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Economy of Australia vs Seychelles compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Australia has a GDP of $1.75T compared to $2.17B for the Seychelles, ranking 13/197 and 176/197 by economy size, respectively.

Australia has $873B in government debt (50.9% of GDP), compared to $1.25B (59.3% of GDP) in the Seychelles.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Australia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Seychelles
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Australia Seychelles
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $18,607,682,977 $204,556,496,021 $12,012,025 $132,183,660
1961 $19,684,003,149 $209,634,264,252 $11,592,024 $125,730,088
1962 $19,923,683,188 $212,347,394,916 $12,642,026 $136,302,205
1963 $21,540,963,447 $225,547,290,344 $13,923,029 $150,117,255
1964 $23,801,123,808 $241,290,865,664 $15,393,032 $159,003,065
1965 $25,977,284,156 $255,720,398,205 $15,603,032 $157,316,725
1966 $27,308,964,369 $261,804,000,642 $16,443,034 $179,178,255
1967 $30,442,724,871 $278,310,424,155 $16,632,032 $180,082,639
1968 $32,714,085,234 $292,486,739,692 $16,074,028 $193,684,705
1969 $36,684,485,870 $313,093,232,453 $16,452,028 $193,684,705
1970 $41,334,726,614 $335,559,847,086 $18,432,032 $210,868,160
1971 $45,217,767,235 $348,984,184,858 $21,965,951 $244,294,508
1972 $52,042,056,075 $362,631,046,662 $30,645,123 $259,705,357
1973 $63,833,440,102 $372,130,520,890 $36,896,280 $283,219,564
1974 $88,965,364,775 $387,414,341,096 $43,134,496 $286,909,490
1975 $97,304,383,449 $392,589,303,732 $47,803,146 $296,025,766
1976 $105,060,616,985 $402,751,234,563 $49,278,982 $344,211,798
1977 $110,352,144,987 $417,230,643,180 $64,526,401 $322,904,307
1978 $118,492,761,338 $420,958,560,166 $85,552,366 $391,204,033
1979 $134,900,602,067 $438,009,144,461 $127,261,099 $452,992,130
1980 $149,987,743,733 $451,305,594,857 $156,783,830 $429,886,465
1981 $176,895,390,688 $466,379,040,332 $163,750,728 $413,220,699
1982 $194,041,708,044 $481,887,942,318 $157,211,790 $404,662,591
1983 $177,267,290,706 $471,169,061,969 $156,098,237 $402,168,917
1984 $193,525,337,526 $492,813,360,779 $160,992,921 $419,484,794
1985 $180,643,265,927 $518,826,292,325 $179,691,483 $462,665,475
1986 $182,481,113,598 $539,404,649,864 $221,147,061 $466,190,739
1987 $189,495,764,955 $553,211,370,887 $265,212,957 $488,915,451
1988 $236,161,314,544 $585,064,279,421 $301,985,618 $514,957,094
1989 $299,875,906,679 $607,725,922,301 $324,333,367 $567,923,802
1990 $311,426,665,220 $629,466,776,080 $392,163,561 $610,261,195
1991 $325,975,319,456 $627,060,575,116 $398,307,170 $627,107,005
1992 $325,525,379,567 $629,746,209,994 $461,409,399 $672,089,666
1993 $312,133,923,553 $655,230,327,244 $504,230,621 $721,174,866
1994 $322,806,641,301 $681,311,039,100 $517,570,058 $703,602,944
1995 $368,166,023,166 $707,786,283,507 $540,733,048 $707,015,677
1996 $401,341,880,621 $735,134,359,250 $535,250,347 $777,702,722
1997 $435,642,611,297 $763,901,984,858 $598,966,982 $872,533,006
1998 $399,674,421,759 $799,524,373,775 $647,287,376 $894,062,243
1999 $389,652,212,057 $839,721,933,538 $662,838,615 $910,799,133
2000 $416,167,815,093 $872,651,653,770 $654,212,394 $949,537,227
2001 $379,629,301,675 $890,323,770,708 $662,064,156 $927,971,690
2002 $395,788,696,012 $925,754,967,999 $742,134,838 $939,226,436
2003 $467,739,079,790 $954,367,849,882 $750,847,230 $883,932,969
2004 $614,659,980,083 $994,683,066,031 $893,012,218 $858,736,867
2005 $695,692,898,677 $1,026,057,036,344 $977,899,382 $936,072,663
2006 $748,417,562,770 $1,054,328,458,936 $1,081,441,283 $1,024,120,861
2007 $855,007,458,585 $1,094,111,663,604 $1,077,308,814 $1,115,022,509
2008 $1,056,112,427,190 $1,133,349,428,617 $979,597,394 $1,084,627,595
2009 $928,762,122,698 $1,154,798,699,180 $850,901,620 $1,057,735,599
2010 $1,148,838,233,481 $1,180,435,002,407 $981,616,542 $1,105,387,984
2011 $1,398,610,616,773 $1,208,849,019,422 $1,058,918,707 $1,210,507,987
2012 $1,547,532,281,116 $1,256,196,122,894 $1,089,407,839 $1,248,162,998
2013 $1,577,123,329,411 $1,288,884,775,424 $1,333,160,407 $1,263,811,654
2014 $1,468,265,356,428 $1,322,334,997,273 $1,387,577,870 $1,315,169,065
2015 $1,351,296,372,254 $1,351,296,372,254 $1,432,403,352 $1,432,403,352
2016 $1,206,836,962,282 $1,388,583,854,796 $1,568,513,348 $1,605,975,219
2017 $1,325,582,658,157 $1,420,237,898,461 $1,675,370,641 $1,717,657,340
2018 $1,427,809,041,019 $1,461,119,016,244 $1,784,313,927 $1,802,500,556
2019 $1,392,723,834,563 $1,492,847,874,024 $1,868,690,097 $1,901,895,701
2020 $1,328,414,058,378 $1,491,062,566,267 $1,382,551,752 $1,678,615,793
2021 $1,556,735,770,437 $1,522,541,404,228 $1,487,173,795 $1,687,886,479
2022 $1,690,858,246,994 $1,587,133,480,805 $2,018,346,589 $1,902,424,765
2023 $1,728,057,316,696 $1,641,762,491,419 $2,187,379,755 $1,945,405,358
2024 $1,752,193,307,380 $1,665,257,959,985 $2,167,239,562 $2,012,826,895

Economic indicators

Australia Seychelles
Gross domestic product
$1.75T
2024
$2.17B
2024
GDP rank
13/197
2024
176/197
2024
GDP growth
1.4%
2023-2024
-0.92%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$64,407
2024
$17,859
2024
GDP per capita rank
14/197
2024
63/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,193
2024
$33,239
2024
Government debt
$873B
2024
$1.25B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.9%
2025
59.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$32,093
2024
$10,323
2024
Government debt per person rank
22/185
2024
59/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$45,914
2025
$9,988
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.74T
2024
$811M
2024
Number of millionaires
1,936,114
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
47
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2020
23.9%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2020
2.6%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
38.8%
2025
36%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.16%
2023-2024
0.31%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.6%
2025
1.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
3.94%
2024
2.59%
2024
Population
27677455
125181

GDP per capita in Australia vs Seychelles

Australia's GDP per capita is $64,407, ranking 14/197, compared to $17,859 in the Seychelles, ranking 63/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Australia ranks 23rd at $71,193, while the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239.

Australia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Australia Seychelles
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,811 - $288.1 -
1961 $1,878 - $270.3 -
1962 $1,855 - $287 -
1963 $1,967 - $308 -
1964 $2,131 - $332 -
1965 $2,281 - $328 -
1966 $2,344 - $338 -
1967 $2,580 - $333 -
1968 $2,724 - $314 -
1969 $2,991 - $314 -
1970 $3,305 - $344 -
1971 $3,495 - $402 -
1972 $3,949 - $547 -
1973 $4,771 - $649 -
1974 $6,483 - $745 -
1975 $7,004 - $806 -
1976 $7,487 - $814 -
1977 $7,776 - $1,044 -
1978 $8,253 - $1,377 -
1979 $9,295 - $2,030 -
1980 $10,209 - $2,478 -
1981 $11,854 - $2,557 -
1982 $12,779 - $2,441 -
1983 $11,516 - $2,426 -
1984 $12,422 - $2,488 -
1985 $11,442 - $2,754 -
1986 $11,392 - $3,368 -
1987 $11,651 - $3,872 -
1988 $14,285 - $4,392 -
1989 $17,834 - $4,689 -
1990 $18,249 $17,381 $5,642 $8,955
1991 $18,860 $17,836 $5,655 $9,387
1992 $18,624 $18,254 $6,520 $10,243
1993 $17,700 $19,216 $6,979 $11,020
1994 $18,130 $20,171 $6,975 $10,692
1995 $20,448 $21,039 $7,181 $10,809
1996 $22,022 $22,132 $7,004 $11,931
1997 $23,647 $23,125 $7,747 $13,458
1998 $21,479 $24,378 $8,210 $13,675
1999 $20,713 $25,485 $8,243 $13,853
2000 $21,870 $26,542 $8,064 $14,638
2001 $19,696 $27,646 $8,153 $14,615
2002 $20,302 $29,032 $8,864 $14,570
2003 $23,718 $30,122 $9,070 $14,142
2004 $30,837 $31,764 $10,828 $14,160
2005 $34,480 $33,037 $11,802 $15,846
2006 $36,596 $34,847 $12,783 $17,503
2007 $41,052 $36,654 $12,669 $19,473
2008 $49,701 $37,533 $11,265 $18,881
2009 $42,817 $40,312 $9,747 $18,453
2010 $52,145 $39,373 $10,935 $18,982
2011 $62,606 $42,023 $12,110 $21,781
2012 $68,073 $42,863 $12,337 $22,264
2013 $68,191 $45,931 $14,821 $22,487
2014 $62,544 $46,904 $15,188 $24,985
2015 $56,739 $46,264 $15,333 $25,435
2016 $49,888 $47,260 $16,567 $28,811
2017 $53,902 $48,371 $17,480 $30,675
2018 $57,196 $50,184 $18,440 $32,091
2019 $54,973 $52,673 $19,142 $34,219
2020 $51,792 $53,984 $14,041 $31,056
2021 $60,608 $58,182 $14,983 $29,980
2022 $64,997 $65,872 $16,837 $29,973
2023 $64,836 $70,513 $18,263 $31,781
2024 $64,407 $71,193 $17,859 $33,239

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Australia's government spending was $672B, accounting for 38.8% of its GDP, while the Seychelles' spent $739M, or 36% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.9% in Australia and 59.3% in the Seychelles, ranking 108/185 and 85/185, respectively.

Australia
Government spending

Government debt
Seychelles
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Australia Seychelles
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 21.8% 48.2% - -
1961 23.3% 49.3% - -
1962 22.7% 50.2% - -
1963 23% 47.5% - -
1964 23.5% 44.9% - -
1965 25.8% 43.7% - -
1966 25.6% 42.4% - -
1967 26.4% 40.5% - -
1968 25.3% 39.4% - -
1969 24.7% 36.7% - -
1970 25.3% 34.9% - -
1971 26.1% 32.2% - -
1972 27% 30.7% - -
1973 26.6% 27.3% - -
1974 30.9% 22.3% - -
1975 33% 23.6% - -
1976 33.3% 22.9% - -
1977 34.1% 23.6% - -
1978 33.2% 24.7% - -
1979 32.5% 22.8% - -
1980 33.2% 21.2% - -
1981 33.4% 19.1% - -
1982 36.7% 16.8% - -
1983 37% 21% 47.9% 12.4%
1984 38.4% 22.3% 50.5% 15.3%
1985 38.7% 24% 53% 26.5%
1986 38.4% 25.5% 58% 31.5%
1987 36% 25.2% 49.7% 37%
1988 34.6% 20.5% 46.7% 41.3%
1989 34.5% 17% 51.7% 39.9%
1990 30.5% 16.4% 46.1% 80.4%
1991 33.1% 21.6% 52.1% 89.2%
1992 34.1% 27.6% 50.7% 79.9%
1993 34.1% 30.7% 60.4% 82.2%
1994 33.7% 31.7% 63.6% 123.5%
1995 33.7% 31.1% 53.1% 133.5%
1996 33.5% 29.3% 59.1% 146.7%
1997 32.8% 25.9% 54.7% 143%
1998 34.6% 23.7% 60.7% 161.2%
1999 36.2% 22.5% 56.1% 159.8%
2000 35.2% 19.5% 55.4% 177.8%
2001 35.6% 17.1% 46.8% 199.8%
2002 34.9% 15% 56.3% 195.9%
2003 34.9% 13.2% 44.6% 177%
2004 34.8% 11.9% 39.9% 163.2%
2005 34.6% 10.9% 39% 144.1%
2006 34.5% 9.94% 43.6% 135.1%
2007 34.3% 9.67% 41.9% 144%
2008 35.1% 11.7% 27% 192.1%
2009 37.8% 16.6% 32.1% 106.1%
2010 37% 20.3% 34.6% 82.2%
2011 36.3% 24% 36.4% 82.5%
2012 36.5% 27.5% 38.6% 80.1%
2013 36.4% 30.5% 37.8% 68.2%
2014 36.7% 34% 33.4% 70.4%
2015 37.3% 37.7% 31.5% 64.7%
2016 37.3% 40.6% 34.5% 62.8%
2017 36.8% 41.2% 34.3% 56.7%
2018 36.9% 41.8% 33% 51.3%
2019 38.9% 46.7% 31.7% 48.9%
2020 44.4% 57.1% 46.7% 77.4%
2021 41.8% 55.5% 38.8% 71.2%
2022 37.5% 50.2% 31.3% 60%
2023 37.2% 49% 32.9% 55.3%
2024 38.3% 49.8% 34.1% 57.8%
2025 38.8% 50.9% 36% 59.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Australia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$37.8B, equivalent to -2.16% of GDP. This compares to the Seychelles' deficit of -$31.8M, or -1.47% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, Australia recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while the Seychelles ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Australia posted an annual deficit equal to -2.21% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.06% of GDP for the Seychelles.

Deficit/surplus
Australia

Seychelles
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Australia Seychelles
1901 1.46% -
1902 0.16% -
1903 -0.02% -
1904 -0.13% -
1905 0.11% -
1906 0.23% -
1907 0.41% -
1908 -0.15% -
1909 0.37% -
1910 0.39% -
1911 0.39% -
1912 0.12% -
1913 0% -
1914 -0.29% -
1915 -1.11% -
1916 -3.47% -
1917 -4.99% -
1918 -4.36% -
1919 -4.8% -
1920 -2.43% -
1921 -2% -
1922 -0.94% -
1923 -0.33% -
1924 -0.5% -
1925 -0.26% -
1926 -0.31% -
1927 -0.5% -
1928 -0.69% -
1929 -0.53% -
1930 -1% -
1931 -0.8% -
1932 0.02% -
1933 0.28% -
1934 0.28% -
1935 0.24% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.28% -
1938 0.24% -
1939 0.77% -
1940 0.51% -
1941 -2.14% -
1942 -5.17% -
1943 -12.4% -
1944 -11.8% -
1945 -8.87% -
1946 -4.09% -
1947 -0.45% -
1948 2% -
1949 0.72% -
1950 4.29% -
1951 1.85% -
1952 -0.44% -
1953 -0.86% -
1954 -0.27% -
1955 0.08% -
1956 1% -
1957 -0.33% -
1958 -0.25% -
1959 0.06% -
1960 0.47% -
1961 -0.78% -
1962 -0.38% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 0.19% -
1965 -1.46% -
1966 -1.77% -
1967 -1.65% -
1968 -0.7% -
1969 0.53% -
1970 -0.23% -
1971 -0.23% -
1972 -0.97% -
1973 0.16% -
1974 -2.46% -
1975 -3.47% -
1976 -3.44% -
1977 -4.39% -
1978 -4.19% -
1979 -2.32% -
1980 -2.87% -
1981 -3.25% -
1982 -5.19% -
1983 -5.66% -3.13%
1984 -5.48% -6.09%
1985 -5.24% -4.86%
1986 -3.5% -10.1%
1987 -1.66% 2.77%
1988 -0.77% 11.8%
1989 -1.29% 8.26%
1990 -0.23% 11.9%
1991 -2.79% 3.15%
1992 -4.74% 6.44%
1993 -4.73% -3.62%
1994 -3.79% -6.95%
1995 -2.6% -2.58%
1996 -1.46% -9.69%
1997 -0.49% -5.91%
1998 -0.25% -16.7%
1999 0.67% -10.3%
2000 1.25% -14.7%
2001 -0.03% -8.93%
2002 0.19% -16.3%
2003 1.05% 3.4%
2004 1.32% 0.44%
2005 1.71% 0.42%
2006 1.77% -2.54%
2007 1.47% -9.93%
2008 -1.1% 7.88%
2009 -4.56% 4.84%
2010 -5.12% 0.52%
2011 -4.53% 3.36%
2012 -3.51% 2.93%
2013 -2.81% 0.33%
2014 -2.92% 2.87%
2015 -2.79% 1.39%
2016 -2.42% 0.02%
2017 -1.72% -1.67%
2018 -1.26% -0.8%
2019 -4.41% 0.42%
2020 -8.73% -15.7%
2021 -6.36% -5.76%
2022 -2.18% -0.76%
2023 -0.92% -1.14%
2024 -2.16% -1.47%
2025 -2.58% -1.19%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Australia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.66%, compared with 4.82% in the Seychelles. In 2024, inflation was 3.16% in Australia and 0.31% in the Seychelles.

Inflation
Australia

Seychelles
Year Inflation
Australia Seychelles Australia Seychelles
1996 2.62% -1.1%
1997 0.22% 0.62%
1998 0.86% 2.58%
1999 1.48% 6.35%
2000 4.46% 6.27%
2001 4.41% 5.97%
2002 2.98% 0.18%
2003 2.73% 3.3%
2004 2.34% 3.86%
2005 2.69% 0.91%
2006 3.56% -0.35%
2007 2.33% 5.32%
2008 4.35% 37%
2009 1.77% 31.8%
2010 2.92% -2.4%
2011 3.3% 2.56%
2012 1.76% 7.11%
2013 2.45% 4.34%
2014 2.49% 1.39%
2015 1.51% 4.04%
2016 1.28% -1.02%
2017 1.95% 2.86%
2018 1.91% 3.7%
2019 1.61% 1.81%
2020 0.85% 1.2%
2021 2.86% 9.77%
2022 6.59% 2.63%
2023 5.6% -1.04%
2024 3.16% 0.31%

Top exports between countries

Australia
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $2.78M
Machinery & equipment $1.18M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $239K
Metals $205K
Miscellaneous $199K
Textiles & consumer goods $115K
Raw agricultural goods $75K
Chemicals & pharma $62K
Raw materials & minerals $16K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Seychelles
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.51M
Machinery & equipment $210K
Animal & marine products $78K
Textiles & consumer goods $2K

Balance of trade

Australia Seychelles
Current account balance
-$36.3B
2024
-$155M
2023
Current account balance ranking
186/189
2024
90/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.07%
2024
-7.09%
2023
Goods imports
$297B
2024
$1.43B
2023
Goods exports
$341B
2024
$542M
2023
Service imports
$110B
2024
$1.01B
2023
Service exports
$83.9B
2024
$1.83B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
103.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
85.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Australia Seychelles
Economic freedom 79.3 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 7/197 58/197
Property rights 90.4 74
Government integrity 86.2 75
Judicial effectiveness 95.3 63.7
Tax burden 62.1 79.7
Government spending 54.8 64.6
Fiscal health 79.5 83.2
Business freedom 92.5 78.8
Labor freedom 65.3 56.5
Monetary freedom 75 75.6
Trade freedom 90 85.2
Investment freedom 80 30
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Australia is 79.3, ranking 7/197, compared to 66.4 for the Seychelles, ranking 58/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Australia
Seychelles
Year Economic freedom index
Australia Seychelles
1995 74.1 -
1996 74 -
1997 75.5 -
1998 75.6 -
1999 76.4 -
2000 77.1 -
2001 77.4 -
2002 77.3 -
2003 77.4 -
2004 77.9 -
2005 79 -
2006 79.9 -
2007 81.1 -
2008 82.2 -
2009 82.6 47.8
2010 82.6 47.9
2011 82.5 51.2
2012 83.1 53
2013 82.6 54.9
2014 82 56.2
2015 81.4 57.5
2016 80.3 62.2
2017 81 61.8
2018 80.9 61.6
2019 80.9 61.4
2020 82.6 64.3
2021 82.4 66.3
2022 77.7 61.1
2023 74.8 59.5
2024 76.2 60.4
2025 79.3 66.4

More economic indicators

Australia Seychelles
Services, % of GDP
65.5%
2024
65.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
26%
2024
12.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.22%
2024
2.45%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.7T
2024
$2.12B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$68,800
2024
$32,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$60.4B
2024
$774M
2024
Total reserves ranking
39/177
2024
146/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$39.4B
2024
-$279M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$54.2B
2024
$299M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$14.8B
2024
$46.1M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
25.3%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.4%
2024
17.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Australia vs Seychelles
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.