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Economy of Japan vs Seychelles compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Japan has a GDP of $4.44T compared to $2.39B for the Seychelles, ranking 4/197 and 177/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.16T in government debt (206.5% of GDP), compared to $1.23B (51.5% of GDP) in the Seychelles.

Japan vs Seychelles GDP by year

Japan
Seychelles
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Seychelles
2025 $4,435,162,999,977 $2,387,022,853
2024 $4,190,008,188,359 $2,228,608,684
2023 $4,384,854,269,962 $2,171,547,935
2022 $4,447,976,207,315 $1,999,888,599
2021 $5,225,933,520,753 $1,487,173,795
2020 $5,189,197,543,645 $1,382,551,752
2019 $5,245,755,000,479 $1,868,690,097
2018 $5,154,293,721,630 $1,784,313,927
2017 $5,038,231,631,661 $1,675,370,641
2016 $5,110,357,383,254 $1,568,513,348
2015 $4,534,438,580,495 $1,432,403,352
2014 $4,985,763,289,561 $1,387,577,870
2013 $5,272,297,037,397 $1,333,160,407
2012 $6,333,803,928,788 $1,089,407,839
2011 $6,279,422,550,219 $1,058,918,707
2010 $5,811,578,109,447 $981,616,542
2009 $5,336,765,697,589 $850,901,620
2008 $5,160,197,175,876 $979,597,394
2007 $4,624,670,179,655 $1,077,308,814
2006 $4,648,058,930,707 $1,081,441,283
2005 $4,875,648,486,366 $977,899,382
2004 $4,941,485,123,807 $893,012,218
2003 $4,573,413,206,709 $750,847,230
2002 $4,245,946,980,572 $742,134,838
2001 $4,438,792,748,062 $662,064,156
2000 $5,042,381,838,343 $654,212,394
1999 $4,688,983,449,627 $662,838,615
1998 $4,150,359,076,370 $647,287,376
1997 $4,579,780,793,432 $598,966,982
1996 $5,021,441,618,840 $535,250,347
1995 $5,639,649,753,986 $540,733,048
1994 $5,104,063,486,348 $517,570,058
1993 $4,632,480,515,091 $504,230,621
1992 $4,064,529,567,505 $461,409,399
1991 $3,724,887,648,862 $398,307,170
1990 $3,252,994,239,867 $392,163,561
1989 $3,174,934,735,896 $324,333,367
1988 $3,191,546,727,316 $301,985,618
1987 $2,635,094,473,494 $265,212,957
1986 $2,164,729,071,349 $221,147,061
1985 $1,457,070,301,468 $179,691,483
1984 $1,374,165,212,365 $160,992,921
1983 $1,297,622,008,229 $156,098,237
1982 $1,183,132,285,328 $157,211,790
1981 $1,271,443,597,067 $163,750,728
1980 $1,153,159,955,513 $156,783,830
1979 $1,100,608,979,757 $127,261,099
1978 $1,057,419,758,047 $85,552,366
1977 $752,590,681,822 $64,526,401
1976 $611,495,350,304 $49,278,982
1975 $544,082,569,364 $47,803,146
1974 $500,355,087,138 $43,134,496
1973 $450,756,970,744 $36,896,280
1972 $331,776,379,992 $30,645,123
1971 $250,530,994,765 $21,965,951
1970 $221,798,003,144 $18,432,032
1969 $188,179,852,753 $16,452,028
1968 $160,201,483,788 $16,074,028
1967 $135,265,319,098 $16,632,032
1966 $115,427,351,851 $16,443,034
1965 $99,387,878,008 $15,603,032
1964 $89,332,989,729 $15,393,032
1963 $75,945,582,324 $13,923,029
1962 $66,356,388,224 $12,642,026
1961 $58,472,696,006 $11,592,024
1960 $48,417,804,545 $12,012,025

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Seychelles by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Seychelles
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $35,951 - $19,449 -
2024 $33,797 $52,039 $18,365 $33,239
2023 $35,215 $50,662 $18,131 $31,781
2022 $35,548 $47,192 $16,683 $29,973
2021 $41,581 $44,355 $14,983 $29,980
2020 $41,099 $42,426 $14,041 $31,056
2019 $41,425 $42,678 $19,142 $34,219
2018 $40,645 $42,142 $18,440 $32,091
2017 $39,680 $41,444 $17,480 $30,675
2016 $40,215 $40,597 $16,567 $28,811
2015 $35,665 $40,899 $15,333 $25,435
2014 $39,173 $39,555 $15,188 $24,985
2013 $41,369 $39,402 $14,821 $22,487
2012 $49,627 $37,606 $12,337 $22,264
2011 $49,122 $36,214 $12,110 $21,781
2010 $45,378 $35,336 $10,935 $18,982
2009 $41,678 $33,543 $9,747 $18,453
2008 $40,294 $35,274 $11,265 $18,881
2007 $36,130 $35,015 $12,669 $19,473
2006 $36,354 $33,632 $12,783 $17,503
2005 $38,159 $32,170 $11,802 $15,846
2004 $38,678 $30,832 $10,828 $14,160
2003 $35,809 $29,392 $9,070 $14,142
2002 $33,316 $28,624 $8,864 $14,570
2001 $34,910 $27,943 $8,153 $14,615
2000 $39,753 $27,288 $8,064 $14,638
1999 $37,029 $25,736 $8,243 $13,853
1998 $32,835 $25,508 $8,210 $13,675
1997 $36,331 $25,619 $7,747 $13,458
1996 $39,930 $24,999 $7,004 $11,931
1995 $44,947 $23,858 $7,181 $10,809
1994 $40,774 $22,823 $6,975 $10,692
1993 $37,111 $22,168 $6,979 $11,020
1992 $32,667 $21,825 $6,520 $10,243
1991 $30,048 $21,227 $5,655 $9,387
1990 $26,345 $19,912 $5,642 $8,955
1989 $25,798 - $4,689 -
1988 $26,037 - $4,392 -
1987 $21,587 - $3,872 -
1986 $17,819 - $3,368 -
1985 $12,058 - $2,754 -
1984 $11,443 - $2,488 -
1983 $10,876 - $2,426 -
1982 $9,986 - $2,441 -
1981 $10,806 - $2,557 -
1980 $9,872 - $2,478 -
1979 $9,497 - $2,030 -
1978 $9,202 - $1,377 -
1977 $6,609 - $1,044 -
1976 $5,422 - $814 -
1975 $4,876 - $806 -
1974 $4,542 - $745 -
1973 $4,147 - $649 -
1972 $3,095 - $547 -
1971 $2,370 - $402 -
1970 $2,145 - $344 -
1969 $1,841 - $314 -
1968 $1,586 - $314 -
1967 $1,354 - $333 -
1966 $1,168 - $338 -
1965 $1,015 - $328 -
1964 $922 - $332 -
1963 $792 - $308 -
1962 $699 - $287 -
1961 $622 - $270.3 -
1960 $519 - $288.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $35,951, ranking 34/197, compared to $19,449 in the Seychelles, ranking 64/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239.

Economic indicators

Japan Seychelles
Gross domestic product
$4.44T
2025
$2.39B
2025
GDP rank
4/197
2025
177/197
2025
GDP growth
1.19%
2024-2025
5.8%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$35,951
2025
$19,449
2025
GDP per capita rank
34/197
2025
64/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$33,239
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
67/197
2024
Government debt
$9.16T
2025
$1.23B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
206.5%
2025
51.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$74,248
2025
$10,019
2025
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2025
59/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,962
2026
$11,537
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.61T
2025
$646M
2025
Number of millionaires
2,902,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
41
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.3%
2020
23.9%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2020
2.6%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.9%
2025
32.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.17%
2024-2025
0.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
1.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
2.5%
2025
2.59%
2024
Population
122704252
125859

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Seychelles
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Seychelles
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 36.9% 206.5% 32.7% 51.5%
2024 37.3% 214.5% 33% 56.1%
2023 37.8% 220.3% 33.1% 55.1%
2022 40.2% 227.8% 31.6% 60.6%
2021 41.3% 222.7% 38.8% 71%
2020 43.6% 228.8% 46.7% 77.4%
2019 36.4% 206.3% 31.7% 48.9%
2018 36% 203.7% 33% 51.3%
2017 35.9% 203.1% 34.3% 56.7%
2016 36.5% 202.1% 34.5% 64.3%
2015 36.6% 200.1% 31.5% 75.4%
2014 37.8% 203.6% 33.4% 70.4%
2013 38.4% 201.2% 37.8% 68.2%
2012 38.4% 197.1% 38.6% 80.1%
2011 38.4% 190.6% 36.4% 82.5%
2010 37.4% 178.6% 34.6% 82.2%
2009 38.3% 172.9% 32.1% 106.1%
2008 33.7% 153.6% 27% 192.1%
2007 32.8% 150.4% 41.9% 144%
2006 32.7% 152.1% 43.6% 135.1%
2005 33.2% 153.4% 39% 144.1%
2004 33.3% 148.8% 39.9% 163.2%
2003 34.6% 140.2% 44.6% 177%
2002 34.9% 134.6% 56.3% 195.9%
2001 34.7% 126.8% 46.8% 199.8%
2000 35.4% 118.5% 55.4% 177.8%
1999 35.2% 113.5% 56.1% 159.8%
1998 38.1% 101.6% 60.7% 161.2%
1997 32.4% 91.3% 54.7% 143%
1996 33.1% 85.3% 59.1% 146.7%
1995 32.8% 80.7% 53.1% 133.5%
1994 32.1% 73.3% 63.6% 123.5%
1993 31.4% 63.2% 60.4% 82.2%
1992 29.6% 57.9% 50.7% 79.9%
1991 28.6% 54.1% 52.1% 89.2%
1990 28.8% 54.8% 46.1% 80.4%
1989 29.2% 65.7% 51.7% 39.9%
1988 29.9% 71.9% 46.7% 41.3%
1987 30.6% 75.8% 49.7% 37%
1986 30.4% 74.1% 58% 31.5%
1985 30.4% 68.3% 53% 26.5%
1984 31.2% 65.6% 50.5% 15.3%
1983 31.8% 63.5% 47.9% 12.4%
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government spending was $1.63T, accounting for 36.9% of its GDP, while the Seychelles spent $781M, or 32.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 206.5% in Japan and 51.5% in the Seychelles, ranking 3/185 and 102/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Seychelles
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Seychelles
2025 -1.05% -0.99%
2024 -1.67% -0.68%
2023 -2.39% -1.15%
2022 -4.23% -0.77%
2021 -6.32% -5.76%
2020 -9.04% -15.7%
2019 -3.05% 0.42%
2018 -2.44% -0.8%
2017 -3.05% -1.67%
2016 -3.58% 0.02%
2015 -3.64% 1.39%
2014 -5.58% 2.87%
2013 -7.62% 0.33%
2012 -8.22% 2.93%
2011 -9.02% 3.36%
2010 -9.05% 0.52%
2009 -9.62% 4.84%
2008 -4.07% 7.88%
2007 -2.86% -9.93%
2006 -3% -2.54%
2005 -4.39% 0.42%
2004 -5.26% 0.44%
2003 -7.35% 3.4%
2002 -7.22% -16.3%
2001 -6.11% -8.93%
2000 -7.17% -14.7%
1999 -6.68% -10.3%
1998 -9.91% -16.7%
1997 -3.44% -5.91%
1996 -4.75% -9.69%
1995 -4.22% -2.58%
1994 -3.7% -6.95%
1993 -2.34% -3.62%
1992 0.56% 6.44%
1991 1.64% 3.15%
1990 1.91% 11.9%
1989 1.23% 8.26%
1988 0.49% 11.8%
1987 -0.36% 2.77%
1986 -1.36% -10.1%
1985 -1.37% -4.86%
1984 -2.62% -6.09%
1983 -3.95% -3.13%
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $46.7B, equivalent to 1.05% of GDP. This compares to the Seychelles' deficit of $23.5M, or 0.99% of GDP.

Over the past 43 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 38 of those years, while the Seychelles ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.09% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.01% of GDP for the Seychelles.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Seychelles
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Seychelles
2025 3.17% 0.3%
2024 2.74% 0.31%
2023 3.27% -1.04%
2022 2.5% 2.63%
2021 -0.23% 9.77%
2020 -0.02% 1.2%
2019 0.47% 1.81%
2018 0.99% 3.7%
2017 0.48% 2.86%
2016 -0.13% -1.02%
2015 0.8% 4.04%
2014 2.76% 1.39%
2013 0.34% 4.34%
2012 -0.04% 7.11%
2011 -0.27% 2.56%
2010 -0.73% -2.4%
2009 -1.35% 31.8%
2008 1.38% 37%
2007 0.06% 5.32%
2006 0.25% -0.35%
2005 -0.28% 0.91%
2004 -0.009% 3.86%
2003 -0.26% 3.3%
2002 -0.92% 0.18%
2001 -0.74% 5.97%
2000 -0.68% 6.27%
1999 -0.34% 6.35%
1998 0.66% 2.58%
1997 1.75% 0.62%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.54%, compared with 4.87% in the Seychelles. In 2025, inflation was 3.17% in Japan and 0.3% in the Seychelles.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5.97M
Metals $158K
Animal & marine products $150K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $132K
Miscellaneous $118K
Textiles & consumer goods $51K
Raw agricultural goods $13K
Raw materials & minerals $13K
Chemicals & pharma $12K
Precious metals & jewellery $9K
Seychelles
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $5.68M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $191K
Wood & paper products $19K

Balance of trade

Japan Seychelles
Current account balance
$216B
2025
-$166M
2024
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2025
90/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.86%
2025
-7.46%
2024
Goods imports
$729B
2025
$1.38B
2024
Goods exports
$725B
2025
$595M
2024
Service imports
$269B
2025
$1B
2024
Service exports
$246B
2025
$1.71B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.9%
2024
92.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22%
2024
79.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Seychelles
Economic freedom 70.3 66.5
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 60/197
Property rights 94.2 82.6
Government integrity 81.1 71.7
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 61.7
Tax burden 63 77.3
Government spending 52 68
Fiscal health 41.7 92.2
Business freedom 77.8 71.3
Labor freedom 65.9 52
Monetary freedom 74.3 79.8
Trade freedom 76.2 81.2
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Seychelles
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Seychelles
2026 70.3 66.5
2025 70.2 66.4
2024 67.5 60.4
2023 69.3 59.5
2022 69.9 61.1
2021 74.1 66.3
2020 73.3 64.3
2019 72.1 61.4
2018 72.3 61.6
2017 69.6 61.8
2016 73.1 62.2
2015 73.3 57.5
2014 72.4 56.2
2013 71.8 54.9
2012 71.6 53
2011 72.8 51.2
2010 72.9 47.9
2009 72.8 47.8
2008 73 -
2007 72.7 -
2006 73.3 -
2005 67.3 -
2004 64.3 -
2003 67.6 -
2002 66.7 -
2001 70.9 -
2000 70.7 -
1999 69.1 -
1998 70.2 -
1997 70.3 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 75 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/seychelles | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 66.5 for the Seychelles, ranking 60/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Seychelles
Services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
67.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
14.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.96%
2024
2.61%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.73T
2025
$2.36B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$58,920
2025
$34,930
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.37T
2025
$774M
2024
Total reserves ranking
3/177
2025
146/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$172B
2025
-$268M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.9B
2024
$226M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$207B
2024
-$41.4M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
25.3%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
18.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.