2
Trade freedom 81.2 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Seychelles
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Seychelles Spain
2026 66.5 66.8
2025 66.4 66.3
2024 60.4 63.3
2023 59.5 65
2022 61.1 68.2
2021 66.3 69.9
2020 64.3 66.9
2019 61.4 65.7
2018 61.6 65.1
2017 61.8 63.6
2016 62.2 68.5
2015 57.5 67.6
2014 56.2 67.2
2013 54.9 68
2012 53 69.1
2011 51.2 70.2
2010 47.9 69.6
2009 47.8 70.1
2008 - 69.1
2007 - 69.2
2006 - 68.2
2005 - 67
2004 - 68.9
2003 - 68.8
2002 - 68.8
2001 - 68.1
2000 - 65.9
1999 - 65.1
1998 - 62.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Seychelles is 66.5, ranking 60/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Seychelles Spain
Services, % of GDP
65.8%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
12.3%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.45%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.12B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$32,180
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$774M
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
145/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$262M
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$226M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$35.4M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.3%
2018
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.