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Economy of Spain vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Spain has a GDP of $1.91T compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 12/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Spain has $1.91T in government debt (100.4% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Spain vs Tunisia GDP by year

Spain
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Spain Tunisia
2025 $1,906,453,309,986 $57,502,836,548
2024 $1,725,671,652,742 $51,412,122,480
2023 $1,619,481,980,720 $48,205,328,303
2022 $1,448,850,658,407 $44,929,920,093
2021 $1,461,244,901,853 $47,073,234,359
2020 $1,289,783,836,971 $42,491,780,918
2019 $1,403,496,387,686 $41,905,642,419
2018 $1,431,642,809,327 $42,686,504,460
2017 $1,321,754,088,819 $42,163,530,591
2016 $1,243,015,667,917 $44,360,072,680
2015 $1,206,164,777,553 $45,779,494,042
2014 $1,380,244,561,362 $50,271,812,921
2013 $1,362,186,923,158 $48,685,446,414
2012 $1,330,994,811,670 $47,311,401,813
2011 $1,487,568,659,241 $48,123,325,825
2010 $1,427,989,078,917 $46,206,091,938
2009 $1,496,587,590,848 $43,455,740,497
2008 $1,636,115,447,613 $44,859,439,902
2007 $1,476,746,276,855 $38,915,353,867
2006 $1,261,846,683,275 $34,376,664,601
2005 $1,154,667,551,776 $32,272,186,695
2004 $1,069,829,382,515 $31,183,885,241
2003 $907,963,217,058 $27,453,902,261
2002 $708,938,227,244 $23,141,616,605
2001 $627,798,682,379 $22,065,832,449
2000 $598,102,854,756 $21,473,528,161
1999 $634,394,904,387 $22,943,202,175
1998 $618,731,484,575 $21,802,893,587
1997 $589,739,772,727 $20,746,210,354
1996 $642,251,412,058 $19,587,161,807
1995 $614,170,002,669 $18,030,876,599
1994 $530,183,651,720 $15,633,174,304
1993 $524,700,572,624 $14,608,335,608
1992 $630,465,353,486 $15,496,708,060
1991 $576,753,902,322 $13,074,782,609
1990 $536,175,326,477 $12,290,568,182
1989 $414,460,794,097 $10,101,851,745
1988 $375,891,716,898 $10,096,245,762
1987 $318,520,253,335 $9,696,715,911
1986 $251,141,555,186 $9,017,806,654
1985 $180,664,322,896 $8,410,226,053
1984 $171,979,977,230 $8,254,541,195
1983 $170,829,074,246 $8,350,582,748
1982 $195,856,752,991 $8,133,580,052
1981 $202,663,023,968 $8,428,445,294
1980 $232,600,556,974 $8,744,134,354
1979 $214,448,666,336 $7,188,863,904
1978 $160,484,969,618 $5,968,460,080
1977 $132,354,665,936 $5,109,324,009
1976 $118,422,534,195 $4,508,191,942
1975 $114,695,060,870 $4,328,965,588
1974 $97,204,522,642 $3,545,868,575
1973 $78,583,355,226 $2,730,813,385
1972 $59,090,176,029 $2,237,556,149
1971 $46,586,119,760 $1,685,162,272
1970 $40,963,715,237 $1,439,238,095
1969 $37,090,689,288 $1,289,904,762
1968 $32,394,326,464 $1,214,666,667
1967 $32,570,905,397 $1,085,714,286
1966 $29,559,436,183 $1,040,952,381
1965 $25,479,619,607 $991,047,619
1964 $21,966,876,027 $1,025,866,792
1963 $19,631,714,760 $1,026,737,600
1962 $16,609,632,791 $880,027,733
1961 $14,238,126,760 $866,155,429
1960 $12,424,514,014 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Spain vs Tunisia by year

Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Spain Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $38,627 - $4,657 -
2024 $35,327 $57,965 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $33,493 $55,682 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $30,319 $51,399 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $30,799 $44,252 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $27,234 $39,328 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $29,787 $44,043 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $30,602 $41,015 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $28,381 $39,825 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $26,756 $37,613 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $25,982 $35,229 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $29,708 $33,761 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $29,229 $32,614 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $28,456 $31,870 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $31,825 $32,016 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $30,659 $31,805 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $32,280 $32,218 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $35,603 $33,350 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $32,652 $32,536 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $28,422 $30,749 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $26,451 $27,630 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $24,925 $26,160 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $21,522 $25,057 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $17,111 $24,378 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $15,368 $22,952 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $14,743 $21,582 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $15,708 $19,938 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $15,382 $19,083 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $14,722 $17,903 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $16,101 $16,971 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $15,461 $16,276 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $13,406 $15,582 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $13,330 $14,973 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $16,101 $14,855 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $14,801 $14,461 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $13,795 $13,676 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $10,674 - $1,239 -
1988 $9,696 - $1,266 -
1987 $8,234 - $1,245 -
1986 $6,509 - $1,187 -
1985 $4,696 - $1,135 -
1984 $4,487 - $1,143 -
1983 $4,475 - $1,184 -
1982 $5,156 - $1,177 -
1981 $5,367 - $1,247 -
1980 $6,204 - $1,324 -
1979 $5,766 - $1,113 -
1978 $4,353 - $946 -
1977 $3,625 - $830 -
1976 $3,277 - $752 -
1975 $3,208 - $741 -
1974 $2,748 - $624 -
1973 $2,246 - $493 -
1972 $1,708 - $415 -
1971 $1,361 - $320 -
1970 $1,211 - $280.5 -
1969 $1,109 - $257.7 -
1968 $978 - $248.9 -
1967 $997 - $228 -
1966 $916 - $223.8 -
1965 $797 - $217.3 -
1964 $695 - $228.5 -
1963 $627 - $231.9 -
1962 $535 - $201.4 -
1961 $463 - $200.7 -
1960 $408 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

Spain's GDP per capita is $38,627, ranking 31/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Spain ranks 34th at $57,965, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Spain Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$1.91T
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
12/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
2.82%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$38,627
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
31/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,965
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
34/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.4%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,794
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
20/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,910
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.3T
2025
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
1,077,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
34
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.5%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.7%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
10.5%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
49323658
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Spain
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Spain Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44.7% 100.4% 34% 81.3%
2024 45.5% 101.6% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 45.4% 105.1% 35.9% 84%
2022 46.3% 109.2% 36.6% 83%
2021 49.5% 115.6% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 51.4% 119.2% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 42% 97.6% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 41.5% 99.7% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 41% 101.1% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 42.1% 102% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 43.7% 102.4% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 45.1% 104.4% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 46.2% 100% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 49.2% 89.6% 28.3% 49%
2011 45.9% 69.5% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 45.8% 60.3% 24% 38.8%
2009 46.1% 53.1% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 41.3% 39.6% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 39.2% 35.7% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 38.4% 39% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 38.4% 42.4% 23% 50%
2004 38.8% 45.3% 23% 51.6%
2003 38.4% 47.7% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 38.6% 51.2% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 38.4% 54.1% 24% 52.2%
2000 39.1% 57.8% 24% 62.9%
1999 40% 60.9% 24% 61.9%
1998 41% 62.4% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 41.5% 64.3% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 42.9% 65.4% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 44.1% 61.6% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 44.8% 57% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 46.3% 54.6% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 43.9% 44.1% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 42.6% 41.9% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 41.1% 41.3% - -
1989 32.1% 39.2% - -
1988 28.6% 38.2% - -
1987 31.1% 42.1% - -
1986 28.4% 36.5% - -
1985 27.6% 31.5% - -
1984 27% 18.3% - -
1983 26% 13.4% - -
1982 21.5% 12% - -
1981 18.1% 10.9% - -
1980 16.3% 10.2% - -
1979 14.3% 9.88% - -
1978 14.3% 9.93% - -
1977 12.8% 8.75% - -
1976 11.5% 8.21% - -
1975 11.4% 11.9% - -
1974 11.4% 13.6% - -
1973 9.88% 16.3% - -
1972 12.5% 17.6% - -
1971 14% 17.9% - -
1970 12.3% 19.2% - -
1969 12.3% 18.8% - -
1968 12.8% 18.3% - -
1967 12.5% 17.6% - -
1966 11.8% 17.7% - -
1965 14% 18.1% - -
1964 12.7% 19.5% - -
1963 12.4% 21% - -
1962 10.6% 24.4% - -
1961 9.97% 26.7% - -
1960 11% 29.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government spending was $852B, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.4% in Spain and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 25/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Spain

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Spain Tunisia
2025 -2.5% -5.24%
2024 -3.22% -6.36%
2023 -3.34% -7.27%
2022 -4.59% -7%
2021 -6.66% -7.81%
2020 -10% -9.06%
2019 -3.04% -3.6%
2018 -2.58% -4.27%
2017 -3.1% -5.61%
2016 -4.26% -5.87%
2015 -5.26% -4.95%
2014 -6.07% -3.11%
2013 -7.49% -7.05%
2012 -11.5% -4.9%
2011 -9.69% -3.19%
2010 -9.49% -0.46%
2009 -11.2% -2.59%
2008 -4.56% -0.62%
2007 1.88% -2.47%
2006 2.12% -2.33%
2005 1.23% -2.59%
2004 -0.1% -2.1%
2003 -0.37% -2.64%
2002 -0.32% -2.55%
2001 -0.45% -2.87%
2000 -1.16% -3.22%
1999 -1.24% -3.05%
1998 -2.63% -2.84%
1997 -3.86% -3.7%
1996 -5.87% -5.18%
1995 -6.79% -4.53%
1994 -6.31% -2.87%
1993 -6.89% -3.22%
1992 -4.26% -3.45%
1991 -4.58% -5.25%
1990 -3.9% -
1989 -3.24% -
1988 -2.95% -
1987 -3.52% -
1986 -5.18% -
1985 -6.04% -
1984 -5.25% -
1983 -4.77% -
1982 -5.76% -
1981 -2.88% -
1980 -2.55% -
1979 -1.51% -
1978 -1.63% -
1977 -0.24% -
1976 0.43% -
1975 0.26% -
1974 0.11% -
1973 1.09% -
1972 0.24% -
1971 -0.96% -
1970 0.09% -
1969 -0.06% -
1968 -0.55% -
1967 -0.32% -
1966 0.07% -
1965 -0.04% -
1964 0.18% -
1963 -0.54% -
1962 1.27% -
1961 1.9% -
1960 0.69% -
1959 0.54% -
1958 0.23% -
1957 1.13% -
1956 -0.05% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.02% -
1952 0.81% -
1951 -0.24% -
1950 -0.44% -
1949 -0.35% -
1948 -1.21% -
1947 -1.09% -
1946 -2.24% -
1945 -4.56% -
1944 -5.44% -
1943 -7.73% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -4.34% -
1940 -3.54% -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 -0.49% -
1934 -1.17% -
1933 -0.72% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.1% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 -0.07% -
1928 -0.31% -
1927 -0.54% -
1926 -0.65% -
1925 -1.19% -
1924 -1.76% -
1923 -1.89% -
1922 -2.26% -
1921 -3.33% -
1920 -2.4% -
1919 -1.82% -
1918 -1.8% -
1917 -1.49% -
1916 -1.15% -
1915 -2.97% -
1914 -1.04% -
1913 -0.09% -
1912 -0.33% -
1911 0.19% -
1910 0.09% -
1909 -0.29% -
1908 0.59% -
1907 0.66% -
1906 0.91% -
1905 0.71% -
1904 0.52% -
1903 0.28% -
1902 0.74% -
1901 0.69% -
1900 1.04% -
1899 2.75% -
1898 0.13% -
1897 -0.64% -
1896 0.46% -
1895 0.83% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 0.87% -
1892 -0.67% -
1891 -0.41% -
1890 -0.4% -
1889 -0.38% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -0.73% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.78% -
1884 -0.23% -
1883 -0.38% -
1882 0.38% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 -0.02% -
1879 -0.52% -
1878 -0.08% -
1877 0.11% -
1876 0.1% -
1875 -1.42% -
1874 -0.1% -
1873 2.22% -
1872 -2.27% -
1871 -2.64% -
1870 -3.42% -
1869 -2.64% -
1868 -1.46% -
1867 -0.79% -
1866 -0.83% -
1865 -1.84% -
1864 -2.48% -
1863 -1.55% -
1862 -1.76% -
1861 -1.77% -
1860 -0.94% -
1859 0.39% -
1858 -0.44% -
1857 -0.41% -
1856 -0.46% -
1855 -0.76% -
1854 -0.32% -
1853 -0.02% -
1852 -0.11% -
1851 -0.25% -
1850 0.31% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Spain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $47.6B, equivalent to 2.5% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Spain recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Spain posted an annual deficit equal to 4.23% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Spain

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Spain Tunisia
2025 2.7% 5.3%
2024 2.75% 7%
2023 3.53% 9.3%
2022 8.39% 8.3%
2021 3.09% 5.7%
2020 -0.32% 5.6%
2019 0.7% 6.7%
2018 1.67% 7.3%
2017 1.96% 5.3%
2016 -0.2% 3.6%
2015 -0.5% 4.4%
2014 -0.15% 4.6%
2013 1.41% 5.4%
2012 2.45% 4.6%
2011 3.2% 3.2%
2010 1.8% 4.4%
2009 -0.29% 3.5%
2008 4.08% 4.9%
2007 2.79% 3.4%
2006 3.52% 4.1%
2005 3.37% 1.9%
2004 3.04% 3.7%
2003 3.04% 2.7%
2002 3.07% 2.7%
2001 3.59% 1.9%
2000 3.43% 2.8%
1999 2.31% 2.8%
1998 1.83% 3.1%
1997 1.97% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Spain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 2.7% in Spain and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $361M
Textiles & consumer goods $167M
Chemicals & pharma $163M
Metals $128M
Raw materials & minerals $94.9M
Wood & paper products $52M
Raw agricultural goods $40.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $38.5M
Animal & marine products $17M
Miscellaneous $9.57M
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $450M
Machinery & equipment $225M
Textiles & consumer goods $121M
Metals $77.3M
Chemicals & pharma $57.7M
Raw materials & minerals $49.9M
Animal & marine products $43.1M
Raw agricultural goods $23.8M
Wood & paper products $5.69M
Miscellaneous $531K

Balance of trade

Spain Tunisia
Current account balance
$56B
2025
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
12/190
2025
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.94%
2025
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$499B
2025
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$443B
2025
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$127B
2025
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$256B
2025
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.8%
2025
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.6%
2025
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Spain Tunisia
Economic freedom 66.8 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 59/197 172/197
Property rights 88 55.7
Government integrity 64.2 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 74.3 39.7
Tax burden 58.2 68.5
Government spending 37.3 62.5
Fiscal health 57.3 16
Business freedom 82.6 59.4
Labor freedom 61.7 55.8
Monetary freedom 78.2 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 54.6
Investment freedom 60 20
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Spain
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Spain Tunisia
2026 66.8 48.1
2025 66.3 49.1
2024 63.3 48.8
2023 65 52.9
2022 68.2 54.2
2021 69.9 56.6
2020 66.9 55.8
2019 65.7 55.4
2018 65.1 58.9
2017 63.6 55.7
2016 68.5 57.6
2015 67.6 57.7
2014 67.2 57.3
2013 68 57
2012 69.1 58.6
2011 70.2 58.5
2010 69.6 58.9
2009 70.1 58
2008 69.1 60.1
2007 69.2 60.3
2006 68.2 57.5
2005 67 55.4
2004 68.9 58.4
2003 68.8 58.1
2002 68.8 60.2
2001 68.1 60.8
2000 65.9 61.3
1999 65.1 61.1
1998 62.6 63.9
1997 59.6 63.8
1996 59.6 63.9
1995 62.8 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Spain is 66.8, ranking 59/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Spain Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
68.4%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2025
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.68%
2025
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.83T
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$59,830
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$129B
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$18.3B
2025
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$42.8B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$71.5B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.2%
2022
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.4%
2025
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/spain/tunisia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.