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Economy of Seychelles vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Seychelles has a GDP of $2.39B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 177/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Seychelles has $1.23B in government debt (51.5% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Seychelles vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Seychelles
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Seychelles United Kingdom
2025 $2,387,022,853 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $2,228,608,684 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $2,171,547,935 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $1,999,888,599 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $1,487,173,795 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $1,382,551,752 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $1,868,690,097 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $1,784,313,927 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $1,675,370,641 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $1,568,513,348 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $1,432,403,352 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $1,387,577,870 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $1,333,160,407 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $1,089,407,839 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $1,058,918,707 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $981,616,542 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $850,901,620 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $979,597,394 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $1,077,308,814 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $1,081,441,283 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $977,899,382 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $893,012,218 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $750,847,230 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $742,134,838 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $662,064,156 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $654,212,394 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $662,838,615 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $647,287,376 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $598,966,982 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $535,250,347 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $540,733,048 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $517,570,058 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $504,230,621 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $461,409,399 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $398,307,170 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $392,163,561 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $324,333,367 $926,884,816,754
1988 $301,985,618 $910,122,732,124
1987 $265,212,957 $745,162,608,269
1986 $221,147,061 $601,452,653,181
1985 $179,691,483 $489,285,164,271
1984 $160,992,921 $461,487,097,632
1983 $156,098,237 $489,618,008,186
1982 $157,211,790 $515,048,916,841
1981 $163,750,728 $540,765,675,241
1980 $156,783,830 $564,947,710,899
1979 $127,261,099 $438,994,070,309
1978 $85,552,366 $335,883,029,722
1977 $64,526,401 $263,066,457,352
1976 $49,278,982 $232,614,555,256
1975 $47,803,146 $241,756,637,168
1974 $43,134,496 $206,131,369,799
1973 $36,896,280 $192,537,971,583
1972 $30,645,123 $169,965,034,965
1971 $21,965,951 $148,113,896,325
1970 $18,432,032 $130,671,946,244
1969 $16,452,028 $116,464,702,803
1968 $16,074,028 $107,759,910,068
1967 $16,632,032 $113,116,888,211
1966 $16,443,034 $108,572,752,102
1965 $15,603,032 $101,824,755,079
1964 $15,393,032 $94,407,558,351
1963 $13,923,029 $86,561,961,812
1962 $12,642,026 $81,247,564,157
1961 $11,592,024 $77,741,965,703
1960 $12,012,025 $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Seychelles vs United Kingdom by year

Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Seychelles United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $19,449 - $57,602 -
2024 $18,365 $33,239 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $18,131 $31,781 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $16,683 $29,973 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $14,983 $29,980 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $14,041 $31,056 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $19,142 $34,219 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $18,440 $32,091 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $17,480 $30,675 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $16,567 $28,811 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $15,333 $25,435 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $15,188 $24,985 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $14,821 $22,487 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $12,337 $22,264 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $12,110 $21,781 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $10,935 $18,982 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $9,747 $18,453 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $11,265 $18,881 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $12,669 $19,473 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $12,783 $17,503 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $11,802 $15,846 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $10,828 $14,160 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $9,070 $14,142 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $8,864 $14,570 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $8,153 $14,615 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $8,064 $14,638 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $8,243 $13,853 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $8,210 $13,675 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $7,747 $13,458 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $7,004 $11,931 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $7,181 $10,809 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $6,975 $10,692 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $6,979 $11,020 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $6,520 $10,243 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $5,655 $9,387 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $5,642 $8,955 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $4,689 - $16,239 -
1988 $4,392 - $15,987 -
1987 $3,872 - $13,119 -
1986 $3,368 - $10,611 -
1985 $2,754 - $8,652 -
1984 $2,488 - $8,179 -
1983 $2,426 - $8,692 -
1982 $2,441 - $9,146 -
1981 $2,557 - $9,599 -
1980 $2,478 - $10,032 -
1979 $2,030 - $7,805 -
1978 $1,377 - $5,977 -
1977 $1,044 - $4,681 -
1976 $814 - $4,138 -
1975 $806 - $4,300 -
1974 $745 - $3,666 -
1973 $649 - $3,426 -
1972 $547 - $3,030 -
1971 $402 - $2,650 -
1970 $344 - $2,348 -
1969 $314 - $2,101 -
1968 $314 - $1,952 -
1967 $333 - $2,059 -
1966 $338 - $1,987 -
1965 $328 - $1,874 -
1964 $332 - $1,748 -
1963 $308 - $1,613 -
1962 $287 - $1,526 -
1961 $270.3 - $1,472 -
1960 $288.1 - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Seychelles' GDP per capita is $19,449, ranking 64/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Seychelles United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$2.39B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
177/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
5.8%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$19,449
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
64/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$33,239
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
67/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$1.23B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51.5%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$10,019
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
59/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$11,537
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$646M
2025
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2018
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2018
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.7%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.3%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
1.75%
2024
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.59%
2024
4.9%
2025
Population
125859
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Seychelles
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Seychelles United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.7% 51.5% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 33% 56.1% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 33.1% 55.1% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 31.6% 60.6% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 38.8% 71% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 46.7% 77.4% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 31.7% 48.9% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 33% 51.3% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 34.3% 56.7% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 34.5% 64.3% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 31.5% 75.4% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 33.4% 70.4% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 37.8% 68.2% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 38.6% 80.1% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 36.4% 82.5% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 34.6% 82.2% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 32.1% 106.1% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 27% 192.1% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 41.9% 144% 38.4% 43%
2006 43.6% 135.1% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 39% 144.1% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 39.9% 163.2% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 44.6% 177% 37% 36.6%
2002 56.3% 195.9% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 46.8% 199.8% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 55.4% 177.8% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 56.1% 159.8% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 60.7% 161.2% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 54.7% 143% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 59.1% 146.7% 35.6% 43.5%
1995 53.1% 133.5% 37.5% 43.5%
1994 63.6% 123.5% 37.4% 40.6%
1993 60.4% 82.2% 37.6% 37.8%
1992 50.7% 79.9% 37.7% 33.1%
1991 52.1% 89.2% 35.7% 28.4%
1990 46.1% 80.4% 34.9% 28.4%
1989 51.7% 39.9% 39.7% 31.4%
1988 46.7% 41.3% 40.3% 36.6%
1987 49.7% 37% 42.7% 41.8%
1986 58% 31.5% 44.6% 42.9%
1985 53% 26.5% 48.7% 42.9%
1984 50.5% 15.3% 50.3% 44.1%
1983 47.9% 12.4% 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, the Seychelles' government spending was $781M, accounting for 32.7% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.5% in the Seychelles and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 102/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Seychelles

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Seychelles United Kingdom
2025 -0.99% -5.38%
2024 -0.68% -6.06%
2023 -1.15% -6.05%
2022 -0.77% -4.6%
2021 -5.76% -7.54%
2020 -15.7% -12.9%
2019 0.42% -2.38%
2018 -0.8% -2.23%
2017 -1.67% -2.48%
2016 0.02% -3.28%
2015 1.39% -4.53%
2014 2.87% -5.47%
2013 0.33% -5.29%
2012 2.93% -7.96%
2011 3.36% -7.42%
2010 0.52% -9.25%
2009 4.84% -9.97%
2008 7.88% -5.05%
2007 -9.93% -2.63%
2006 -2.54% -2.74%
2005 0.42% -3.13%
2004 0.44% -3.14%
2003 3.4% -3.19%
2002 -16.3% -1.95%
2001 -8.93% 0.34%
2000 -14.7% 1.4%
1999 -10.3% 0.76%
1998 -16.7% -0.21%
1997 -5.91% -2%
1996 -9.69% -3.63%
1995 -2.58% -4.97%
1994 -6.95% -5.72%
1993 -3.62% -6.6%
1992 6.44% -5.39%
1991 3.15% -2.76%
1990 11.9% -1.53%
1989 8.26% 0.77%
1988 11.8% 0.46%
1987 2.77% -1.79%
1986 -10.1% -2.56%
1985 -4.86% -5.57%
1984 -6.09% -6.39%
1983 -3.13% -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, the Seychelles' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $23.5M, equivalent to 0.99% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 43 years, the Seychelles recorded a fiscal deficit in 24 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 38 years. On average, the Seychelles posted an annual deficit equal to 2.01% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.1% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Seychelles

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Seychelles United Kingdom
2025 0.3% 3.88%
2024 0.31% 3.27%
2023 -1.04% 6.79%
2022 2.63% 7.92%
2021 9.77% 2.52%
2020 1.2% 0.99%
2019 1.81% 1.74%
2018 3.7% 2.29%
2017 2.86% 2.56%
2016 -1.02% 1.01%
2015 4.04% 0.37%
2014 1.39% 1.45%
2013 4.34% 2.29%
2012 7.11% 2.57%
2011 2.56% 3.86%
2010 -2.4% 2.49%
2009 31.8% 1.96%
2008 37% 3.52%
2007 5.32% 2.39%
2006 -0.35% 2.46%
2005 0.91% 2.09%
2004 3.86% 1.39%
2003 3.3% 1.38%
2002 0.18% 1.52%
2001 5.97% 1.53%
2000 6.27% 1.18%
1999 6.35% 1.75%
1998 2.58% 1.82%
1997 0.62% 2.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Seychelles has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.87%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 0.3% in the Seychelles and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Seychelles
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $42.7M
Machinery & equipment $1.39M
Animal & marine products $989K
Metals $69K
Textiles & consumer goods $64K
Raw agricultural goods $17K
Wood & paper products $17K
Miscellaneous $3K
Raw materials & minerals $2K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $13.1M
Chemicals & pharma $5.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.44M
Metals $1.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.7M
Miscellaneous $1.37M
Wood & paper products $1.3M
Raw materials & minerals $637K
Animal & marine products $242K
Raw agricultural goods $191K

Balance of trade

Seychelles United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$166M
2024
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
90/190
2024
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.46%
2024
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$1.38B
2024
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$595M
2024
$506B
2025
Service imports
$1B
2024
$450B
2025
Service exports
$1.71B
2024
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
92.7%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
79.6%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Seychelles United Kingdom
Economic freedom 66.5 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 60/197 35/197
Property rights 82.6 93.6
Government integrity 71.7 83
Judicial effectiveness 61.7 83.1
Tax burden 77.3 61.7
Government spending 68 41.1
Fiscal health 92.2 32.4
Business freedom 71.3 83.6
Labor freedom 52 61.2
Monetary freedom 79.8 71.9
Trade freedom 81.2 82.8
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Seychelles
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Seychelles United Kingdom
2026 66.5 70.4
2025 66.4 69.3
2024 60.4 68.6
2023 59.5 69.9
2022 61.1 72.7
2021 66.3 78.4
2020 64.3 79.3
2019 61.4 78.9
2018 61.6 78
2017 61.8 76.4
2016 62.2 76.4
2015 57.5 75.8
2014 56.2 74.9
2013 54.9 74.8
2012 53 74.1
2011 51.2 74.5
2010 47.9 76.5
2009 47.8 79
2008 - 79.4
2007 - 79.9
2006 - 80.4
2005 - 79.2
2004 - 77.7
2003 - 77.5
2002 - 78.5
2001 - 77.6
2000 - 77.3
1999 - 76.2
1998 - 76.5
1997 - 76.4
1996 - 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Seychelles is 66.5, ranking 60/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Seychelles United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
67.9%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
14.3%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.61%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.36B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$34,930
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$774M
2024
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
146/177
2024
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$268M
2024
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$226M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$41.4M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.3%
2018
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.7%
2025
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/seychelles/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.