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Economy of Singapore vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Singapore has a GDP of $604B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 28/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Singapore has $1.03T in government debt (171.3% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Singapore vs Spain GDP by year

Singapore
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Singapore Spain
2025 $603,869,516,999 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $572,877,260,178 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $511,181,761,244 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $514,252,535,239 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $441,110,903,525 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $351,226,533,656 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $376,827,390,962 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $377,976,367,877 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $344,795,119,214 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $320,759,207,439 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $307,998,545,269 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $314,863,580,758 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $307,576,360,585 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $295,092,888,077 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $279,356,499,090 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $239,807,980,591 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $194,150,283,772 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $193,617,323,539 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $180,941,701,358 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $148,627,286,361 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $127,807,848,728 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $115,033,593,101 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $97,646,401,096 $907,963,217,058
2002 $92,538,372,870 $708,938,227,244
2001 $89,793,790,670 $627,798,682,379
2000 $96,076,539,926 $598,102,854,756
1999 $86,286,849,755 $634,394,904,387
1998 $85,728,207,782 $618,731,484,575
1997 $100,123,787,215 $589,739,772,727
1996 $96,293,086,513 $642,251,412,058
1995 $87,812,540,788 $614,170,002,669
1994 $73,688,724,431 $530,183,651,720
1993 $60,603,815,716 $524,700,572,624
1992 $52,131,320,033 $630,465,353,486
1991 $45,466,164,978 $576,753,902,322
1990 $36,144,336,769 $536,175,326,477
1989 $30,465,364,739 $414,460,794,097
1988 $25,371,462,488 $375,891,716,898
1987 $20,919,215,578 $318,520,253,335
1986 $18,586,746,057 $251,141,555,186
1985 $19,156,532,746 $180,664,322,896
1984 $19,749,361,098 $171,979,977,230
1983 $17,784,112,150 $170,829,074,246
1982 $16,084,252,378 $195,856,752,991
1981 $14,175,228,844 $202,663,023,968
1980 $11,896,256,783 $232,600,556,974
1979 $9,296,921,724 $214,448,666,336
1978 $7,517,176,355 $160,484,969,618
1977 $6,618,585,074 $132,354,665,936
1976 $6,327,077,974 $118,422,534,195
1975 $5,633,673,930 $114,695,060,870
1974 $5,221,534,956 $97,204,522,642
1973 $3,696,213,333 $78,583,355,226
1972 $2,721,440,981 $59,090,176,029
1971 $2,263,785,444 $46,586,119,760
1970 $1,920,574,150 $40,963,715,237
1969 $1,659,893,768 $37,090,689,288
1968 $1,425,706,091 $32,394,326,464
1967 $1,238,035,816 $32,570,905,397
1966 $1,096,425,608 $29,559,436,183
1965 $974,644,096 $25,479,619,607
1964 $894,153,311 $21,966,876,027
1963 $917,608,012 $19,631,714,760
1962 $826,239,212 $16,609,632,791
1961 $764,629,788 $14,238,126,760
1960 $704,751,700 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Singapore vs Spain by year

Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Singapore Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $98,814 - $38,627 -
2024 $94,897 $150,689 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $86,383 $143,786 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $91,228 $143,095 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $80,885 $132,617 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $61,773 $101,518 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $66,069 $105,335 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $67,033 $103,963 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $61,436 $95,744 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $57,204 $89,902 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $55,646 $87,156 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $57,565 $84,555 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $56,967 $83,088 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $55,548 $82,108 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $53,891 $80,052 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $47,237 $75,401 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $38,927 $66,213 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $40,009 $67,735 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $39,433 $68,805 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $33,768 $64,061 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $29,961 $58,822 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $27,608 $54,384 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $23,730 $48,778 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $22,160 $45,083 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $21,700 $43,109 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $23,853 $43,781 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $21,797 $39,949 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $21,829 $37,560 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $26,376 $39,286 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $26,233 $36,873 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $24,915 $35,090 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $21,552 $33,058 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $18,290 $30,062 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $16,136 $27,022 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $14,502 $25,530 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $11,862 $23,815 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $10,395 - $10,674 -
1988 $8,914 - $9,696 -
1987 $7,539 - $8,234 -
1986 $6,800 - $6,509 -
1985 $7,002 - $4,696 -
1984 $7,228 - $4,487 -
1983 $6,633 - $4,475 -
1982 $6,078 - $5,156 -
1981 $5,597 - $5,367 -
1980 $4,928 - $6,204 -
1979 $3,901 - $5,766 -
1978 $3,194 - $4,353 -
1977 $2,846 - $3,625 -
1976 $2,759 - $3,277 -
1975 $2,490 - $3,208 -
1974 $2,342 - $2,748 -
1973 $1,685 - $2,246 -
1972 $1,264 - $1,708 -
1971 $1,071 - $1,361 -
1970 $926 - $1,211 -
1969 $813 - $1,109 -
1968 $709 - $978 -
1967 $626 - $997 -
1966 $567 - $916 -
1965 $517 - $797 -
1964 $486 - $695 -
1963 $511 - $627 -
1962 $472 - $535 -
1961 $449 - $463 -
1960 $428 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

Singapore's GDP per capita is $98,814, ranking 7/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Singapore Spain
Gross domestic product
$604B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
28/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
5.03%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$98,814
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
7/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$150,689
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
2/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$1.03T
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
171.3%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$169,228
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
1/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$51,296
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$824B
2025
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires
244,000
2026
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires
55
2026
34
2026
Income share by richest 10% n/a
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
15.5%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.9%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
3.26%
2025
10.5%
2025
Population
6167445
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Singapore
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Singapore Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 15.5% 171.3% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 14.3% 166% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 14.6% 170.4% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 14.9% 153.3% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 15.4% 139.9% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 24% 147.1% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 14% 127.7% 42% 97.6%
2018 13.9% 109.2% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 13.6% 107.3% 41% 101.1%
2016 15.2% 105.9% 42.1% 102%
2015 14.4% 102.1% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 12.6% 97.7% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 10.9% 98.2% 46.2% 100%
2012 9.83% 106.7% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 9.66% 103.1% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 10.2% 98.7% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 15.9% 101.7% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 14% 97.9% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 9.01% 87.8% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 12.3% 86.5% 38.4% 39%
2005 12.4% 92.7% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 14.1% 95.7% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 15.6% 99.1% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 15.9% 96.3% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 18.2% 94.5% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 16.1% 82.3% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 15.9% 85.3% 40% 60.9%
1998 18.1% 84.6% 41% 62.4%
1997 14.5% 70.8% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 18.1% 71.3% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 13.8% 69.8% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 11.7% 70.7% 44.8% 57%
1993 14.5% 71.2% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 14.5% 79% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 15.9% 76.4% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 15.1% 73.5% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Singapore's government spending was $93.3B, accounting for 15.5% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 171.3% in Singapore and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 5/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Singapore

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Singapore Spain
2025 4.16% -2.5%
2024 3.79% -3.22%
2023 3.42% -3.34%
2022 1.2% -4.59%
2021 1.11% -6.66%
2020 -6.68% -10%
2019 3.76% -3.04%
2018 3.67% -2.58%
2017 5.23% -3.1%
2016 3.24% -4.26%
2015 2.86% -5.26%
2014 4.6% -6.07%
2013 5.96% -7.49%
2012 7.34% -11.5%
2011 7.96% -9.69%
2010 5.68% -9.49%
2009 -0.09% -11.2%
2008 3.59% -4.56%
2007 7.12% 1.88%
2006 2.16% 2.12%
2005 2.56% 1.23%
2004 2.06% -0.1%
2003 0.68% -0.37%
2002 2.23% -0.32%
2001 1.2% -0.45%
2000 4.59% -1.16%
1999 5.2% -1.24%
1998 2.41% -2.63%
1997 5.66% -3.86%
1996 1.98% -5.87%
1995 4.8% -6.79%
1994 7.9% -6.31%
1993 4.36% -6.89%
1992 2.7% -4.26%
1991 0.68% -4.58%
1990 1.97% -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Singapore's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $25.1B, equivalent to 4.16% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Singapore recorded a fiscal deficit in 2 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Singapore posted an annual surplus equal to 3.36% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.23% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Singapore

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Singapore Spain
2025 0.9% 2.7%
2024 2.39% 2.75%
2023 4.83% 3.53%
2022 6.13% 8.39%
2021 2.32% 3.09%
2020 -0.17% -0.32%
2019 0.57% 0.7%
2018 0.44% 1.67%
2017 0.58% 1.96%
2016 -0.53% -0.2%
2015 -0.52% -0.5%
2014 1.03% -0.15%
2013 2.36% 1.41%
2012 4.58% 2.45%
2011 5.25% 3.2%
2010 2.83% 1.8%
2009 0.59% -0.29%
2008 6.64% 4.08%
2007 2.11% 2.79%
2006 0.97% 3.52%
2005 0.43% 3.37%
2004 1.66% 3.04%
2003 0.51% 3.04%
2002 -0.39% 3.07%
2001 1% 3.59%
2000 1.36% 3.43%
1999 0.02% 2.31%
1998 -0.27% 1.83%
1997 2% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Singapore has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.71%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 0.9% in Singapore and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $379M
Chemicals & pharma $330M
Miscellaneous $42.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $12.8M
Metals $12.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.3M
Raw materials & minerals $9.3M
Wood & paper products $4.42M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.41M
Animal & marine products $2.11M
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $438M
Chemicals & pharma $297M
IT & IP services $293M
Business & finance services $216M
Metals $122M
Transport & tourism services $114M
Animal & marine products $65.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $58.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $50M
Raw materials & minerals $28.4M

Balance of trade

Singapore Spain
Current account balance
$101B
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
8/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+16.7%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$475B
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$652B
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$385B
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$422B
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
142.5%
2025
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
177.9%
2025
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Singapore Spain
Economic freedom 84.4 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 1/197 59/197
Property rights 89.2 88
Government integrity 86.1 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 58.3 74.3
Tax burden 89.5 58.2
Government spending 93.4 37.3
Fiscal health 80 57.3
Business freedom 90.6 82.6
Labor freedom 77 61.7
Monetary freedom 83.5 78.2
Trade freedom 95 79.4
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Singapore
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Singapore Spain
2026 84.4 66.8
2025 84.1 66.3
2024 83.5 63.3
2023 83.9 65
2022 84.4 68.2
2021 89.7 69.9
2020 89.4 66.9
2019 89.4 65.7
2018 88.8 65.1
2017 88.6 63.6
2016 87.8 68.5
2015 89.4 67.6
2014 89.4 67.2
2013 88 68
2012 87.5 69.1
2011 87.2 70.2
2010 86.1 69.6
2009 87.1 70.1
2008 87.3 69.1
2007 87.1 69.2
2006 88 68.2
2005 88.6 67
2004 88.9 68.9
2003 88.2 68.8
2002 87.4 68.8
2001 87.8 68.1
2000 87.7 65.9
1999 86.9 65.1
1998 87 62.6
1997 87.3 59.6
1996 86.5 59.6
1995 86.3 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Singapore is 84.4, ranking 1/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Singapore Spain
Services, % of GDP
71.6%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.7%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.02%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$500B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$135,750
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$432B
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$64.9B
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$135B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$63.6B
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.5%
2025
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.