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Economy of Belarus vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Belarus has a GDP of $93.4B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 80/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Belarus has $30.9B in government debt (33.1% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Belarus vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Belarus
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Belarus United Kingdom
2025 $93,397,215,864 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $78,591,839,300 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $72,478,760,370 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $73,775,179,925 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $69,673,747,132 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $61,371,673,345 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $64,410,170,653 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $60,031,026,576 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $54,725,405,751 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $47,723,545,321 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $56,454,769,845 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $78,813,069,121 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $75,527,558,966 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $65,685,890,439 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $61,762,382,328 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $57,231,904,543 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $50,873,167,326 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $60,752,106,347 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $45,275,711,996 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $36,961,894,281 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $30,210,091,837 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $23,141,566,293 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $17,825,444,724 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $14,594,900,945 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $12,354,820,144 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $12,736,856,828 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $12,138,486,532 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $15,222,012,660 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $14,128,408,566 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $14,500,437,520 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $13,972,683,274 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $14,931,435,232 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $16,275,073,527 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $16,939,790,094 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $18,404,907,975 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $17,389,558,233 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 - $926,884,816,754
1988 - $910,122,732,124
1987 - $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Belarus vs United Kingdom by year

Belarus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Belarus United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,279 - $57,602 -
2024 $8,606 $33,010 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $7,897 $30,834 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $7,995 $28,429 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $7,490 $27,611 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $6,543 $24,872 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $6,838 $22,302 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $6,360 $20,026 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $5,786 $18,414 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $5,040 $17,832 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $5,967 $18,134 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $8,341 $19,038 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $7,998 $19,014 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $6,953 $18,115 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $6,528 $16,563 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $6,035 $15,339 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $5,352 $14,034 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $6,376 $13,886 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $4,735 $12,320 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $3,848 $10,995 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $3,126 $9,637 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $2,378 $8,483 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,820 $7,362 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $1,479 $6,697 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $1,244 $6,238 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $1,276 $5,796 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $1,211 $5,331 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $1,511 $5,061 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $1,396 $4,596 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $1,427 $4,039 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $1,371 $3,846 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $1,460 $4,190 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $1,590 $4,641 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $1,658 $4,917 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $1,805 $5,330 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $1,707 $5,220 $19,095 $16,505
1989 - - $16,239 -
1988 - - $15,987 -
1987 - - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

Belarus' GDP per capita is $10,279, ranking 88/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belarus ranks 68th at $33,010, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Belarus United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$93.4B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
80/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
1.3%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,279
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
88/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$33,010
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
68/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$30.9B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
33.1%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,399
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
98/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$8,062
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.54B
2025
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
20.7%
2020
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2020
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
41.3%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
6.6%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
9.25%
2026
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.04%
2024
4.9%
2025
Population
9025821
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Belarus
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Belarus United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 41.3% 33.1% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 40.8% 38.7% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 40.3% 40.7% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 38% 40.8% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 36.7% 41.2% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 38% 47.5% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 37.4% 41% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 37.8% 47.5% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 39% 53.2% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 40.7% 53.5% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 41.8% 53% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 38.8% 38.8% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 40.8% 36.9% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 38.9% 36.9% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 40.3% 58.2% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 44.3% 36.8% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 51.7% 32.5% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 60% 20.3% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 49.2% 15.8% 38.4% 43%
2006 47.2% 12.3% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 45% 8.12% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 44% 9.22% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 43.5% - 37% 36.6%
2002 43.8% - 35.8% 35.3%
2001 42.4% - 34.5% 34.8%
2000 - - 33.8% 37.5%
1999 - - 33.7% 40.3%
1998 - - 34.3% 41.8%
1997 - - 34.7% 43.9%
1996 - - 35.6% 43.5%
1995 - - 37.5% 43.5%
1994 - - 37.4% 40.6%
1993 - - 37.6% 37.8%
1992 - - 37.7% 33.1%
1991 - - 35.7% 28.4%
1990 - - 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Belarus' government spending was $38.6B, accounting for 41.3% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 33.1% in Belarus and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 148/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Belarus

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Belarus United Kingdom
2025 0.15% -5.38%
2024 0.54% -6.06%
2023 0.76% -6.05%
2022 -1.98% -4.6%
2021 -0.22% -7.54%
2020 -2.87% -12.9%
2019 0.91% -2.38%
2018 1.8% -2.23%
2017 -0.34% -2.48%
2016 -1.66% -3.28%
2015 -2.96% -4.53%
2014 0.09% -5.47%
2013 -0.98% -5.29%
2012 0.36% -7.96%
2011 -2.81% -7.42%
2010 -4.19% -9.25%
2009 -7.23% -9.97%
2008 -10.9% -5.05%
2007 -7.82% -2.63%
2006 -7.71% -2.74%
2005 -6.71% -3.13%
2004 -7.06% -3.14%
2003 -6.74% -3.19%
2002 -7.81% -1.95%
2001 -4.74% 0.34%
2000 - 1.4%
1999 - 0.76%
1998 - -0.21%
1997 - -2%
1996 - -3.63%
1995 - -4.97%
1994 - -5.72%
1993 - -6.6%
1992 - -5.39%
1991 - -2.76%
1990 - -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Belarus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $140M, equivalent to 0.15% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Belarus recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Belarus posted an annual deficit equal to 3.2% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.97% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Belarus

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Belarus United Kingdom
2025 6.6% 3.88%
2024 5.7% 3.27%
2023 5% 6.79%
2022 15.2% 7.92%
2021 9.5% 2.52%
2020 5.5% 0.99%
2019 5.6% 1.74%
2018 4.9% 2.29%
2017 6% 2.56%
2016 11.8% 1.01%
2015 13.5% 0.37%
2014 18.1% 1.45%
2013 18.3% 2.29%
2012 59.2% 2.57%
2011 53.2% 3.86%
2010 7.7% 2.49%
2009 13% 1.96%
2008 14.8% 3.52%
2007 8.4% 2.39%
2006 7% 2.46%
2005 10.3% 2.09%
2004 18.1% 1.39%
2003 28.4% 1.38%
2002 42.6% 1.52%
2001 61.1% 1.53%
2000 168.6% 1.18%
1999 293.7% 1.75%
1998 73% 1.82%
1997 63.8% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Belarus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 36.2%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 6.6% in Belarus and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Belarus
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $724M
Wood & paper products $62.9M
Metals $49.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $18.4M
Machinery & equipment $10.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.28M
Chemicals & pharma $1.99M
Animal & marine products $445K
Raw agricultural goods $92K
Precious metals & jewellery $84K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $11.2M
Animal & marine products $8.32M
Chemicals & pharma $4.07M
IT & IP services $3.73M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.48M
Raw agricultural goods $1.56M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.18M
Machinery & equipment $1.18M
Raw materials & minerals $552K
Metals $417K

Balance of trade

Belarus United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$1.82B
2025
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
137/190
2025
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.94%
2025
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$46B
2025
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$40B
2025
$506B
2025
Service imports
$7.55B
2025
$450B
2025
Service exports
$11.7B
2025
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
57%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.1%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Belarus United Kingdom
Economic freedom 49.1 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 166/197 35/197
Property rights 20 93.6
Government integrity 28.3 83
Judicial effectiveness 11.5 83.1
Tax burden 93.5 61.7
Government spending 52.6 41.1
Fiscal health 96.8 32.4
Business freedom 50.3 83.6
Labor freedom 48 61.2
Monetary freedom 69 71.9
Trade freedom 69.2 82.8
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 20 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Belarus
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Belarus United Kingdom
2026 49.1 70.4
2025 48.9 69.3
2024 48.4 68.6
2023 51 69.9
2022 53 72.7
2021 61 78.4
2020 61.7 79.3
2019 57.9 78.9
2018 58.1 78
2017 58.6 76.4
2016 48.8 76.4
2015 49.8 75.8
2014 50.1 74.9
2013 48 74.8
2012 49 74.1
2011 47.9 74.5
2010 48.7 76.5
2009 45 79
2008 45.3 79.4
2007 47 79.9
2006 47.5 80.4
2005 46.7 79.2
2004 43.1 77.7
2003 39.7 77.5
2002 39 78.5
2001 38 77.6
2000 41.3 77.3
1999 35.4 76.2
1998 38 76.5
1997 39.8 76.4
1996 38.7 76.4
1995 40.4 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Belarus is 49.1, ranking 166/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Belarus United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
50%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.6%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.9%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$83.3B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$34,310
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$14.5B
2025
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
72/177
2025
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.43B
2025
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.74B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$170M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.94%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
3.5%
2024
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.1%
2025
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.