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Economy of Seychelles vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Seychelles has a GDP of $2.17B compared to $937B for Switzerland, ranking 176/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Seychelles has $1.25B in government debt (59.3% of GDP), compared to $352B (36.9% of GDP) in Switzerland.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Seychelles
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Switzerland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Seychelles Switzerland
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $12,012,025 $132,183,660 $10,412,232,621 $212,618,998,245
1961 $11,592,024 $125,730,088 $11,713,348,834 $229,859,575,871
1962 $12,642,026 $136,302,205 $12,989,649,694 $240,869,714,665
1963 $13,923,029 $150,117,255 $14,283,872,299 $252,622,227,587
1964 $15,393,032 $159,003,065 $15,833,133,858 $265,900,938,033
1965 $15,603,032 $157,316,725 $16,780,226,225 $271,496,969,295
1966 $16,443,034 $179,178,255 $18,019,402,374 $278,179,751,690
1967 $16,632,032 $180,082,639 $19,397,044,714 $286,680,708,388
1968 $16,074,028 $193,684,705 $20,712,102,794 $296,966,886,752
1969 $16,452,028 $193,684,705 $22,442,043,274 $313,694,770,516
1970 $18,432,032 $210,868,160 $24,998,066,773 $333,700,361,262
1971 $21,965,951 $244,294,508 $30,040,171,751 $347,300,128,063
1972 $30,645,123 $259,705,357 $36,844,318,854 $358,415,499,097
1973 $36,896,280 $283,219,564 $49,550,006,320 $369,346,839,843
1974 $43,134,496 $286,909,490 $57,103,011,446 $374,720,496,122
1975 $47,803,146 $296,025,766 $65,466,081,819 $347,428,948,950
1976 $49,278,982 $344,211,798 $68,476,524,644 $342,552,172,035
1977 $64,526,401 $322,904,307 $73,135,771,167 $350,888,700,310
1978 $85,552,366 $391,204,033 $102,280,472,036 $352,324,128,999
1979 $127,261,099 $452,992,130 $114,970,094,425 $361,102,327,237
1980 $156,783,830 $429,886,465 $122,557,843,886 $377,720,174,386
1981 $163,750,728 $413,220,699 $112,244,805,519 $383,768,743,424
1982 $157,211,790 $404,662,591 $115,043,365,512 $378,743,607,969
1983 $156,098,237 $402,168,917 $114,634,358,535 $381,164,080,265
1984 $160,992,921 $419,484,794 $109,455,312,168 $392,631,236,095
1985 $179,691,483 $462,665,475 $110,980,314,192 $407,054,920,692
1986 $221,147,061 $466,190,739 $159,089,921,063 $414,620,577,536
1987 $265,212,957 $488,915,451 $199,236,370,038 $421,194,295,501
1988 $301,985,618 $514,957,094 $215,540,625,299 $434,999,344,090
1989 $324,333,367 $567,923,802 $208,105,846,934 $453,838,270,541
1990 $392,163,561 $610,261,195 $265,763,573,999 $470,515,127,362
1991 $398,307,170 $627,107,005 $268,901,693,863 $466,206,071,643
1992 $461,409,399 $672,089,666 $279,921,425,828 $466,002,185,701
1993 $504,230,621 $721,174,866 $272,237,527,071 $465,415,100,022
1994 $517,570,058 $703,602,944 $301,375,055,202 $471,324,744,553
1995 $540,733,048 $707,015,677 $352,835,806,342 $473,591,186,765
1996 $535,250,347 $777,702,722 $340,103,959,547 $475,823,127,431
1997 $598,966,982 $872,533,006 $294,788,198,856 $486,583,036,191
1998 $647,287,376 $894,062,243 $303,459,014,347 $501,326,352,837
1999 $662,838,615 $910,799,133 $297,873,643,323 $509,661,911,367
2000 $654,212,394 $949,537,227 $279,216,033,870 $529,837,998,914
2001 $662,064,156 $927,971,690 $286,582,672,434 $538,186,454,855
2002 $742,134,838 $939,226,436 $309,301,422,430 $537,792,409,496
2003 $750,847,230 $883,932,969 $362,075,086,508 $537,618,173,222
2004 $893,012,218 $858,736,867 $403,912,891,033 $552,143,052,490
2005 $977,899,382 $936,072,663 $418,284,865,885 $567,325,325,069
2006 $1,081,441,283 $1,024,120,861 $441,634,672,197 $590,436,050,733
2007 $1,077,308,814 $1,115,022,509 $490,740,715,595 $613,559,745,175
2008 $979,597,394 $1,084,627,595 $567,267,767,519 $630,788,402,146
2009 $850,901,620 $1,057,735,599 $554,212,916,092 $616,296,830,084
2010 $981,616,542 $1,105,387,984 $598,851,027,948 $636,285,783,947
2011 $1,058,918,707 $1,210,507,987 $715,888,126,682 $647,822,334,336
2012 $1,089,407,839 $1,248,162,998 $686,420,221,558 $655,461,804,172
2013 $1,333,160,407 $1,263,811,654 $706,234,937,371 $667,208,623,614
2014 $1,387,577,870 $1,315,169,065 $726,537,809,430 $682,887,235,060
2015 $1,432,403,352 $1,432,403,352 $694,118,186,380 $694,118,186,380
2016 $1,568,513,348 $1,605,975,219 $687,895,460,903 $708,477,337,740
2017 $1,675,370,641 $1,717,657,340 $695,200,834,102 $718,132,464,454
2018 $1,784,313,927 $1,802,500,556 $725,568,717,468 $738,674,254,332
2019 $1,868,690,097 $1,901,895,701 $721,369,112,727 $747,109,782,756
2020 $1,382,551,752 $1,678,615,793 $741,999,406,006 $731,108,655,211
2021 $1,487,173,795 $1,687,886,479 $815,309,330,987 $771,755,519,734
2022 $2,018,346,589 $1,902,424,765 $828,508,926,958 $795,248,228,755
2023 $2,187,379,755 $1,945,405,358 $894,424,821,645 $800,682,383,958
2024 $2,167,239,562 $2,012,826,895 $936,564,198,049 $811,109,937,475

Economic indicators

Seychelles Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$2.17B
2024
$937B
2024
GDP rank
176/197
2024
20/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.92%
2023-2024
4.71%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$17,859
2024
$103,670
2024
GDP per capita rank
63/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$33,239
2024
$93,819
2024
Government debt
$1.25B
2024
$352B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.3%
2025
36.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$10,323
2024
$38,957
2024
Government debt per person rank
59/185
2024
14/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$9,988
2025
$88,321
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$811M
2024
$1.97T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,054,293
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2018
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2018
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36%
2025
32.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.31%
2023-2024
1.06%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.75%
2024
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.59%
2024
4.34%
2024
Population
125181
9112950

GDP per capita in Seychelles vs Switzerland

The Seychelles' GDP per capita is $17,859, ranking 63/197, compared to $103,670 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $93,819.

Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Seychelles Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $288.1 - $1,954 -
1961 $270.3 - $2,155 -
1962 $287 - $2,330 -
1963 $308 - $2,508 -
1964 $332 - $2,735 -
1965 $328 - $2,865 -
1966 $338 - $3,045 -
1967 $333 - $3,237 -
1968 $314 - $3,413 -
1969 $314 - $3,657 -
1970 $344 - $4,044 -
1971 $402 - $4,835 -
1972 $547 - $5,885 -
1973 $649 - $7,856 -
1974 $745 - $9,005 -
1975 $806 - $10,328 -
1976 $814 - $10,865 -
1977 $1,044 - $11,644 -
1978 $1,377 - $16,282 -
1979 $2,030 - $18,266 -
1980 $2,478 - $19,394 -
1981 $2,557 - $17,665 -
1982 $2,441 - $18,000 -
1983 $2,426 - $17,859 -
1984 $2,488 - $16,991 -
1985 $2,754 - $17,152 -
1986 $3,368 - $24,460 -
1987 $3,872 - $30,441 -
1988 $4,392 - $32,690 -
1989 $4,689 - $31,309 -
1990 $5,642 $8,955 $39,575 $28,442
1991 $5,655 $9,387 $39,544 $28,773
1992 $6,520 $10,243 $40,714 $29,093
1993 $6,979 $11,020 $39,237 $29,476
1994 $6,975 $10,692 $43,092 $30,245
1995 $7,181 $10,809 $50,114 $30,821
1996 $7,004 $11,931 $48,093 $31,498
1997 $7,747 $13,458 $41,584 $32,728
1998 $8,210 $13,675 $42,681 $33,858
1999 $8,243 $13,853 $41,696 $34,743
2000 $8,064 $14,638 $38,865 $36,695
2001 $8,153 $14,615 $39,639 $37,823
2002 $8,864 $14,570 $42,459 $38,705
2003 $9,070 $14,142 $49,336 $38,737
2004 $10,828 $14,160 $54,659 $40,177
2005 $11,802 $15,846 $56,243 $41,525
2006 $12,783 $17,503 $59,011 $46,276
2007 $12,669 $19,473 $64,989 $50,929
2008 $11,265 $18,881 $74,175 $53,809
2009 $9,747 $18,453 $71,568 $52,971
2010 $10,935 $18,982 $76,531 $54,432
2011 $12,110 $21,781 $90,477 $57,494
2012 $12,337 $22,264 $85,836 $59,441
2013 $14,821 $22,487 $87,304 $61,656
2014 $15,188 $24,985 $88,725 $63,417
2015 $15,333 $25,435 $83,806 $65,283
2016 $16,567 $28,811 $82,153 $67,351
2017 $17,480 $30,675 $82,254 $68,194
2018 $18,440 $32,091 $85,217 $70,689
2019 $19,142 $34,219 $84,122 $73,732
2020 $14,041 $31,056 $85,898 $72,998
2021 $14,983 $29,980 $93,665 $81,001
2022 $16,837 $29,973 $94,395 $91,326
2023 $18,263 $31,781 $100,632 $90,506
2024 $17,859 $33,239 $103,670 $93,819

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, the Seychelles' government spending was $739M, accounting for 36% of its GDP, while Switzerland's spent $299B, or 32.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.3% in the Seychelles and 36.9% in Switzerland, ranking 85/185 and 142/185, respectively.

Seychelles
Government spending

Government debt
Switzerland
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Seychelles Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 7.11% 16.2%
1961 - - 7.97% 14%
1962 - - 8.1% 12%
1963 - - 8.2% 10.8%
1964 - - 8.85% 9.43%
1965 - - 8.33% 8.28%
1966 - - 8.95% 7.62%
1967 - - 8.68% 7.26%
1968 - - 8.87% 6.99%
1969 - - 9.45% 7.08%
1970 - - 25.8% 38.9%
1971 - - 25.4% 38.7%
1972 - - 25.7% 38%
1973 - - 26.5% 37%
1974 - - 27.5% 38.4%
1975 - - 29.3% 42.3%
1976 - - 31.6% 46.7%
1977 - - 31% 46.9%
1978 - - 30.4% 46.6%
1979 - - 30.5% 44.6%
1980 - - 29.9% 43.9%
1981 - - 29.4% 40.8%
1982 - - 30.5% 40%
1983 47.9% 12.4% 31.2% 40.2%
1984 50.5% 15.3% 30.4% 39.8%
1985 53% 26.5% 30.1% 39.1%
1986 58% 31.5% 29.8% 37.6%
1987 49.7% 37% 29.8% 36.5%
1988 46.7% 41.3% 30.3% 35%
1989 51.7% 39.9% 30% 32.5%
1990 46.1% 80.4% 27.6% 33.3%
1991 52.1% 89.2% 29.5% 35.1%
1992 50.7% 79.9% 31.3% 39.5%
1993 60.4% 82.2% 32.5% 44.4%
1994 63.6% 123.5% 32.5% 47.1%
1995 53.1% 133.5% 32.4% 50%
1996 59.1% 146.7% 33% 51.3%
1997 54.7% 143% 32.9% 53.7%
1998 60.7% 161.2% 32.7% 55.9%
1999 56.1% 159.8% 33.2% 52.7%
2000 55.4% 177.8% 32.2% 52.2%
2001 46.8% 199.8% 31.6% 51.1%
2002 56.3% 195.9% 34.1% 57.7%
2003 44.6% 177% 33.2% 56.9%
2004 39.9% 163.2% 33.1% 57.8%
2005 39% 144.1% 32.4% 54.9%
2006 43.6% 135.1% 30.5% 48.5%
2007 41.9% 144% 29.4% 44.8%
2008 27% 192.1% 30% 44.8%
2009 32.1% 106.1% 31.8% 43.1%
2010 34.6% 82.2% 31.4% 41.5%
2011 36.4% 82.5% 31.4% 41.9%
2012 38.6% 80.1% 31.6% 42.6%
2013 37.8% 68.2% 32.5% 41.9%
2014 33.4% 70.4% 32.2% 42.1%
2015 31.5% 64.7% 32.5% 42.2%
2016 34.5% 62.8% 32.4% 40.9%
2017 34.3% 56.7% 32.4% 41.8%
2018 33% 51.3% 31.7% 39.8%
2019 31.7% 48.9% 32% 39.6%
2020 46.7% 77.4% 37% 43.2%
2021 38.8% 71.2% 34.4% 41%
2022 31.3% 60% 31.6% 37.2%
2023 32.9% 55.3% 32.1% 38.7%
2024 34.1% 57.8% 32% 37.6%
2025 36% 59.3% 32.1% 36.9%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, the Seychelles' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$31.8M, equivalent to -1.47% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $5.41B, or 0.58% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, the Seychelles recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, the Seychelles posted an annual deficit equal to -2.06% of GDP, compared to deficit of -0.37% of GDP for Switzerland.

Deficit/surplus
Seychelles

Switzerland
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Seychelles Switzerland
1899 - 0.1%
1900 - -0.07%
1901 - -0.14%
1902 - 0.02%
1903 - 0.09%
1904 - 0.002%
1905 - 0.41%
1906 - 0.15%
1907 - -0.02%
1908 - -0.1%
1909 - -0.78%
1910 - -0.14%
1911 - -0.006%
1912 - 0.03%
1913 - -0.12%
1914 - -0.12%
1915 - -0.12%
1916 - -0.12%
1917 - -0.12%
1918 - -0.12%
1919 - -0.12%
1920 - -0.12%
1921 - -0.12%
1922 - -0.12%
1923 - -0.12%
1924 - -0.12%
1925 - -0.12%
1926 - -0.12%
1927 - -0.12%
1928 - -0.12%
1929 - 0.22%
1930 - 0.07%
1931 - 0.03%
1932 - -0.3%
1933 - -0.88%
1934 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1936 - -0.33%
1937 - -0.17%
1938 - -1.53%
1939 - -5.05%
1940 - -10%
1941 - -8.78%
1942 - -7.28%
1943 - -8.55%
1944 - -9.37%
1945 - -7.57%
1946 - 0.52%
1947 - 1.27%
1948 - 1.37%
1949 - 0.04%
1950 - 1.49%
1951 - -0.36%
1952 - -1.17%
1953 - 0.38%
1954 - 1.44%
1955 - 1.1%
1956 - 2.24%
1957 - 0.66%
1958 - 0.59%
1959 - 0.72%
1960 - 1.95%
1961 - 0.34%
1962 - 0.95%
1963 - 0.25%
1964 - 0.77%
1965 - 0.05%
1966 - -0.87%
1967 - -1.07%
1968 - -0.73%
1969 - -0.98%
1970 - -1.44%
1971 - -1.41%
1972 - -1.39%
1973 - -0.93%
1974 - -1.01%
1975 - -0.93%
1976 - -1.89%
1977 - -1.64%
1978 - -1.12%
1979 - -1.79%
1980 - -1.34%
1981 - -0.54%
1982 - -1.21%
1983 -3.13% -1.23%
1984 -6.09% -0.52%
1985 -4.86% -0.25%
1986 -10.1% 0.93%
1987 2.77% 0.78%
1988 11.8% 0.42%
1989 8.26% 0.2%
1990 11.9% -0.05%
1991 3.15% -1.85%
1992 6.44% -2.96%
1993 -3.62% -3.15%
1994 -6.95% -2.59%
1995 -2.58% -1.86%
1996 -9.69% -2.01%
1997 -5.91% -2.33%
1998 -16.7% -1.31%
1999 -10.3% -1.57%
2000 -14.7% 0.28%
2001 -8.93% 0.21%
2002 -16.3% -1.75%
2003 3.4% -1.36%
2004 0.44% -1.39%
2005 0.42% -0.65%
2006 -2.54% 0.85%
2007 -9.93% 1.57%
2008 7.88% 1.93%
2009 4.84% 0.5%
2010 0.52% 0.35%
2011 3.36% 0.68%
2012 2.93% 0.24%
2013 0.33% -0.43%
2014 2.87% -0.25%
2015 1.39% 0.55%
2016 0.02% 0.24%
2017 -1.67% 1.13%
2018 -0.8% 1.29%
2019 0.42% 1.34%
2020 -15.7% -3.01%
2021 -5.76% -0.29%
2022 -0.76% 1.19%
2023 -1.14% 0.12%
2024 -1.47% 0.58%
2025 -1.19% 0.26%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, the Seychelles has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.82%, compared with 0.62% in Switzerland. In 2024, inflation was 0.31% in the Seychelles and 1.06% in Switzerland.

Inflation
Seychelles

Switzerland
Year Inflation
Seychelles Switzerland Seychelles Switzerland
1996 -1.1% 0.81%
1997 0.62% 0.52%
1998 2.58% 0.02%
1999 6.35% 0.81%
2000 6.27% 1.56%
2001 5.97% 0.99%
2002 0.18% 0.64%
2003 3.3% 0.64%
2004 3.86% 0.8%
2005 0.91% 1.17%
2006 -0.35% 1.06%
2007 5.32% 0.73%
2008 37% 2.43%
2009 31.8% -0.48%
2010 -2.4% 0.69%
2011 2.56% 0.23%
2012 7.11% -0.69%
2013 4.34% -0.22%
2014 1.39% -0.01%
2015 4.04% -1.14%
2016 -1.02% -0.43%
2017 2.86% 0.53%
2018 3.7% 0.94%
2019 1.81% 0.36%
2020 1.2% -0.73%
2021 9.77% 0.58%
2022 2.63% 2.84%
2023 -1.04% 2.14%
2024 0.31% 1.06%

Top exports between countries

Seychelles
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $78K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $42K
Textiles & consumer goods $33K
Machinery & equipment $25K
Animal & marine products $8K
Raw materials & minerals $6K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.43M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.08M
Chemicals & pharma $586K
Raw agricultural goods $363K
Precious metals & jewellery $240K
Metals $130K
Wood & paper products $86K
Miscellaneous $14K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10K
Raw materials & minerals $9K

Balance of trade

Seychelles Switzerland
Current account balance
-$155M
2023
$47.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
90/189
2023
12/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.09%
2023
+5.04%
2024
Goods imports
$1.43B
2023
$368B
2024
Goods exports
$542M
2023
$495B
2024
Service imports
$1.01B
2023
$215B
2024
Service exports
$1.83B
2023
$180B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
103.2%
2024
61.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
85.2%
2024
72.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Seychelles Switzerland
Economic freedom 66.4 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 58/197 2/197
Property rights 74 94.5
Government integrity 75 92.3
Judicial effectiveness 63.7 99.3
Tax burden 79.7 70.9
Government spending 64.6 68
Fiscal health 83.2 97.6
Business freedom 78.8 88.8
Labor freedom 56.5 60.5
Monetary freedom 75.6 80.7
Trade freedom 85.2 86.6
Investment freedom 30 85
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for the Seychelles is 66.4, ranking 58/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Seychelles
Switzerland
Year Economic freedom index
Seychelles Switzerland
1996 - 76.8
1997 - 78.6
1998 - 79
1999 - 79.1
2000 - 76.8
2001 - 76
2002 - 79.3
2003 - 79
2004 - 79.5
2005 - 79.3
2006 - 78.9
2007 - 78
2008 - 79.5
2009 47.8 79.4
2010 47.9 81.1
2011 51.2 81.9
2012 53 81.1
2013 54.9 81
2014 56.2 81.6
2015 57.5 80.5
2016 62.2 81
2017 61.8 81.5
2018 61.6 81.7
2019 61.4 81.9
2020 64.3 82
2021 66.3 81.9
2022 61.1 84.2
2023 59.5 83.8
2024 60.4 83
2025 66.4 83.7

More economic indicators

Seychelles Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
65.8%
2024
72%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
12.3%
2024
24.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.45%
2024
0.63%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.12B
2024
$866B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$32,180
2024
$90,820
2024
Total reserves including gold
$774M
2024
$909B
2024
Total reserves ranking
146/177
2024
4/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$279M
2023
$77.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$299M
2024
-$112B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$46.1M
2024
-$34.7B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
25.3%
2018
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.