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Economy of Singapore vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Singapore has a GDP of $547B compared to $1.73T for Spain, ranking 28/197 and 15/197 by economy size, respectively.

Singapore has $950B in government debt (173.5% of GDP), compared to $1.75T (101.6% of GDP) in Spain.

Singapore vs Spain GDP by year

Singapore
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Singapore Spain
2024 $547,386,645,892 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $505,439,514,078 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $509,017,841,147 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $436,591,382,250 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $349,165,858,545 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $376,161,998,830 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $377,123,710,561 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $343,673,334,902 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $319,646,468,521 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $307,998,545,269 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $314,863,580,758 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $307,576,360,585 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $295,092,888,077 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $279,356,499,090 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $239,807,980,591 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $194,150,283,772 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $193,617,323,539 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $180,941,701,358 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $148,627,286,361 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $127,807,848,728 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $115,033,593,101 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $97,646,401,096 $907,963,217,058
2002 $92,538,372,870 $708,938,227,244
2001 $89,793,790,670 $627,798,682,379
2000 $96,076,539,926 $598,102,854,756
1999 $86,286,849,755 $634,394,904,387
1998 $85,728,207,782 $618,731,484,575
1997 $100,123,787,215 $589,739,772,727
1996 $96,293,086,513 $642,251,412,058
1995 $87,812,540,788 $614,170,002,669
1994 $73,688,724,431 $530,183,651,720
1993 $60,603,815,716 $524,700,572,624
1992 $52,131,320,033 $630,465,353,486
1991 $45,466,164,978 $576,753,902,322
1990 $36,144,336,769 $536,175,326,477
1989 $30,465,364,739 $414,460,794,097
1988 $25,371,462,488 $375,891,716,898
1987 $20,919,215,578 $318,520,253,335
1986 $18,586,746,057 $251,141,555,186
1985 $19,156,532,746 $180,664,322,896
1984 $19,749,361,098 $171,979,977,230
1983 $17,784,112,150 $170,829,074,246
1982 $16,084,252,378 $195,856,752,991
1981 $14,175,228,844 $202,663,023,968
1980 $11,896,256,783 $232,600,556,974
1979 $9,296,921,724 $214,448,666,336
1978 $7,517,176,355 $160,484,969,618
1977 $6,618,585,074 $132,354,665,936
1976 $6,327,077,974 $118,422,534,195
1975 $5,633,673,930 $114,695,060,870
1974 $5,221,534,956 $97,204,522,642
1973 $3,696,213,333 $78,583,355,226
1972 $2,721,440,981 $59,090,176,029
1971 $2,263,785,444 $46,586,119,760
1970 $1,920,574,150 $40,963,715,237
1969 $1,659,893,768 $37,090,689,288
1968 $1,425,706,091 $32,394,326,464
1967 $1,238,035,816 $32,570,905,397
1966 $1,096,425,608 $29,559,436,183
1965 $974,644,096 $25,479,619,607
1964 $894,153,311 $21,966,876,027
1963 $917,608,012 $19,631,714,760
1962 $826,239,212 $16,609,632,791
1961 $764,629,788 $14,238,126,760
1960 $704,751,700 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Singapore vs Spain by year

Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Singapore Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $90,674 $150,689 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $85,412 $143,786 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $90,299 $143,095 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $80,056 $132,617 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $61,410 $101,518 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $65,952 $105,335 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $66,882 $103,963 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $61,236 $95,744 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $57,006 $89,902 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $55,646 $87,156 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $57,565 $84,555 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $56,967 $83,088 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $55,548 $82,108 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $53,891 $80,052 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $47,237 $75,401 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $38,927 $66,213 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $40,009 $67,735 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $39,433 $68,805 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $33,768 $64,061 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $29,961 $58,822 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $27,608 $54,384 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $23,730 $48,778 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $22,160 $45,083 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $21,700 $43,109 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $23,853 $43,781 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $21,797 $39,949 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $21,829 $37,560 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $26,376 $39,286 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $26,233 $36,873 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $24,915 $35,090 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $21,552 $33,058 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $18,290 $30,062 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $16,136 $27,022 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $14,502 $25,530 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $11,862 $23,815 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $10,395 - $10,674 -
1988 $8,914 - $9,696 -
1987 $7,539 - $8,234 -
1986 $6,800 - $6,509 -
1985 $7,002 - $4,696 -
1984 $7,228 - $4,487 -
1983 $6,633 - $4,475 -
1982 $6,078 - $5,156 -
1981 $5,597 - $5,367 -
1980 $4,928 - $6,204 -
1979 $3,901 - $5,766 -
1978 $3,194 - $4,353 -
1977 $2,846 - $3,625 -
1976 $2,759 - $3,277 -
1975 $2,490 - $3,208 -
1974 $2,342 - $2,748 -
1973 $1,685 - $2,246 -
1972 $1,264 - $1,708 -
1971 $1,071 - $1,361 -
1970 $926 - $1,211 -
1969 $813 - $1,109 -
1968 $709 - $978 -
1967 $626 - $997 -
1966 $567 - $916 -
1965 $517 - $797 -
1964 $486 - $695 -
1963 $511 - $627 -
1962 $472 - $535 -
1961 $449 - $463 -
1960 $428 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

Singapore's GDP per capita is $90,674, ranking 7/197, compared to $35,327 in Spain, ranking 32/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Singapore Spain
Gross domestic product
$547B
2024
$1.73T
2024
GDP rank
28/197
2024
15/197
2024
GDP growth
4.39%
2023-2024
3.46%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$90,674
2024
$35,327
2024
GDP per capita rank
7/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$150,689
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
2/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$950B
2024
$1.75T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
173.5%
2024
101.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$157,326
2024
$35,909
2024
Government debt per person rank
1/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$52,793
2026
$25,470
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$638B
2024
$754B
2024
Number of millionaires
331,000
2025
1,202,000
2025
Number of billionaires
49
2025
34
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
14.6%
2024
45.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.39%
2023-2024
2.77%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
2.74%
2024
11.3%
2024
Population
6125852
48806901

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Singapore
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Singapore Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 14.6% 173.5% 45.3% 101.6%
2023 14.8% 172.8% 45.5% 105.1%
2022 15% 154.3% 46.4% 109.2%
2021 15.6% 141.7% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 24.1% 148.2% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 14% 127.9% 42% 97.6%
2018 13.9% 109.4% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 13.6% 107.6% 41% 101.1%
2016 15.3% 106.3% 42.1% 102%
2015 14.4% 102.2% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 12.6% 97.7% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 10.9% 98.2% 46.2% 100%
2012 9.83% 106.7% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 9.66% 103.1% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 10.2% 98.7% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 15.9% 101.7% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 14% 97.9% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 9.01% 87.8% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 12.3% 86.5% 38.4% 39%
2005 12.4% 92.7% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 14.1% 95.7% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 15.6% 99.1% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 15.9% 96.3% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 18.2% 94.5% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 16.1% 82.3% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 15.9% 85.3% 40% 60.9%
1998 18.1% 84.6% 41% 62.4%
1997 14.5% 70.8% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 18.1% 71.3% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 13.8% 69.8% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 11.7% 70.7% 44.8% 57%
1993 14.5% 71.2% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 14.5% 79% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 15.9% 76.4% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 15.1% 73.5% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Singapore's government spending was $79.7B, accounting for 14.6% of its GDP, while Spain spent $782B, or 45.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 173.5% in Singapore and 101.6% in Spain, ranking 4/185 and 21/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Singapore

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Singapore Spain
2024 4.44% -3.15%
2023 3.47% -3.52%
2022 1.21% -4.63%
2021 1.13% -6.66%
2020 -6.73% -10%
2019 3.77% -3.04%
2018 3.68% -2.58%
2017 5.24% -3.1%
2016 3.25% -4.26%
2015 2.86% -5.26%
2014 4.6% -6.07%
2013 5.96% -7.49%
2012 7.34% -11.5%
2011 7.96% -9.69%
2010 5.68% -9.49%
2009 -0.09% -11.2%
2008 3.59% -4.56%
2007 7.12% 1.88%
2006 2.16% 2.12%
2005 2.56% 1.23%
2004 2.06% -0.1%
2003 0.68% -0.37%
2002 2.23% -0.32%
2001 1.2% -0.45%
2000 4.59% -1.16%
1999 5.2% -1.24%
1998 2.41% -2.63%
1997 5.66% -3.86%
1996 1.98% -5.87%
1995 4.8% -6.79%
1994 7.9% -6.31%
1993 4.36% -6.89%
1992 2.7% -4.26%
1991 0.68% -4.58%
1990 1.97% -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

In 2024, Singapore's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.3B, equivalent to 4.44% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $54.3B, or 3.15% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Singapore recorded a fiscal deficit in 2 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, Singapore posted an annual surplus equal to 3.36% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.28% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Singapore

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Singapore Spain
2024 2.39% 2.77%
2023 4.83% 3.53%
2022 6.13% 8.39%
2021 2.32% 3.09%
2020 -0.17% -0.32%
2019 0.57% 0.7%
2018 0.44% 1.67%
2017 0.58% 1.96%
2016 -0.53% -0.2%
2015 -0.52% -0.5%
2014 1.03% -0.15%
2013 2.36% 1.41%
2012 4.58% 2.45%
2011 5.25% 3.2%
2010 2.83% 1.8%
2009 0.59% -0.29%
2008 6.64% 4.08%
2007 2.11% 2.79%
2006 0.97% 3.52%
2005 0.43% 3.37%
2004 1.66% 3.04%
2003 0.51% 3.04%
2002 -0.39% 3.07%
2001 1% 3.59%
2000 1.36% 3.43%
1999 0.02% 2.31%
1998 -0.27% 1.83%
1997 2% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Singapore has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.74%, compared with 2.34% in Spain. In 2024, inflation was 2.39% in Singapore and 2.77% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $253M
Chemicals & pharma $69.1M
Raw materials & minerals $41.5M
Miscellaneous $13M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.4M
Metals $7.66M
Precious metals & jewellery $4.33M
Wood & paper products $2.88M
Animal & marine products $2.13M
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $333M
Chemicals & pharma $300M
Metals $238M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $64.1M
Animal & marine products $55.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $44.8M
Raw materials & minerals $36.5M
Raw agricultural goods $6.58M
Wood & paper products $4.88M
Miscellaneous $3.59M

Balance of trade

Singapore Spain
Current account balance
$96B
2024
$54.9B
2024
Current account balance ranking
8/190
2024
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.5%
2024
+3.18%
2024
Goods imports
$435B
2024
$456B
2024
Goods exports
$583B
2024
$419B
2024
Service imports
$351B
2024
$111B
2024
Service exports
$396B
2024
$220B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
143.6%
2024
32.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
178.8%
2024
37.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Singapore Spain
Economic freedom 84.4 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 1/197 59/197
Property rights 89.2 88
Government integrity 86.1 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 58.3 74.3
Tax burden 89.5 58.2
Government spending 93.4 37.3
Fiscal health 80 57.3
Business freedom 90.6 82.6
Labor freedom 77 61.7
Monetary freedom 83.5 78.2
Trade freedom 95 79.4
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Singapore
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Singapore Spain
2026 84.4 66.8
2025 84.1 66.3
2024 83.5 63.3
2023 83.9 65
2022 84.4 68.2
2021 89.7 69.9
2020 89.4 66.9
2019 89.4 65.7
2018 88.8 65.1
2017 88.6 63.6
2016 87.8 68.5
2015 89.4 67.6
2014 89.4 67.2
2013 88 68
2012 87.5 69.1
2011 87.2 70.2
2010 86.1 69.6
2009 87.1 70.1
2008 87.3 69.1
2007 87.1 69.2
2006 88 68.2
2005 88.6 67
2004 88.9 68.9
2003 88.2 68.8
2002 87.4 68.8
2001 87.8 68.1
2000 87.7 65.9
1999 86.9 65.1
1998 87 62.6
1997 87.3 59.6
1996 86.5 59.6
1995 86.3 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/singapore/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Singapore is 84.4, ranking 1/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Singapore Spain
Services, % of GDP
73%
2024
68.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
19.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.03%
2024
2.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$451B
2024
$1.64T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$126,190
2024
$57,670
2024
Total reserves including gold
$384B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
9/177
2024
26/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$96.7B
2024
$28.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$152B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$55.3B
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2024
21.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.