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Economy of Georgia vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Georgia has a GDP of $34.2B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 107/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Georgia has $12.3B in government debt (36.1% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Georgia vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Georgia
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Georgia United Kingdom
2024 $34,189,423,545 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $30,777,833,601 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $24,984,568,960 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $18,853,115,589 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $16,010,869,216 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $17,638,337,117 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $17,902,544,881 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $16,473,125,375 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $15,444,548,902 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $15,223,796,149 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $17,966,015,109 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $17,517,660,144 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $16,894,392,033 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $15,475,290,469 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $12,426,907,967 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $10,766,920,066 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $12,795,145,131 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $10,172,931,089 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $7,745,250,734 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $6,410,912,050 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $5,125,365,192 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $3,991,377,904 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $3,395,766,678 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $3,219,462,262 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $3,057,475,335 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $2,800,025,883 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $3,613,497,317 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $3,510,520,231 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $3,094,936,177 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $2,693,732,612 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $2,513,867,645 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $2,701,181,331 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $3,690,328,964 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $6,324,503,311 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $7,735,927,264 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $8,902,632,715 $926,884,816,754
1988 $8,833,588,173 $910,122,732,124
1987 $7,321,981,334 $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Georgia vs United Kingdom by year

Georgia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Georgia United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $9,241 $28,285 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $8,284 $25,072 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $6,730 $22,461 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $5,084 $18,916 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $4,301 $16,791 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $4,741 $16,770 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $4,804 $15,022 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $4,419 $13,719 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $4,143 $13,065 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $4,087 $12,270 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $4,830 $11,771 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $4,712 $10,797 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $4,531 $10,060 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $4,120 $8,564 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $3,282 $7,712 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $2,823 $7,119 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $3,325 $7,279 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $2,635 $6,951 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $1,996 $5,980 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,643 $5,272 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,305 $4,635 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,010 $4,240 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $854 $3,719 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $802 $3,441 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $750 $3,161 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $674 $2,977 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $852 $2,795 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $807 $2,616 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $689 $2,253 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $578 $1,919 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $520 $1,764 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $550 $1,898 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $757 $2,643 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $1,308 $4,727 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $1,611 $5,836 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $1,853 - $16,239 -
1988 $1,844 - $15,987 -
1987 $1,544 - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Georgia's GDP per capita is $9,241, ranking 89/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Georgia ranks 74th at $28,285, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Georgia United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$34.2B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
107/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
9.68%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$9,241
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
89/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$28,285
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
74/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$12.3B
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.1%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$3,336
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
96/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,891
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires
2
2025
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.2%
2024
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2024
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.11%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
8%
2024
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.01%
2024
4.36%
2024
Population
3697615
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Georgia
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Georgia United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 30.3% 36.1% 44% 101.2%
2023 29.7% 38.9% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 28.5% 39.2% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 31.2% 49.1% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 34.1% 59.6% 50% 105.8%
2019 28.7% 40% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 26.7% 38.2% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 27.2% 38.9% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 27.8% 39.5% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 27% 36% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 27.5% 30.3% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 26.6% 28.9% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 27.7% 28.1% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 27.1% 27.7% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 31% 31.4% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 34.8% 33.6% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 31.8% 26.3% 41% 50.8%
2007 27.7% 22.5% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 22.7% 28.3% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 21.6% 35.3% 38.4% 41%
2004 18.9% 44.3% 38% 39.8%
2003 16.1% 54.6% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 16% 50.3% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 16.8% 53% 34.7% 35%
2000 16.9% 58.5% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 19.8% 76.5% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 18.9% 80% 34.5% 42%
1997 21.9% 48.2% 34.9% 44.1%
1996 18.4% 38.9% 35.7% 43.7%
1995 15.6% 19.8% 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Georgia's government spending was $10.3B, accounting for 30.3% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.1% in Georgia and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 144/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Georgia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Georgia United Kingdom
2024 -2.3% -5.75%
2023 -2.33% -6.05%
2022 -2.2% -4.56%
2021 -5.97% -7.72%
2020 -9.16% -13.2%
2019 -1.82% -2.47%
2018 -0.8% -2.27%
2017 -0.45% -2.49%
2016 -1.49% -3.31%
2015 -1.16% -4.59%
2014 -1.78% -5.53%
2013 -1.25% -5.34%
2012 -0.71% -7.45%
2011 -0.81% -7.38%
2010 -4.48% -9.22%
2009 -6.36% -10.1%
2008 -1.92% -5.09%
2007 0.81% -2.65%
2006 3.28% -2.76%
2005 2.14% -3.15%
2004 3.59% -3.16%
2003 -0.55% -3.22%
2002 -0.19% -1.96%
2001 -0.71% 0.34%
2000 -1.92% 1.4%
1999 -4.72% 0.76%
1998 -4% -0.21%
1997 -6.79% -2.01%
1996 -5.91% -3.65%
1995 -4.89% -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Georgia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $785M, equivalent to 2.3% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Georgia recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Georgia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.16% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.26% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Georgia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Georgia United Kingdom
2024 1.11% 3.27%
2023 2.49% 6.79%
2022 11.9% 7.92%
2021 9.57% 2.52%
2020 5.2% 0.99%
2019 4.85% 1.74%
2018 2.62% 2.29%
2017 6.04% 2.56%
2016 2.13% 1.01%
2015 4% 0.37%
2014 3.07% 1.45%
2013 -0.51% 2.29%
2012 -0.94% 2.57%
2011 8.54% 3.86%
2010 7.11% 2.49%
2009 1.73% 1.96%
2008 10% 3.52%
2007 9.24% 2.39%
2006 9.16% 2.46%
2005 8.25% 2.09%
2004 5.66% 1.39%
2003 0.84% 1.38%
2002 5.59% 1.52%
2001 4.65% 1.53%
2000 4.06% 1.18%
1999 19.2% 1.75%
1998 3.57% 1.82%
1997 7.09% 2.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Georgia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.58%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 1.11% in Georgia and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Georgia
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $91.8M
Transport & tourism services $37.4M
Business & finance services $12.5M
Machinery & equipment $6.91M
Raw materials & minerals $5.15M
Metals $4.88M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.92M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.95M
Wood & paper products $1.43M
Government & miscellaneous services $1.13M
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $611M
Machinery & equipment $95.9M
Chemicals & pharma $34.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $23M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.6M
Raw materials & minerals $4.84M
Metals $4.83M
Wood & paper products $3.32M
Animal & marine products $1.98M
Raw agricultural goods $1.38M

Balance of trade

Georgia United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$1.79B
2024
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
139/190
2024
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-5.22%
2024
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$15.2B
2024
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$8.63B
2024
$494B
2024
Service imports
$3.81B
2024
$411B
2024
Service exports
$7.71B
2024
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.6%
2024
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.8%
2024
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Georgia United Kingdom
Economic freedom 69.6 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 41/197 35/197
Property rights 53 93.6
Government integrity 59.9 83
Judicial effectiveness 53.8 83.1
Tax burden 87.8 61.7
Government spending 73.9 41.1
Fiscal health 89.1 32.4
Business freedom 76.6 83.6
Labor freedom 64 61.2
Monetary freedom 70.2 71.9
Trade freedom 86.8 82.8
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Georgia
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Georgia United Kingdom
2026 69.6 70.4
2025 69 69.3
2024 68.4 68.6
2023 68.7 69.9
2022 71.8 72.7
2021 77.2 78.4
2020 77.1 79.3
2019 75.9 78.9
2018 76.2 78
2017 76 76.4
2016 72.6 76.4
2015 73 75.8
2014 72.6 74.9
2013 72.2 74.8
2012 69.4 74.1
2011 70.4 74.5
2010 70.4 76.5
2009 69.8 79
2008 69.2 79.4
2007 69.3 79.9
2006 64.5 80.4
2005 57.1 79.2
2004 58.9 77.7
2003 58.6 77.5
2002 56.7 78.5
2001 58.3 77.6
2000 54.3 77.3
1999 52.5 76.2
1998 47.9 76.5
1997 46.5 76.4
1996 44.1 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Georgia is 69.6, ranking 41/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Georgia United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
62%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19.6%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.49%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$30B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,200
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$4.45B
2024
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
104/177
2024
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.14B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.6B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$462M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
15.2%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2024
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.5%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/georgia/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.