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Economy of Albania vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Albania has a GDP of $27B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 112/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Albania has $15.2B in government debt (56% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Albania vs Spain GDP by year

Albania
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Albania Spain
2024 $27,046,429,297 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $23,491,242,727 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $19,017,247,014 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $18,031,989,573 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $15,241,458,745 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $15,585,111,614 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $15,379,508,330 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $13,258,268,436 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $11,988,668,785 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $11,470,171,827 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $13,296,322,588 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $12,796,985,886 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $12,246,499,748 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $12,973,755,875 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $12,086,545,641 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $12,335,540,656 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $13,258,506,375 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $11,116,937,870 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $9,150,528,132 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $8,256,658,250 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $7,406,645,793 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $5,801,712,040 $907,963,217,058
2002 $4,515,003,117 $708,938,227,244
2001 $4,059,064,033 $627,798,682,379
2000 $3,584,570,165 $598,102,854,756
1999 $3,283,941,510 $634,394,904,387
1998 $2,600,356,999 $618,731,484,575
1997 $2,293,666,030 $589,739,772,727
1996 $3,234,486,232 $642,251,412,058
1995 $2,905,092,799 $614,170,002,669
1994 $1,880,950,864 $530,183,651,720
1993 $1,185,315,468 $524,700,572,624
1992 $652,174,991 $630,465,353,486
1991 $1,099,559,028 $576,753,902,322
1990 $2,028,553,750 $536,175,326,477
1989 $2,253,090,000 $414,460,794,097
1988 $2,051,236,250 $375,891,716,898
1987 $2,080,796,250 $318,520,253,335
1986 $2,097,326,250 $251,141,555,186
1985 $1,897,050,117 $180,664,322,896
1984 $1,857,337,995 $171,979,977,230
1983 $1,881,412,587 $170,829,074,246
1982 $1,861,163,170 $195,856,752,991
1981 $1,808,177,156 $202,663,023,968
1980 $1,578,102,105 $232,600,556,974
1979 - $214,448,666,336
1978 - $160,484,969,618
1977 - $132,354,665,936
1976 - $118,422,534,195
1975 - $114,695,060,870
1974 - $97,204,522,642
1973 - $78,583,355,226
1972 - $59,090,176,029
1971 - $46,586,119,760
1970 - $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Albania vs Spain by year

Albania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Albania Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $11,378 $26,702 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $9,731 $24,822 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $7,757 $22,138 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $7,242 $18,213 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $6,028 $16,288 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $6,069 $16,442 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $5,898 $15,055 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $5,006 $14,111 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $4,458 $13,056 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $4,200 $12,387 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $4,794 $11,788 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $4,543 $10,882 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $4,281 $10,609 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $4,466 $10,273 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $4,149 $9,755 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $4,214 $9,031 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $4,499 $8,469 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $3,743 $7,585 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $3,058 $6,753 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $2,742 $6,014 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $2,447 $5,595 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $1,909 $5,169 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $1,480 $4,840 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $1,326 $4,451 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $1,160 $3,978 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $1,056 $3,549 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $831 $3,086 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $729 $2,760 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $1,021 $3,054 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $911 $2,777 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $586 $2,385 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $367 $2,143 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $200.9 $1,899 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $337 $1,989 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $617 $2,656 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $698 - $10,674 -
1988 $653 - $9,696 -
1987 $675 - $8,234 -
1986 $694 - $6,509 -
1985 $640 - $4,696 -
1984 $639 - $4,487 -
1983 $662 - $4,475 -
1982 $668 - $5,156 -
1981 $663 - $5,367 -
1980 $591 - $6,204 -
1979 - - $5,766 -
1978 - - $4,353 -
1977 - - $3,625 -
1976 - - $3,277 -
1975 - - $3,208 -
1974 - - $2,748 -
1973 - - $2,246 -
1972 - - $1,708 -
1971 - - $1,361 -
1970 - - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

Albania's GDP per capita is $11,378, ranking 82/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Albania ranks 79th at $26,702, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Albania Spain
Gross domestic product
$27B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
112/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
4.05%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$11,378
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
82/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,702
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
79/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$15.2B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
56%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,375
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
72/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$9,075
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires
1
2025
34
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.8%
2020
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2020
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.9%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.2%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
10.7%
2023
11.3%
2024
Population
2342753
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Albania
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Albania Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.9% 56% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 28.5% 58% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 30.3% 65.2% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 31.9% 74.8% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 32.4% 75.4% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 28.8% 66.6% 42% 97.6%
2018 28.7% 68.5% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 29.2% 71.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 29.1% 73.3% 42.1% 102%
2015 30.8% 73.7% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 31.7% 72% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 29.2% 70.4% 46.2% 100%
2012 28.2% 62.1% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 28.9% 59.4% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 29.4% 57.7% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 32.7% 59.7% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 31.7% 55.1% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 29.3% 53.6% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 29.2% 56.7% 38.4% 39%
2005 28.9% 58.2% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 30.2% 57.5% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 29.7% 60.2% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 31.5% 64.1% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 32.7% 60.6% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 33.8% 63.8% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 37.1% 68.2% 40% 60.9%
1998 36.8% 71.2% 41% 62.4%
1997 30.3% 72.2% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 - - 42.9% 65.4%
1995 - - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Albania's government spending was $7.83B, accounting for 28.9% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 56% in Albania and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 94/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Albania

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Albania Spain
2024 -0.72% -3.15%
2023 -1.32% -3.52%
2022 -3.64% -4.63%
2021 -4.57% -6.66%
2020 -6.67% -10%
2019 -1.92% -3.04%
2018 -1.6% -2.58%
2017 -1.41% -3.1%
2016 -1.5% -4.26%
2015 -4.32% -5.26%
2014 -5.46% -6.07%
2013 -5.22% -7.49%
2012 -3.44% -11.5%
2011 -3.52% -9.69%
2010 -3.52% -9.49%
2009 -6.59% -11.2%
2008 -4.88% -4.56%
2007 -3.18% 1.88%
2006 -3.26% 2.12%
2005 -3.46% 1.23%
2004 -5.16% -0.1%
2003 -5.01% -0.37%
2002 -6.21% -0.32%
2001 -6.84% -0.45%
2000 -7.77% -1.16%
1999 -8.84% -1.24%
1998 -9.93% -2.63%
1997 -11.9% -3.86%
1996 - -5.87%
1995 - -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Albania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $196M, equivalent to 0.72% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Albania recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Albania posted an annual deficit equal to 4.71% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.97% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Albania

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Albania Spain
2024 2.2% 2.77%
2023 4.8% 3.53%
2022 6.7% 8.39%
2021 2% 3.09%
2020 1.6% -0.32%
2019 1.4% 0.7%
2018 2% 1.67%
2017 2% 1.96%
2016 1.3% -0.2%
2015 1.9% -0.5%
2014 1.6% -0.15%
2013 1.9% 1.41%
2012 2% 2.45%
2011 3.4% 3.2%
2010 3.6% 1.8%
2009 2.2% -0.29%
2008 3.3% 4.08%
2007 3% 2.79%
2006 2.4% 3.52%
2005 2.4% 3.37%
2004 2.9% 3.04%
2003 2.4% 3.04%
2002 5.2% 3.07%
2001 3.1% 3.59%
2000 0% 3.43%
1999 0.4% 2.31%
1998 20.6% 1.83%
1997 33.2% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Albania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.27%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 2.2% in Albania and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Albania
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $107M
Animal & marine products $10.4M
Raw agricultural goods $7.53M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.65M
Metals $5.33M
Business & finance services $3.31M
Transport & tourism services $2.87M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.55M
IT & IP services $709K
Machinery & equipment $634K
Spain
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $31.3M
Machinery & equipment $15.1M
Animal & marine products $13.2M
Chemicals & pharma $9.53M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.93M
Raw materials & minerals $7.3M
Metals $4.94M
Raw agricultural goods $3.01M
Miscellaneous $1.2M
Wood & paper products $1.14M

Balance of trade

Albania Spain
Current account balance
-$648M
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
112/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.4%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$7.87B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$1.82B
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$3.83B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$8.03B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.2%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.3%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Albania Spain
Economic freedom 68 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 50/197 59/197
Property rights 57.6 88
Government integrity 41.9 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 59.9 74.3
Tax burden 89.3 58.2
Government spending 74.3 37.3
Fiscal health 88 57.3
Business freedom 76.6 82.6
Labor freedom 46.2 61.7
Monetary freedom 78.6 78.2
Trade freedom 83 79.4
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Albania
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Albania Spain
2026 68 66.8
2025 66.6 66.3
2024 64.8 63.3
2023 65.3 65
2022 66.6 68.2
2021 65.2 69.9
2020 66.9 66.9
2019 66.5 65.7
2018 64.5 65.1
2017 64.4 63.6
2016 65.9 68.5
2015 65.7 67.6
2014 66.9 67.2
2013 65.2 68
2012 65.1 69.1
2011 64 70.2
2010 66 69.6
2009 63.7 70.1
2008 62.4 69.1
2007 61.4 69.2
2006 60.3 68.2
2005 57.8 67
2004 58.5 68.9
2003 56.8 68.8
2002 56.8 68.8
2001 56.6 68.1
2000 53.6 65.9
1999 53.4 65.1
1998 53.9 62.6
1997 54.8 59.6
1996 53.8 59.6
1995 49.7 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Albania is 68, ranking 50/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Albania Spain
Services, % of GDP
48.7%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.4%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15.5%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$23.6B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,500
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$6.52B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
89/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.45B
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.71B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$261M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19.7%
2022
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.