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Economy of Armenia vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Armenia has a GDP of $29.2B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 115/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Armenia has $14.3B in government debt (49% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Armenia vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Armenia
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Armenia United Kingdom
2025 $29,243,452,882 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $25,955,275,380 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $24,185,982,216 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $19,513,506,553 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $13,878,908,629 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $12,641,698,583 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $13,619,290,539 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $12,457,940,695 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $11,527,458,709 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $10,546,136,236 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $10,553,337,518 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $11,609,513,247 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $11,121,464,437 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $10,619,320,683 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $10,142,111,825 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $9,260,285,756 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $8,647,937,081 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $11,662,040,714 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $9,206,301,270 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $6,384,452,067 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $4,900,469,511 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $3,576,615,240 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $2,807,061,009 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $2,376,335,048 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $2,118,467,913 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $1,911,563,669 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $1,845,482,173 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $1,893,726,437 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $1,639,492,445 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $1,596,968,946 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $1,468,317,435 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $1,315,158,637 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $1,201,312,829 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $1,272,835,453 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $2,069,870,130 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $2,256,863,449 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 - $926,884,816,754
1988 - $910,122,732,124
1987 - $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Armenia vs United Kingdom by year

Armenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Armenia United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $9,474 - $57,602 -
2024 $8,556 $22,823 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $8,159 $21,534 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $6,572 $19,161 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $4,685 $15,922 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $4,269 $14,706 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $4,597 $14,976 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $4,196 $12,877 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $3,869 $12,066 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $3,524 $10,570 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $3,512 $9,757 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $3,852 $9,736 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $3,680 $9,455 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $3,512 $8,943 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $3,350 $7,624 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $3,041 $7,095 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $2,821 $6,812 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $3,778 $7,827 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $2,963 $7,137 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $2,042 $6,073 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,557 $5,172 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,130 $4,377 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $882 $3,836 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $743 $3,282 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $660 $2,844 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $593 $2,531 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $583 $2,377 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $590 $2,239 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $505 $2,040 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $487 $1,922 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $444 $1,767 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $391 $1,591 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $348 $1,440 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $356 $1,492 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $573 $2,477 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $635 $2,760 $19,095 $16,505
1989 - - $16,239 -
1988 - - $15,987 -
1987 - - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Armenia's GDP per capita is $9,474, ranking 92/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Armenia ranks 86th at $22,823, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Armenia United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$29.2B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
115/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
7.2%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$9,474
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
92/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,823
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
86/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$14.3B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
49%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,639
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
89/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,675
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.85B
2024
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.3%
2024
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2024
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.2%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.3%
2023
4.9%
2025
Population
3064036
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Armenia
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Armenia United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.2% 49% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 29% 50% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 26.9% 50.5% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 26.4% 49.2% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 28.7% 63.4% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 30.7% 67.4% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 24.9% 53.7% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 24.1% 55.7% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 25.9% 58.9% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 27% 56.7% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 26.3% 48.7% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 24% 43.7% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 23.8% 40.9% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 22.4% 41.4% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 25% 42.2% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 26.2% 40% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 28.6% 40.6% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 22.2% 16.4% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 22.4% 16.1% 38.4% 43%
2006 20% 18.7% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 19.9% 24.4% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 - 26.4% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 - 33% 37% 36.6%
2002 - 38.2% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 - 38.1% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 - 39.6% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 - 39.2% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 - 45.2% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 - 46.5% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 - 40.8% 35.6% 43.5%
1995 - - 37.5% 43.5%
1994 - - 37.4% 40.6%
1993 - - 37.6% 37.8%
1992 - - 37.7% 33.1%
1991 - - 35.7% 28.4%
1990 - - 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government spending was $8.55B, accounting for 29.2% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 49% in Armenia and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 107/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Armenia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Armenia United Kingdom
2025 -3.74% -5.38%
2024 -3.67% -6.06%
2023 -2.02% -6.05%
2022 -2.12% -4.6%
2021 -4.6% -7.54%
2020 -5.4% -12.9%
2019 -0.98% -2.38%
2018 -1.76% -2.23%
2017 -4.7% -2.48%
2016 -5.57% -3.28%
2015 -4.83% -4.53%
2014 -1.94% -5.47%
2013 -1.59% -5.29%
2012 -1.49% -7.96%
2011 -2.87% -7.42%
2010 -4.98% -9.25%
2009 -7.69% -9.97%
2008 -1.76% -5.05%
2007 -2.33% -2.63%
2006 -1.95% -2.74%
2005 -1.98% -3.13%
2004 - -3.14%
2003 - -3.19%
2002 - -1.95%
2001 - 0.34%
2000 - 1.4%
1999 - 0.76%
1998 - -0.21%
1997 - -2%
1996 - -3.63%
1995 - -4.97%
1994 - -5.72%
1993 - -6.6%
1992 - -5.39%
1991 - -2.76%
1990 - -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.09B, equivalent to 3.74% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 21 years, Armenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Armenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.24% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.54% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Armenia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Armenia United Kingdom
2025 3.3% 3.88%
2024 0.3% 3.27%
2023 2% 6.79%
2022 8.6% 7.92%
2021 7.2% 2.52%
2020 1.2% 0.99%
2019 1.4% 1.74%
2018 2.5% 2.29%
2017 1% 2.56%
2016 -1.4% 1.01%
2015 3.7% 0.37%
2014 3% 1.45%
2013 5.7% 2.29%
2012 2.5% 2.57%
2011 7.5% 3.86%
2010 8.2% 2.49%
2009 3.5% 1.96%
2008 9.1% 3.52%
2007 4.4% 2.39%
2006 2.9% 2.46%
2005 0.6% 2.09%
2004 6.9% 1.39%
2003 4.7% 1.38%
2002 1% 1.52%
2001 3.2% 1.53%
2000 -0.8% 1.18%
1999 0.7% 1.75%
1998 8.7% 1.82%
1997 14% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Armenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.99%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 3.3% in Armenia and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Armenia
Export category Export value
Metals $1.34M
Machinery & equipment $1.1M
Miscellaneous $373K
Textiles & consumer goods $190K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $157K
Precious metals & jewellery $59K
Animal & marine products $41K
Wood & paper products $26K
Chemicals & pharma $22K
Raw agricultural goods $22K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $39.2M
Machinery & equipment $33.3M
Chemicals & pharma $5.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.5M
Raw materials & minerals $1.93M
Animal & marine products $768K
Precious metals & jewellery $509K
Metals $450K
Wood & paper products $395K
Raw agricultural goods $367K

Balance of trade

Armenia United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$2.11B
2025
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
142/190
2025
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.22%
2025
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$11.6B
2025
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$8.53B
2025
$506B
2025
Service imports
$4.65B
2025
$450B
2025
Service exports
$6.12B
2025
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.6%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.1%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Armenia United Kingdom
Economic freedom 67.1 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 58/197 35/197
Property rights 48.6 93.6
Government integrity 51.8 83
Judicial effectiveness 31.4 83.1
Tax burden 87.2 61.7
Government spending 77.5 41.1
Fiscal health 84.1 32.4
Business freedom 72.9 83.6
Labor freedom 59.2 61.2
Monetary freedom 77.2 71.9
Trade freedom 75 82.8
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Armenia
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Armenia United Kingdom
2026 67.1 70.4
2025 65.4 69.3
2024 64.9 68.6
2023 65.1 69.9
2022 65.3 72.7
2021 71.9 78.4
2020 70.6 79.3
2019 67.7 78.9
2018 68.7 78
2017 70.3 76.4
2016 67 76.4
2015 67.1 75.8
2014 68.9 74.9
2013 69.4 74.8
2012 68.8 74.1
2011 69.7 74.5
2010 69.2 76.5
2009 69.9 79
2008 69.9 79.4
2007 68.6 79.9
2006 70.6 80.4
2005 69.8 79.2
2004 70.3 77.7
2003 67.3 77.5
2002 68 78.5
2001 66.4 77.6
2000 63 77.3
1999 56.4 76.2
1998 49.6 76.5
1997 46.7 76.4
1996 42.2 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Armenia is 67.1, ranking 58/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Armenia United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
61.3%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.93%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$27.8B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$24,020
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2025
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
104/177
2025
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$353M
2025
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$132M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$56.8M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.26%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.7%
2024
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.2%
2025
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.