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Economy of Albania vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Albania has a GDP of $30.5B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 113/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Albania has $16.1B in government debt (52.6% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Albania vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Albania
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Albania United Kingdom
2025 $30,540,188,271 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $27,037,474,263 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $23,491,242,727 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $19,017,247,014 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $18,031,989,573 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $15,241,458,745 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $15,585,111,614 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $15,379,508,330 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $13,258,268,436 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $11,988,668,785 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $11,470,171,827 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $13,296,322,588 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $12,796,985,886 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $12,246,499,748 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $12,973,755,875 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $12,086,545,641 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $12,335,540,656 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $13,258,506,375 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $11,116,937,870 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $9,150,528,132 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $8,256,658,250 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $7,406,645,793 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $5,801,712,040 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $4,515,003,117 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $4,059,064,033 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $3,584,570,165 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $3,283,941,510 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $2,600,356,999 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $2,293,666,030 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $3,234,486,232 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $2,905,092,799 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $1,880,950,864 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $1,185,315,468 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $652,174,991 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $1,099,559,028 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $2,028,553,750 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $2,253,090,000 $926,884,816,754
1988 $2,051,236,250 $910,122,732,124
1987 $2,080,796,250 $745,162,608,269
1986 $2,097,326,250 $601,452,653,181
1985 $1,897,050,117 $489,285,164,271
1984 $1,857,337,995 $461,487,097,632
1983 $1,881,412,587 $489,618,008,186
1982 $1,861,163,170 $515,048,916,841
1981 $1,808,177,156 $540,765,675,241
1980 $1,578,102,105 $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Albania vs United Kingdom by year

Albania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Albania United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $12,998 - $57,602 -
2024 $11,374 $26,702 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $9,741 $24,822 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $7,757 $22,138 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $7,242 $18,213 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $6,028 $16,288 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $6,069 $16,442 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $5,898 $15,055 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $5,006 $14,111 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $4,458 $13,056 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $4,200 $12,387 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $4,794 $11,788 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $4,543 $10,882 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $4,281 $10,609 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $4,466 $10,273 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $4,149 $9,755 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $4,214 $9,031 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $4,499 $8,469 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $3,743 $7,585 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $3,058 $6,753 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $2,742 $6,014 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $2,447 $5,595 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,909 $5,169 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $1,480 $4,840 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $1,326 $4,451 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $1,160 $3,978 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $1,056 $3,549 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $831 $3,086 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $729 $2,760 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $1,021 $3,054 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $911 $2,777 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $586 $2,385 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $367 $2,143 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $200.9 $1,899 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $337 $1,989 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $617 $2,656 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $698 - $16,239 -
1988 $653 - $15,987 -
1987 $675 - $13,119 -
1986 $694 - $10,611 -
1985 $640 - $8,652 -
1984 $639 - $8,179 -
1983 $662 - $8,692 -
1982 $668 - $9,146 -
1981 $663 - $9,599 -
1980 $591 - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

Albania's GDP per capita is $12,998, ranking 79/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Albania ranks 79th at $26,702, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Albania United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$30.5B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
113/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
3.79%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$12,998
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
79/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,702
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
79/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$16.1B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
52.6%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$6,837
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
72/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$9,481
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.8%
2020
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2020
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.1%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.2%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.5%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.43%
2024
4.9%
2025
Population
2332078
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Albania
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Albania United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 30.1% 52.6% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 28.9% 54.5% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 28.5% 58% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 30.3% 64.7% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 31.9% 74.8% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 32.4% 75.4% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 28.7% 66.6% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 28.7% 68.5% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 29.2% 71.9% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 29.1% 73.3% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 30.8% 73.7% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 31.7% 72% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 29.2% 70.4% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 28.2% 62.1% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 28.9% 59.4% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 29.4% 57.7% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 32.7% 59.7% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 31.7% 55.1% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 29.3% 53.6% 38.4% 43%
2006 29.2% 56.7% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 28.9% 58.2% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 30.2% 57.5% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 29.7% 60.2% 37% 36.6%
2002 31.5% 64.1% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 32.7% 60.6% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 33.8% 63.8% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 37.1% 68.2% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 36.8% 71.2% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 30.3% 72.2% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 - - 35.6% 43.5%
1995 - - 37.5% 43.5%
1994 - - 37.4% 40.6%
1993 - - 37.6% 37.8%
1992 - - 37.7% 33.1%
1991 - - 35.7% 28.4%
1990 - - 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government spending was $9.19B, accounting for 30.1% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 52.6% in Albania and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 96/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Albania

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Albania United Kingdom
2025 -1.75% -5.38%
2024 -0.72% -6.06%
2023 -1.32% -6.05%
2022 -3.64% -4.6%
2021 -4.57% -7.54%
2020 -6.67% -12.9%
2019 -1.84% -2.38%
2018 -1.58% -2.23%
2017 -1.41% -2.48%
2016 -1.5% -3.28%
2015 -4.32% -4.53%
2014 -5.46% -5.47%
2013 -5.22% -5.29%
2012 -3.44% -7.96%
2011 -3.52% -7.42%
2010 -3.52% -9.25%
2009 -6.59% -9.97%
2008 -4.88% -5.05%
2007 -3.18% -2.63%
2006 -3.26% -2.74%
2005 -3.46% -3.13%
2004 -5.16% -3.14%
2003 -5.01% -3.19%
2002 -6.21% -1.95%
2001 -6.84% 0.34%
2000 -7.77% 1.4%
1999 -8.84% 0.76%
1998 -9.93% -0.21%
1997 -11.9% -2%
1996 - -3.63%
1995 - -4.97%
1994 - -5.72%
1993 - -6.6%
1992 - -5.39%
1991 - -2.76%
1990 - -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $533M, equivalent to 1.75% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Albania recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Albania posted an annual deficit equal to 4.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.29% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Albania

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Albania United Kingdom
2025 2.2% 3.88%
2024 2.2% 3.27%
2023 4.8% 6.79%
2022 6.7% 7.92%
2021 2% 2.52%
2020 1.6% 0.99%
2019 1.4% 1.74%
2018 2% 2.29%
2017 2% 2.56%
2016 1.3% 1.01%
2015 1.9% 0.37%
2014 1.6% 1.45%
2013 1.9% 2.29%
2012 2% 2.57%
2011 3.4% 3.86%
2010 3.6% 2.49%
2009 2.2% 1.96%
2008 3.3% 3.52%
2007 3% 2.39%
2006 2.4% 2.46%
2005 2.4% 2.09%
2004 2.9% 1.39%
2003 2.4% 1.38%
2002 5.2% 1.52%
2001 3.1% 1.53%
2000 0% 1.18%
1999 0.4% 1.75%
1998 20.6% 1.82%
1997 33.2% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Albania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.2%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 2.2% in Albania and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Albania
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $287M
Business & finance services $50.7M
IT & IP services $12.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.04M
Metals $2.78M
Raw agricultural goods $1.65M
Government & miscellaneous services $1.54M
Machinery & equipment $1.51M
Miscellaneous $481K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $111M
Machinery & equipment $25.7M
Business & finance services $12.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.07M
Chemicals & pharma $5.58M
Government & miscellaneous services $4.97M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.17M
Raw materials & minerals $1.27M
Wood & paper products $931K
Animal & marine products $881K

Balance of trade

Albania United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$161M
2025
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
86/190
2025
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.53%
2025
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$8.52B
2025
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$1.76B
2025
$506B
2025
Service imports
$4.55B
2025
$450B
2025
Service exports
$9.66B
2025
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.5%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Albania United Kingdom
Economic freedom 68 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 50/197 35/197
Property rights 57.6 93.6
Government integrity 41.9 83
Judicial effectiveness 59.9 83.1
Tax burden 89.3 61.7
Government spending 74.3 41.1
Fiscal health 88 32.4
Business freedom 76.6 83.6
Labor freedom 46.2 61.2
Monetary freedom 78.6 71.9
Trade freedom 83 82.8
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Albania
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Albania United Kingdom
2026 68 70.4
2025 66.6 69.3
2024 64.8 68.6
2023 65.3 69.9
2022 66.6 72.7
2021 65.2 78.4
2020 66.9 79.3
2019 66.5 78.9
2018 64.5 78
2017 64.4 76.4
2016 65.9 76.4
2015 65.7 75.8
2014 66.9 74.9
2013 65.2 74.8
2012 65.1 74.1
2011 64 74.5
2010 66 76.5
2009 63.7 79
2008 62.4 79.4
2007 61.4 79.9
2006 60.3 80.4
2005 57.8 79.2
2004 58.5 77.7
2003 56.8 77.5
2002 56.8 78.5
2001 56.6 77.6
2000 53.6 77.3
1999 53.4 76.2
1998 53.9 76.5
1997 54.8 76.4
1996 53.8 76.4
1995 49.7 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Albania is 68, ranking 50/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Albania United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
21.8%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14.8%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$28.3B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$28,170
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$8.6B
2025
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
86/177
2025
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.51B
2025
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.71B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$261M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19.7%
2022
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.