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Economy of Guyana vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Guyana has a GDP of $27.1B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 120/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guyana has $7.74B in government debt (28.6% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Guyana vs Spain GDP by year

Guyana
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guyana Spain
2025 $27,097,477,218 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $24,662,714,628 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $16,918,503,597 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $14,718,388,489 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $8,041,362,110 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $5,471,256,595 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $5,173,760,192 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $4,787,636,998 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $4,748,174,334 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $4,482,697,337 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $4,279,840,194 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $4,127,660,152 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $4,167,800,929 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $4,063,088,536 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $3,691,384,318 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $3,432,912,517 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $3,165,663,153 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $3,025,187,433 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $2,730,971,595 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $2,379,817,991 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $824,880,550 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $787,814,379 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $743,063,950 $907,963,217,058
2002 $726,131,435 $708,938,227,244
2001 $712,167,450 $627,798,682,379
2000 $712,667,897 $598,102,854,756
1999 $694,754,988 $634,394,904,387
1998 $717,530,683 $618,731,484,575
1997 $749,138,010 $589,739,772,727
1996 $705,406,001 $642,251,412,058
1995 $621,626,786 $614,170,002,669
1994 $545,278,380 $530,183,651,720
1993 $454,101,382 $524,700,572,624
1992 $373,573,141 $630,465,353,486
1991 $348,533,095 $576,753,902,322
1990 $396,582,263 $536,175,326,477
1989 $379,779,390 $414,460,794,097
1988 $413,799,990 $375,891,716,898
1987 $354,591,847 $318,520,253,335
1986 $504,651,140 $251,141,555,186
1985 $453,488,372 $180,664,322,896
1984 $437,631,605 $171,979,977,230
1983 $489,333,333 $170,829,074,246
1982 $482,000,000 $195,856,752,991
1981 $570,357,107 $202,663,023,968
1980 $603,200,000 $232,600,556,974
1979 $530,440,000 $214,448,666,336
1978 $507,080,000 $160,484,969,618
1977 $449,880,000 $132,354,665,936
1976 $454,440,000 $118,422,534,195
1975 $494,791,667 $114,695,060,870
1974 $433,954,545 $97,204,522,642
1973 $307,047,619 $78,583,355,226
1972 $285,380,952 $59,090,176,029
1971 $282,050,000 $46,586,119,760
1970 $267,800,000 $40,963,715,237
1969 $249,300,000 $37,090,689,288
1968 $229,750,000 $32,394,326,464
1967 $250,176,471 $32,570,905,397
1966 $228,705,882 $29,559,436,183
1965 $213,235,294 $25,479,619,607
1964 $194,774,513 $21,966,876,027
1963 $175,757,894 $19,631,714,760
1962 $194,949,513 $16,609,632,791
1961 $185,849,535 $14,238,126,760
1960 $170,216,241 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guyana vs Spain by year

Guyana
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guyana Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $32,414 - $38,627 -
2024 $29,675 $80,155 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $20,474 $54,729 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $17,913 $39,711 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $9,861 $22,866 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $6,776 $16,819 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $6,406 $13,241 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $6,048 $12,443 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $6,179 $12,243 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $5,871 $11,516 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $5,640 $11,408 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $5,473 $11,145 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $5,557 $11,200 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $5,444 $10,627 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $4,947 $10,066 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $4,582 $9,337 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $4,209 $8,824 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $4,009 $8,437 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $3,608 $8,110 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $3,136 $7,346 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $1,084 $6,761 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $1,033 $6,673 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $974 $6,392 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $951 $6,304 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $932 $6,131 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $932 $5,860 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $909 $5,812 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $940 $5,573 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $983 $5,615 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $928 $5,210 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $820 $4,753 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $721 $4,447 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $603 $4,027 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $498 $3,651 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $466 $3,322 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $529 $3,022 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $503 - $10,674 -
1988 $545 - $9,696 -
1987 $464 - $8,234 -
1986 $657 - $6,509 -
1985 $588 - $4,696 -
1984 $565 - $4,487 -
1983 $631 - $4,475 -
1982 $621 - $5,156 -
1981 $735 - $5,367 -
1980 $779 - $6,204 -
1979 $689 - $5,766 -
1978 $663 - $4,353 -
1977 $593 - $3,625 -
1976 $604 - $3,277 -
1975 $664 - $3,208 -
1974 $588 - $2,748 -
1973 $421 - $2,246 -
1972 $395 - $1,708 -
1971 $396 - $1,361 -
1970 $381 - $1,211 -
1969 $361 - $1,109 -
1968 $340 - $978 -
1967 $378 - $997 -
1966 $353 - $916 -
1965 $336 - $797 -
1964 $313 - $695 -
1963 $288.8 - $627 -
1962 $327 - $535 -
1961 $319 - $463 -
1960 $299.1 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

Guyana's GDP per capita is $32,414, ranking 40/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guyana ranks 15th at $80,155, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Guyana Spain
Gross domestic product
$27.1B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
120/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
19.3%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$32,414
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
40/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$80,155
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
15/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$7.74B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
28.6%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,255
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
63/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$13,307
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
34.4%
1998
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.1%
1998
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
23.9%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
14.7%
2021
10.5%
2025
Population
843423
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guyana
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guyana Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 23.9% 28.6% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 23.3% 24.3% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 23.7% 26.7% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 20.4% 24.8% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 24.8% 38.9% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 30.5% 47.4% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 28.1% 34.2% 42% 97.6%
2018 27.6% 37.4% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 26.3% 35.2% 41% 101.1%
2016 25.2% 35.7% 42.1% 102%
2015 21.7% 42.2% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 23.1% 38.7% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 21.4% 41.4% 46.2% 100%
2012 21.8% 44.7% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 23.5% 51.7% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 23.9% 53.1% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 25.4% 52.3% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 24.1% 48.2% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 25.5% 47.7% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 29% 74.5% 38.4% 39%
2005 28.4% 90.7% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 23.7% 91.8% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 23.5% 95.6% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 23.1% 105.1% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 24% 104.6% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 22.9% 97.2% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 17.6% 97.1% 40% 60.9%
1998 19.7% 108% 41% 62.4%
1997 20.9% 101.3% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 - - 42.9% 65.4%
1995 - - 44.1% 61.6%
1994 - - 44.8% 57%
1993 - - 46.3% 54.6%
1992 - - 43.9% 44.1%
1991 - - 42.6% 41.9%
1990 - - 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Guyana's government spending was $6.48B, accounting for 23.9% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 28.6% in Guyana and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 160/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guyana

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guyana Spain
2025 -5.37% -2.5%
2024 -7.27% -3.22%
2023 -5.62% -3.34%
2022 -5.1% -4.59%
2021 -6.94% -6.66%
2020 -7.78% -10%
2019 -2.52% -3.04%
2018 -2.52% -2.58%
2017 -3.14% -3.1%
2016 -3.21% -4.26%
2015 -0.75% -5.26%
2014 -3.88% -6.07%
2013 -2.16% -7.49%
2012 -3.11% -11.5%
2011 -2.13% -9.69%
2010 -1.88% -9.49%
2009 -2.5% -11.2%
2008 -2.78% -4.56%
2007 -3.35% 1.88%
2006 -6.16% 2.12%
2005 -6.54% 1.23%
2004 -2.88% -0.1%
2003 -4.81% -0.37%
2002 -2.42% -0.32%
2001 -3.71% -0.45%
2000 -2.27% -1.16%
1999 -0.47% -1.24%
1998 -2.67% -2.63%
1997 -1.7% -3.86%
1996 - -5.87%
1995 - -6.79%
1994 - -6.31%
1993 - -6.89%
1992 - -4.26%
1991 - -4.58%
1990 - -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Guyana's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.46B, equivalent to 5.37% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Guyana recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Guyana posted an annual deficit equal to 3.64% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.91% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guyana

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guyana Spain
2025 3.3% 2.7%
2024 2.9% 2.75%
2023 2.8% 3.53%
2022 6.9% 8.39%
2021 4.5% 3.09%
2020 0.7% -0.32%
2019 2.1% 0.7%
2018 1.3% 1.67%
2017 1.9% 1.96%
2016 0.8% -0.2%
2015 -0.9% -0.5%
2014 0.7% -0.15%
2013 1.9% 1.41%
2012 2.4% 2.45%
2011 4.4% 3.2%
2010 4.3% 1.8%
2009 3% -0.29%
2008 8.1% 4.08%
2007 12.2% 2.79%
2006 6.7% 3.52%
2005 6.9% 3.37%
2004 4.7% 3.04%
2003 6% 3.04%
2002 5.4% 3.07%
2001 2.6% 3.59%
2000 6.1% 3.43%
1999 7.5% 2.31%
1998 4.6% 1.83%
1997 3.6% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Guyana has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.05%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 3.3% in Guyana and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Guyana
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $643M
Machinery & equipment $313M
Raw agricultural goods $617K
Animal & marine products $216K
Metals $119K
Textiles & consumer goods $44K
Chemicals & pharma $16K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $15K
Wood & paper products $5K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $7.81M
Metals $2.17M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.6M
Chemicals & pharma $1.59M
Weapons & explosives $919K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $529K
Animal & marine products $304K
Raw materials & minerals $290K
Miscellaneous $95K
Wood & paper products $92K

Balance of trade

Guyana Spain
Current account balance
$2.35B
2023
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
42/190
2023
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+13.9%
2023
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$6B
2023
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$13.2B
2023
$443B
2025
Service imports
$4.95B
2023
$127B
2025
Service exports
$529M
2023
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
109.7%
2005
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
84.6%
2005
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guyana Spain
Economic freedom 58.7 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 109/197 59/197
Property rights 46.7 88
Government integrity 38.8 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 48.6 74.3
Tax burden 76.4 58.2
Government spending 85 37.3
Fiscal health 39.9 57.3
Business freedom 70.9 82.6
Labor freedom 76 61.7
Monetary freedom 78.5 78.2
Trade freedom 59.2 79.4
Investment freedom 55 60
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guyana
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guyana Spain
2026 58.7 66.8
2025 58.2 66.3
2024 57.3 63.3
2023 56.9 65
2022 59.5 68.2
2021 57.4 69.9
2020 56.2 66.9
2019 56.8 65.7
2018 58.7 65.1
2017 58.5 63.6
2016 55.4 68.5
2015 55.5 67.6
2014 55.7 67.2
2013 53.8 68
2012 51.3 69.1
2011 49.4 70.2
2010 48.4 69.6
2009 48.4 70.1
2008 48.8 69.1
2007 53.7 69.2
2006 56.6 68.2
2005 56.5 67
2004 53 68.9
2003 50.3 68.8
2002 54.3 68.8
2001 53.3 68.1
2000 52.4 65.9
1999 53.3 65.1
1998 52.7 62.6
1997 53.2 59.6
1996 50.1 59.6
1995 45.7 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guyana is 58.7, ranking 109/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guyana Spain
Services, % of GDP
14.8%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
75.1%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.73%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$23.8B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$80,300
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.36B
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
136/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2023
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.63B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$5.7M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.84%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
35%
2020
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.3%
2005
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guyana/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.