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Economy of Lithuania vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Lithuania has a GDP of $84.9B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 79/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Lithuania has $32.4B in government debt (38.2% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Lithuania vs Spain GDP by year

Lithuania
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Lithuania Spain
2024 $84,869,215,513 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $79,789,877,416 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $71,033,884,500 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $67,037,321,009 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $57,412,038,533 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $55,122,066,226 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $54,261,795,149 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $47,756,764,508 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $42,970,749,245 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $41,540,954,817 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $48,306,546,657 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $46,303,660,422 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $42,709,372,067 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $43,186,501,863 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $36,638,128,534 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $37,494,380,039 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $47,831,254,208 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $39,729,151,615 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $30,116,192,747 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $26,105,207,115 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $22,743,164,431 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $18,809,197,970 $907,963,217,058
2002 $14,282,292,665 $708,938,227,244
2001 $12,260,761,329 $627,798,682,379
2000 $11,550,695,727 $598,102,854,756
1999 $11,022,095,814 $634,394,904,387
1998 $11,289,161,847 $618,731,484,575
1997 $10,168,271,903 $589,739,772,727
1996 $8,430,207,164 $642,251,412,058
1995 $7,921,210,340 $614,170,002,669
1994 - $530,183,651,720
1993 - $524,700,572,624
1992 - $630,465,353,486
1991 - $576,753,902,322
1990 - $536,175,326,477
1989 - $414,460,794,097
1988 - $375,891,716,898
1987 - $318,520,253,335
1986 - $251,141,555,186
1985 - $180,664,322,896
1984 - $171,979,977,230
1983 - $170,829,074,246
1982 - $195,856,752,991
1981 - $202,663,023,968
1980 - $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Lithuania vs Spain by year

Lithuania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Lithuania Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $29,384 $55,286 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $27,786 $52,348 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $25,086 $50,936 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $23,870 $45,874 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $20,429 $41,263 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $19,609 $40,564 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $19,247 $36,492 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $16,800 $31,305 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $14,934 $28,699 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $14,270 $26,949 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $16,446 $26,275 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $15,637 $24,890 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $14,288 $23,275 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $14,262 $21,558 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $11,829 $18,719 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $11,854 $17,055 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $14,956 $19,410 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $12,295 $17,969 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $9,210 $15,522 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $7,857 $13,951 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $6,735 $12,605 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $5,507 $11,660 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $4,148 $10,296 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $3,533 $9,399 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $3,301 $8,475 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $3,128 $7,918 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $3,181 $7,846 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $2,844 $7,167 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $2,341 $6,479 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $2,183 $6,023 $15,461 $16,276
1994 - $5,667 $13,406 $15,582
1993 - $6,107 $13,330 $14,973
1992 - $7,087 $16,101 $14,855
1991 - $8,790 $14,801 $14,461
1990 - $9,030 $13,795 $13,676
1989 - - $10,674 -
1988 - - $9,696 -
1987 - - $8,234 -
1986 - - $6,509 -
1985 - - $4,696 -
1984 - - $4,487 -
1983 - - $4,475 -
1982 - - $5,156 -
1981 - - $5,367 -
1980 - - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

Lithuania's GDP per capita is $29,384, ranking 43/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Lithuania ranks 39th at $55,286, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Lithuania Spain
Gross domestic product
$84.9B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
79/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
2.77%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$29,384
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
43/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,286
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
39/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$32.4B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
38.2%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$11,232
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
49/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$19,946
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.3%
2023
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.5%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.72%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
7.1%
2024
11.3%
2024
Population
2829914
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Lithuania
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Lithuania Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.5% 38.2% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 37.4% 37.3% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 36.3% 38.1% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 37.3% 43.3% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 42.4% 45.9% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 34.6% 35.6% 42% 97.6%
2018 33.8% 33.3% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 33.4% 39.3% 41% 101.1%
2016 34.5% 40% 42.1% 102%
2015 35.2% 42.6% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 35% 40.7% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 35.7% 38.9% 46.2% 100%
2012 36.6% 39.9% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 40.1% 37.5% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 43% 36.7% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 44.8% 27.9% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 38.2% 14.6% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 35.3% 15.9% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 34.4% 17.3% 38.4% 39%
2005 34.1% 17.6% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 33.9% 18.6% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 32.8% 20.4% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 34.4% 22.1% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 36.5% 22.9% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 38.7% 23.5% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 42.4% 28% 40% 60.9%
1998 39.6% 21.7% 41% 62.4%
1997 35% - 41.5% 64.3%
1996 34.4% - 42.9% 65.4%
1995 35.5% - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Lithuania's government spending was $33.5B, accounting for 39.5% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 38.2% in Lithuania and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 139/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Lithuania

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Lithuania Spain
2024 -1.28% -3.15%
2023 -0.69% -3.52%
2022 -0.72% -4.63%
2021 -1.15% -6.66%
2020 -6.42% -10%
2019 0.41% -3.04%
2018 0.52% -2.58%
2017 0.36% -3.1%
2016 0.03% -4.26%
2015 -0.77% -5.26%
2014 -1.79% -6.07%
2013 -2.69% -7.49%
2012 -3.15% -11.5%
2011 -5.92% -9.69%
2010 -6.95% -9.49%
2009 -9.09% -11.2%
2008 -3.09% -4.56%
2007 -0.82% 1.88%
2006 -0.27% 2.12%
2005 -0.34% 1.23%
2004 -1.39% -0.1%
2003 -1.26% -0.37%
2002 -1.85% -0.32%
2001 -3.52% -0.45%
2000 -3.18% -1.16%
1999 -7.82% -1.24%
1998 -4.93% -2.63%
1997 -0.76% -3.86%
1996 -3.59% -5.87%
1995 -3.31% -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Lithuania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.09B, equivalent to 1.28% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Lithuania recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Lithuania posted an annual deficit equal to 2.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.13% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Lithuania

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Lithuania Spain
2024 0.72% 2.77%
2023 9.12% 3.53%
2022 19.7% 8.39%
2021 4.68% 3.09%
2020 1.2% -0.32%
2019 2.33% 0.7%
2018 2.7% 1.67%
2017 3.72% 1.96%
2016 0.91% -0.2%
2015 -0.88% -0.5%
2014 0.1% -0.15%
2013 1.05% 1.41%
2012 3.09% 2.45%
2011 4.13% 3.2%
2010 1.32% 1.8%
2009 4.45% -0.29%
2008 10.9% 4.08%
2007 5.74% 2.79%
2006 3.74% 3.52%
2005 2.66% 3.37%
2004 1.16% 3.04%
2003 -1.13% 3.04%
2002 0.28% 3.07%
2001 1.37% 3.59%
2000 0.98% 3.43%
1999 0.73% 2.31%
1998 5.07% 1.83%
1997 8.88% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Lithuania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.53%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 0.72% in Lithuania and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Lithuania
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $156M
Machinery & equipment $134M
Raw agricultural goods $96.6M
Chemicals & pharma $72.9M
Business & finance services $35.4M
Wood & paper products $34.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $33.5M
Transport & tourism services $31.7M
Animal & marine products $31.4M
Raw materials & minerals $25.9M
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $132M
Chemicals & pharma $104M
Textiles & consumer goods $100M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $83.2M
Raw agricultural goods $54.9M
Metals $49.1M
Animal & marine products $39.4M
Raw materials & minerals $15.7M
Wood & paper products $9.17M
Miscellaneous $5.16M

Balance of trade

Lithuania Spain
Current account balance
$2.77B
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
41/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.27%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$43.8B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$38.9B
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$14.7B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$24.3B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
68.9%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
74.1%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Lithuania Spain
Economic freedom 75.3 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 18/197 59/197
Property rights 91.8 88
Government integrity 71.4 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 73.2 74.3
Tax burden 76.2 58.2
Government spending 57.3 37.3
Fiscal health 95.8 57.3
Business freedom 84.2 82.6
Labor freedom 58.1 61.7
Monetary freedom 76.7 78.2
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 70 60
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Lithuania
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Lithuania Spain
2026 75.3 66.8
2025 74.6 66.3
2024 72.9 63.3
2023 72.2 65
2022 75.8 68.2
2021 76.9 69.9
2020 76.7 66.9
2019 74.2 65.7
2018 75.3 65.1
2017 75.8 63.6
2016 75.2 68.5
2015 74.7 67.6
2014 73 67.2
2013 72.1 68
2012 71.5 69.1
2011 71.3 70.2
2010 70.3 69.6
2009 70 70.1
2008 70.9 69.1
2007 71.5 69.2
2006 71.8 68.2
2005 70.5 67
2004 72.4 68.9
2003 69.7 68.8
2002 66.1 68.8
2001 65.5 68.1
2000 61.9 65.9
1999 61.5 65.1
1998 59.4 62.6
1997 57.3 59.6
1996 49.7 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Lithuania is 75.3, ranking 18/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Lithuania Spain
Services, % of GDP
63.6%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.4%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.57%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$78.4B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,920
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$7.41B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
86/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.91B
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.7B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$795M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.9%
2021
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lithuania/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.